HCN channels are a novel therapeutic target for cognitive
... TBS-induced LTP (Figure 1e). Consistent with the sensitivity of TBSinduced LTP to changes in GABAergic inhibition,31 LTP was normal when induced using a high-frequency stimulation (HFS) protocol (Figure 1f). Furthermore, partial block of inhibitory neurotransmission with picrotoxin (10 μM) fully res ...
... TBS-induced LTP (Figure 1e). Consistent with the sensitivity of TBSinduced LTP to changes in GABAergic inhibition,31 LTP was normal when induced using a high-frequency stimulation (HFS) protocol (Figure 1f). Furthermore, partial block of inhibitory neurotransmission with picrotoxin (10 μM) fully res ...
Early Functional Impairment of Sensory-Motor Connectivity in a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... rather than neuronal loss. Several recent studies have examined whether abnormalities of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) synapse can account for the motor behavioral deficits of SMA mice (Murray et al., 2008; Kariya et al., 2008; Kong et al., 2009; Ruiz et al., 2010). Surprisingly, motor neurons in ...
... rather than neuronal loss. Several recent studies have examined whether abnormalities of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) synapse can account for the motor behavioral deficits of SMA mice (Murray et al., 2008; Kariya et al., 2008; Kong et al., 2009; Ruiz et al., 2010). Surprisingly, motor neurons in ...
Radial Medial Head Triceps Branch Transfer to Axillary Nerve by
... in the superior medial third of the arm with connection of a fascicle of the ulnar nerve with the biceps branch of the receptor nerve. Under general anesthesia the patients were placed in supine position with the arm abducted and externally rotated. A longitudinal incision of approximately 10 to 15 ...
... in the superior medial third of the arm with connection of a fascicle of the ulnar nerve with the biceps branch of the receptor nerve. Under general anesthesia the patients were placed in supine position with the arm abducted and externally rotated. A longitudinal incision of approximately 10 to 15 ...
Peripheral Nerve Segment Defect Repair
... Nerve terminal Neuromuscular junction Motor end plate Muscle fibers ...
... Nerve terminal Neuromuscular junction Motor end plate Muscle fibers ...
Neuromorphic computing
... 2. representing the strength of the connection between the two neurons. Synaptic weights can be changed via rules implementing STDP, for example: ...
... 2. representing the strength of the connection between the two neurons. Synaptic weights can be changed via rules implementing STDP, for example: ...
mechanisms and biological role of thalamocortical oscillations
... regular-spiking (RS), (b) intrinsically-bursting (IB), (c) fast-rhythmic-bursting (FRB) and (d) fast-spiking (FS, Fig. 3) (Connors and Gutnick 1990; Gray and McCormick 1996; McCormick et al. 1985; Steriade et al. 1998a). Neurons belonging to different neuronal classes do not have preferential anatom ...
... regular-spiking (RS), (b) intrinsically-bursting (IB), (c) fast-rhythmic-bursting (FRB) and (d) fast-spiking (FS, Fig. 3) (Connors and Gutnick 1990; Gray and McCormick 1996; McCormick et al. 1985; Steriade et al. 1998a). Neurons belonging to different neuronal classes do not have preferential anatom ...
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... Fig. 3). The extensive extracellular domains of these subunits are similar to those of cell adhesion molecules, suggesting a role in cell-cell interactions (252). These subunits have dramatic effects on channel function and pharmacology, and mutations in Nav subunits can lead to generalized epileps ...
... Fig. 3). The extensive extracellular domains of these subunits are similar to those of cell adhesion molecules, suggesting a role in cell-cell interactions (252). These subunits have dramatic effects on channel function and pharmacology, and mutations in Nav subunits can lead to generalized epileps ...
Disentanglement of local field potential sources by independent
... presented in all epochs and could be easily isolated by ICA in most of the time windows, whereas noisy, unstable, temporal, or weak generators will fluctuate and hence their spatial loadings will differ from epoch to epoch. Then by calculating similarity (see next subsection) between the “global” an ...
... presented in all epochs and could be easily isolated by ICA in most of the time windows, whereas noisy, unstable, temporal, or weak generators will fluctuate and hence their spatial loadings will differ from epoch to epoch. Then by calculating similarity (see next subsection) between the “global” an ...
Innervation of the levator ani and coccygeus muscles of the female rat
... cavity (i.e., intrapelvic) to reach their target muscles (Hollinshead and Rosse, 1985; Wall, 1993; Strohbehn, 1998; Wester and Brubaker, 1998). However, this has never been verified experimentally, and the relative contributions (if any) from each source are unknown. For instance, postmortem dissecti ...
