A Novel Functionally Distinct Subtype of Striatal Neuropeptide Y
... The neostriatum is composed almost entirely of GABAergic neurons. The vast majority of these are the spiny projection neurons (SPNs) that make up ⬃95% of the rodent striatum (Graveland and DiFiglia, 1985; Gerfen and Wilson, 1996). The remaining neurons consist of cholinergic interneurons, and severa ...
... The neostriatum is composed almost entirely of GABAergic neurons. The vast majority of these are the spiny projection neurons (SPNs) that make up ⬃95% of the rodent striatum (Graveland and DiFiglia, 1985; Gerfen and Wilson, 1996). The remaining neurons consist of cholinergic interneurons, and severa ...
Neurophysiology - American Physiological Society
... NEU 25. List the major receptor classifications and representative receptor agonists and antagonists for the above transmitters. NEU 26. Describe the relationship between neurotransmitter dysfunction and neuropathology. NEU 27. Diagram the steps that lead to phosphorylation of a channel protein when ...
... NEU 25. List the major receptor classifications and representative receptor agonists and antagonists for the above transmitters. NEU 26. Describe the relationship between neurotransmitter dysfunction and neuropathology. NEU 27. Diagram the steps that lead to phosphorylation of a channel protein when ...
Control of Extracellular Dopamine at Dendrite and Axon Terminals
... Comparison of the time course of the dopamine transient in the VTA, SNc, and striatum FSCV with carbon fiber electrodes was used to compare the time course of dopamine release from axonal terminals in the dorsal striatum and dendritic terminals in the VTA. A single stimulus evoked release of dopamin ...
... Comparison of the time course of the dopamine transient in the VTA, SNc, and striatum FSCV with carbon fiber electrodes was used to compare the time course of dopamine release from axonal terminals in the dorsal striatum and dendritic terminals in the VTA. A single stimulus evoked release of dopamin ...
An investigation of the sensory and motor innervation of extraocular
... Functional types of eye movements .................................................................................................................. 11 Fine anatomy of EOMs ............................................................................................................................... ...
... Functional types of eye movements .................................................................................................................. 11 Fine anatomy of EOMs ............................................................................................................................... ...
Neurotoxicity and Mechanism of Toluene Abuse
... Neurotoxicity and Mechanism of Toluene Abuse ments using human subjects are difficult to compare, since they are often methodologically distinct and limited by ethical and safety concerns. In addition, this excitatory-depressive duality correlates to some degree with clinical experience and reports ...
... Neurotoxicity and Mechanism of Toluene Abuse ments using human subjects are difficult to compare, since they are often methodologically distinct and limited by ethical and safety concerns. In addition, this excitatory-depressive duality correlates to some degree with clinical experience and reports ...
Primary- and Secondary-Like Jaw-Muscle Spindle Afferents Have
... (HRP) or biotinamide (Neurobiotin) were advanced into the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Vme) in anesthetized rats. Intracellular recordings then were characterized by their response: to palpation of the jaw muscles; when pressure was applied to the teeth and during passive ramp and hold and sinu ...
... (HRP) or biotinamide (Neurobiotin) were advanced into the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Vme) in anesthetized rats. Intracellular recordings then were characterized by their response: to palpation of the jaw muscles; when pressure was applied to the teeth and during passive ramp and hold and sinu ...
Neocortical Very Fast Oscillations (Ripples, 80–200 Hz) During
... Downloaded from http://jn.physiology.org/ by 10.220.32.247 on June 12, 2017 ...
... Downloaded from http://jn.physiology.org/ by 10.220.32.247 on June 12, 2017 ...
Essential Roles for GSK-3s and GSK-3
... developed specific GSK-3 inhibitor, 6-bromoindirubin30 -acetoxime, that possesses an IC50 value in the nanomolar range and shows high selectivity against other proteins that have a similar structure around the ATP binding pocket, including CDK1 (Meijer et al., 2003, 2004). As an independent pharmaco ...
... developed specific GSK-3 inhibitor, 6-bromoindirubin30 -acetoxime, that possesses an IC50 value in the nanomolar range and shows high selectivity against other proteins that have a similar structure around the ATP binding pocket, including CDK1 (Meijer et al., 2003, 2004). As an independent pharmaco ...
Spinal Cord - Fullfrontalanatomy.com
... Location of UMN cell body in cerebral cortex Decussation of UMN axon in pyramids or at level of exit of LMN Synapse of UMN and LMN occurs in anterior horn of s.c. LMN axon exits via anterior root ...
