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Neurons & the Nervous System Chapter 2: The Brain and Behavior The Nervous System Peripheral Somatic Central Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Central v. Peripheral • Central contains brain & spinal cord – In a computer, this is your central processing unit (CPU) • Peripheral – sensory & motor neurons that transmit messages between brain and muscles & glands – In a computer, this includes your keyboard, mouse, CD-ROM, printer, etc. Spinal cord is about 43 cm long in women and 45 cm long in men; ¾ inches thick Autonomic v. Somatic • Somatic – voluntary - controls purposeful body movements, movements for balance & posture – Consciously perceived sensations • Autonomic – involuntary – automatic activities such as heartbeat, respiration, digestion, dilation of pupils, etc. – Some can be under conscious control (i.e. respiration) – Smooth & cardiac muscle, some glands Sympathetic v. Parasympathetic • Sympathetic = “Fight-or-flight” response – Uses energy reserves to cope with stress or emergency – Adrenaline! • Parasympathetic = “Rest and digest” – Conserves & builds up stored energy reserves The Sympathetic & Parasympathetic systems work together to maintain homeostasis. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =Y5nj3ZfeYDQ Today’s Goal You will be able to…. • Identify the parts of a neuron and their functions in creating & sending neural messages. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sX87g3 AHIbc • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uQZfa URU_Y&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5nj3Zf eYDQ • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NqVeH 26i7Kg&feature=related Parts of the Neuron • Neurons: nerve cells • Dendrites: branch-like end of neuron which receives messages • Cell body (soma): contains nucleus • Axon: long tail-like end of neuron which transmits (sends) messages There are 100 billion neurons in the human brain There are 300 billion neurons in the octopus brain • Myelin: fatty substance that speeds up transmission of impulse • Terminal buttons: bulb-shaped structure at end of axon The longest axon of a neuron belongs to what animal? Giraffe – 15 feet! (from toe to neck) Dendrites Cell body (soma) Axon Myelin sheath Terminal buttons There are more neurons in the brain than stars in the Milky Way Neuron Activity • You will need: – – – – 1 black pipe-cleaner 2 white pipe-cleaners 1 blue or orange pipe-cleaner 2 white beads Neuron Activity • Which part of the neuron do the white pipecleaners represent? • Which part of the neuron does the blue pipecleaner represent? • Which part of the neuron does the black pipecleaner represent? • Which part of the neuron do the white beads represent? Types of Neurons • Afferent (sensory) neurons: send messages from sensory receptors to the spinal cord & brain • Efferent (motor) neurons: relay messages from brain & spinal cord to muscles & glands • Interneurons: transmits neural stimulus between sensory & motor neurons Today’s Goal You will be able to…. • Describe how a neural impulse is generated and how neurons communicate in the brain and throughout the body. • • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90cj4NX87Yk&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DF04XPBj5uc The Synapse • Synapse (synaptic cleft): gap between dendrites of one neuron and axon of another • Receptor sites: parts of dendrite which receive neurotransmitters • Neurotransmitters: chemical substances involved in sending neural impulses Average neuron makes about 1,000 synapses and receives 10,000 synapses Axon of sending neuron Terminal button Synaptic cleft Receptor sites Dendrite of receiving neuron Neural Impulse: electrochemical firing of a nerve cell • Resting potential: electric potential when neuron not firing (-70 millivolts) • Depolarization: neuron reduces resting potential by becoming positively charged • Action Potential: neuron fires when it reaches +30-40 millivolts • Repolarization: internal charge becomes more negative • Refractory period: phase after firing an impulse, neuron will not fire • All-or-none principle: neuron will fire or not fire, no in-between Velocity of neural impulse is 250 mph Resting potential Today’s Goal You will be able to… • Discuss how the major neurotransmitters affect the body and one’s behavior Learning Target: Describe neural communication and discuss the impact of neurotransmitters. Review • Which nervous system is most active during stress or a “fight-or-flight” situation? Sympathetic NS In the graph… C • When is the neuron insensitive to incoming B D messages? A • When is the neuron depolarizing? E • When is the neuron at its resting potential? • When is the neuron at its action potential? • When is the neuron repolarizing? Substances that Affect Neurotransmitters • Agonist: similar to the NT, mimics its effects • Antagonist: inhibits the release of NT by sending neuron, or blocks receptor site for NT on receiving neuron Neurotransmitters • Excitatory NT: increases the likelihood that postsynaptic neuron will fire • Inhibitory NT: decreases likelihood that postsynaptic neuron will fire Neurotransmitters • Acetylcholine (ACh) Function: Muscle contractions, learning, memory EXCITATORY (sometimes inhibitory) Malfunctions: Alzheimer’s Disease Neurotransmitters • Dopamine (DA) Function: Voluntary movement, sensations of pleasure & reward Malfunctions: Too little Parkinson’s, Too much --> Schizophrenia • Agonists cocaine & amphetamines • Antagonists Ritalin, alcohol Neurotransmitters • Serotonin Function: Mood, appetite, sleep, impulsivity, concentration Malfunctions: Depression, Eating Disorders • Agonists LSD, Prozac Neurotransmitters • Norepinephrine Function: Alertness, arousal, mood, heart rate/appetite Inhibitory & excitatory Malfunctions: Depression • Agonists Cocaine, amphetamines • GABA (most prevalent inhibitory NT) Function: Anxiety, sleep, seizures Malfunctions: Anxiety disorders, tremors, insomnia • Glutamate (main excitatory NT) Function: Memory & learning Malfunctions: Migraines, seizures, addictions • Endorphins Function: Pain control Malfunctions: None Neurotransmitter Song • Choose a popular camp song or rhyme • Change the lyrics to describe a neurotransmitter or several neurotransmitters