... Location of UMN cell body in cerebral cortex Decussation of UMN axon in pyramids or at level of exit of LMN Synapse of UMN and LMN occurs in anterior horn of s.c. LMN axon exits via anterior root ...
morphology and synaptic connections of ultrafine primary axons
... of fine strands (0.3 pm or less in diameter) along which are strung numerous small closely spaced ultrafine endings. The endings vary in shape from spherical to highly elliptical forms which are more than twice as long as they are wide (Fig. 6). The most common pattern of endings along an ultrafine ...
... of fine strands (0.3 pm or less in diameter) along which are strung numerous small closely spaced ultrafine endings. The endings vary in shape from spherical to highly elliptical forms which are more than twice as long as they are wide (Fig. 6). The most common pattern of endings along an ultrafine ...
Mechanisms of axon degeneration: From development to disease
... highlighted how this is an active process of controlled axon self-destruction similar in many ways to the active selfdestruction of cells during apoptosis (Coleman, 2005; Low and Cheng, 2005; Luo and O’Leary, 2005; Raff et al., 2002). Although the molecular mechanisms involved are different (but see ...
... highlighted how this is an active process of controlled axon self-destruction similar in many ways to the active selfdestruction of cells during apoptosis (Coleman, 2005; Low and Cheng, 2005; Luo and O’Leary, 2005; Raff et al., 2002). Although the molecular mechanisms involved are different (but see ...
Morphometric analysis of neural tissue following the
... 5.3 Were Perimeter Zone axons affected more than Inner Zone axons? ............................... 86 5.4 Were larger axons affected more than smaller axons? ................................................... 86 5.5 Were Morphometric Changes Correlated with Neurophysiological Changes? ............. ...
... 5.3 Were Perimeter Zone axons affected more than Inner Zone axons? ............................... 86 5.4 Were larger axons affected more than smaller axons? ................................................... 86 5.5 Were Morphometric Changes Correlated with Neurophysiological Changes? ............. ...
MUSCULOSKELETAL BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF BRACHIAL
... Figure I-IV. An example of the conversion of the biceps muscle tensile force to joint moment at the elbow. .................................................................................................. 9 Figure I-V. Force response of muscle fiber from a rabbit tibialis anterior muscle to differe ...
... Figure I-IV. An example of the conversion of the biceps muscle tensile force to joint moment at the elbow. .................................................................................................. 9 Figure I-V. Force response of muscle fiber from a rabbit tibialis anterior muscle to differe ...
Zebrafish Get Connected: Investigating Neurotransmission Targets
... Metabotropic receptors are organized into three classes or groups, Group I, Group II, and Group III receptors. Group I receptors include GRM1 and GRM5. Group I receptors classically are coupled to Gq /G11 proteins that activate inositol triphosphate (IP3) second messenger signaling and increase intr ...
... Metabotropic receptors are organized into three classes or groups, Group I, Group II, and Group III receptors. Group I receptors include GRM1 and GRM5. Group I receptors classically are coupled to Gq /G11 proteins that activate inositol triphosphate (IP3) second messenger signaling and increase intr ...
Spike-based Winner-Take-All Computation in a Multi
... such a network, but its imaging planes are parallel to cortex surface, while the main connections of the neurons in the network extend vertically. Significant effort has been undertaken over the last years to create a statistical map of the neuronal circuit by detailed anatomical reconstruction of c ...
... such a network, but its imaging planes are parallel to cortex surface, while the main connections of the neurons in the network extend vertically. Significant effort has been undertaken over the last years to create a statistical map of the neuronal circuit by detailed anatomical reconstruction of c ...
Ethanol Potentiation of Glycine-Induced Responses in Dissociated
... the gramicidin-perforated patch technique. In agreement with our previous report (Ye, 2000), glycine elicited depolarization and, in some cases, action potentials in VTA neurons from neonatal rats (Fig. 1). This depolarization is explained by a reversal potential for glycine’s action (EGly) that is ...
... the gramicidin-perforated patch technique. In agreement with our previous report (Ye, 2000), glycine elicited depolarization and, in some cases, action potentials in VTA neurons from neonatal rats (Fig. 1). This depolarization is explained by a reversal potential for glycine’s action (EGly) that is ...
Genetic analysis of the Complexin trans-clamping model Please share
... expressed mCpx mutants with three glycine residues between the central helix and the accessory helix (HB) to perturb the continuous α-helical structure. In addition, we sought to express Cpx separately as a split transgenic protein, thereby directly preventing cross-linking of two SNARE complexes. O ...
... expressed mCpx mutants with three glycine residues between the central helix and the accessory helix (HB) to perturb the continuous α-helical structure. In addition, we sought to express Cpx separately as a split transgenic protein, thereby directly preventing cross-linking of two SNARE complexes. O ...
Relative Contributions of Specific Activity Histories and
... has recently been shown that synapse size fluctuations in the cerebral cortex of adult mice are at least as large as those observed in culture ([15]; see also [4]); in fact, the degree of such size fluctuations is comparable to the magnitude of size changes induced by experimental stimulation paradi ...
... has recently been shown that synapse size fluctuations in the cerebral cortex of adult mice are at least as large as those observed in culture ([15]; see also [4]); in fact, the degree of such size fluctuations is comparable to the magnitude of size changes induced by experimental stimulation paradi ...
The diaphragm: two physiological muscles in one
... To the respiratory physiologist or anatomist the diaphragm muscle is of course the prime mover of tidal air. However, gastrointestinal physiologists are becoming increasingly aware of the value of this muscle in helping to stop gastric contents from refluxing into the oesophagus. The diaphragm shoul ...
... To the respiratory physiologist or anatomist the diaphragm muscle is of course the prime mover of tidal air. However, gastrointestinal physiologists are becoming increasingly aware of the value of this muscle in helping to stop gastric contents from refluxing into the oesophagus. The diaphragm shoul ...
Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons
... system is acting to remove Ca2+ , energy is supplied by the electrochemical gradient that ultimately results from the activity of the plasma membrane Na+ /K+ ATPase (Na+ pump). Plasma membrane Ca2+ pump has a higher affinity for Ca2+ (K d = 100 nM) but a very slow turnover, whereas NCX has a much low ...
... system is acting to remove Ca2+ , energy is supplied by the electrochemical gradient that ultimately results from the activity of the plasma membrane Na+ /K+ ATPase (Na+ pump). Plasma membrane Ca2+ pump has a higher affinity for Ca2+ (K d = 100 nM) but a very slow turnover, whereas NCX has a much low ...
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... et al., 2011). Similarly, Draxin, an axon guidance molecule expressed in the dorsal neural tube, acts on the same neurons that respond to Ntn1 and can bind to both Dcc and Unc5 family members (Islam et al., 2009). It is tempting to speculate that these molecules could contribute to trochlear nerve g ...
... et al., 2011). Similarly, Draxin, an axon guidance molecule expressed in the dorsal neural tube, acts on the same neurons that respond to Ntn1 and can bind to both Dcc and Unc5 family members (Islam et al., 2009). It is tempting to speculate that these molecules could contribute to trochlear nerve g ...
Fein A (2012) Nociceptors and the Perception of Pain.
... universal neural property is of assistance: transmitter release is directly controlled by synaptic membrane potential. Therefore, by recording the variation of the membrane potential at the synapse, the nociceptor output could be indirectly surmised. Unfortunately, in most cases, it is technically d ...
... universal neural property is of assistance: transmitter release is directly controlled by synaptic membrane potential. Therefore, by recording the variation of the membrane potential at the synapse, the nociceptor output could be indirectly surmised. Unfortunately, in most cases, it is technically d ...
The Formation of Specific Synaptic Connections Between Muscle
... transferred to a recording chamber where it was perfused with oxygenated saline. The dissection was frequently made 16-18 hr before recordings were made, in which case the cord was kept perfused at 4°C; this procedure did not cause any decrement in synaptic potential amplitudes. Intracellular record ...
... transferred to a recording chamber where it was perfused with oxygenated saline. The dissection was frequently made 16-18 hr before recordings were made, in which case the cord was kept perfused at 4°C; this procedure did not cause any decrement in synaptic potential amplitudes. Intracellular record ...
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... command-like neuron cerebral buccal interneuron 2 (CBI-2) (Rosen et al., 1991; Church and L loyd, 1994). In the second type of preparation the buccal mass, radula nerve, and buccal nerves 1, 2, and 3 were left intact. To observe radula movements we made a small “window” on the dorsal surface of the ...
... command-like neuron cerebral buccal interneuron 2 (CBI-2) (Rosen et al., 1991; Church and L loyd, 1994). In the second type of preparation the buccal mass, radula nerve, and buccal nerves 1, 2, and 3 were left intact. To observe radula movements we made a small “window” on the dorsal surface of the ...
End-plate potential
End plate potentials (EPPs) are the depolarizations of skeletal muscle fibers caused by neurotransmitters binding to the postsynaptic membrane in the neuromuscular junction. They are called ""end plates"" because the postsynaptic terminals of muscle fibers have a large, saucer-like appearance. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of a motor neuron, vesicles carrying neurotransmitters (mostly acetylcholine) are exocytosed and the contents are released into the neuromuscular junction. These neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and lead to its depolarization. In the absence of an action potential, acetylcholine vesicles spontaneously leak into the neuromuscular junction and cause very small depolarizations in the postsynaptic membrane. This small response (~0.5mV) is called a miniature end plate potential (MEPP) and is generated by one acetylcholine-containing vesicle. It represents the smallest possible depolarization which can be induced in a muscle.