... cavity (i.e., intrapelvic) to reach their target muscles (Hollinshead and Rosse, 1985; Wall, 1993; Strohbehn, 1998; Wester and Brubaker, 1998). However, this has never been verified experimentally, and the relative contributions (if any) from each source are unknown. For instance, postmortem dissecti ...
A tale of two stories: astrocyte regulation of
... strength or the efficacy of synaptic transmission therein in a way that depends on the timing and frequency of prior activity at that same synaptic terminal [5]. One widely studied mechanism responsible for the dependence of synaptic transmission on past activity has been dubbed presynaptic short-te ...
... strength or the efficacy of synaptic transmission therein in a way that depends on the timing and frequency of prior activity at that same synaptic terminal [5]. One widely studied mechanism responsible for the dependence of synaptic transmission on past activity has been dubbed presynaptic short-te ...
A Study of the Effects of Caffeine and Serotonin
... According to the Food and Drug Administration, 90% of Americans consume caffeine daily. Caffeine is a drug and a central nervous stimulant that blocks the activity of certain neurotransmitters that are important parts of a functioning body. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that helps provide healthy ...
... According to the Food and Drug Administration, 90% of Americans consume caffeine daily. Caffeine is a drug and a central nervous stimulant that blocks the activity of certain neurotransmitters that are important parts of a functioning body. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that helps provide healthy ...
Chapter 33 Nervous System
... Potassium ions (K+) collect on the inside of the cell membrane. Negatively charged proteins actively transport sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. ...
... Potassium ions (K+) collect on the inside of the cell membrane. Negatively charged proteins actively transport sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. ...
Image-based Screening Identifies Novel Roles for I B Kinase and
... Cell Culture Model—To develop a screening model for axon degeneration, we began by miniaturizing an existing model of in vitro axon degeneration using murine DRG sensory neurons cultured such that their cell bodies are sequestered in a cluster from which their axons grow radially (10). This arrangem ...
... Cell Culture Model—To develop a screening model for axon degeneration, we began by miniaturizing an existing model of in vitro axon degeneration using murine DRG sensory neurons cultured such that their cell bodies are sequestered in a cluster from which their axons grow radially (10). This arrangem ...
Nicotine excites hypothalamic arcuate anorexigenic
... 1 M ACh evoked a membrane depolarization of 3.2 ⫾ 0.6 mV (n ⫽ 6; Fig. 3A, left) and 100 M ACh evoked a depolarization of 8.8 ⫾ 0.6 mV (n ⫽ 6; Fig. 3A, right). We then studied the pharmacology of the nicotine receptors in POMC neurons. The experiments were conducted in the presence of TTX (0.5 M). ...
... 1 M ACh evoked a membrane depolarization of 3.2 ⫾ 0.6 mV (n ⫽ 6; Fig. 3A, left) and 100 M ACh evoked a depolarization of 8.8 ⫾ 0.6 mV (n ⫽ 6; Fig. 3A, right). We then studied the pharmacology of the nicotine receptors in POMC neurons. The experiments were conducted in the presence of TTX (0.5 M). ...
Presynaptic Inhibition of Exteroceptive Afferents by Proprioceptive
... modified within the terminals of the sensory neurons themselves,by meansof presynaptic inhibition. Presynaptic inhibition alters the ability of an action potential to causetransmitter releaseand, in both vertebrates and invertebrates, may result from the activation of other sensory afferents in the ...
... modified within the terminals of the sensory neurons themselves,by meansof presynaptic inhibition. Presynaptic inhibition alters the ability of an action potential to causetransmitter releaseand, in both vertebrates and invertebrates, may result from the activation of other sensory afferents in the ...
Dendritic Computation - UCSD Cognitive Science
... mapped onto a layer 5 pyramidal neuron morphology, which can allow dendrites to act as computational elements. These mechanisms can coexist in the same neuron and be active in parallel or in a hierarchical manner. Bottom left: Passive dendrites act as passive filters. A high-frequency fluctuating cu ...
... mapped onto a layer 5 pyramidal neuron morphology, which can allow dendrites to act as computational elements. These mechanisms can coexist in the same neuron and be active in parallel or in a hierarchical manner. Bottom left: Passive dendrites act as passive filters. A high-frequency fluctuating cu ...
Binary neurons and networks
... the network dynamics will evolve to the closest fixed point. Different initial conditions can lead to the same fixed point. ...
... the network dynamics will evolve to the closest fixed point. Different initial conditions can lead to the same fixed point. ...
Glia-Derived D-Serine Controls NMDA Receptor Activity and
... synaptic changes. Such a contribution of astrocytes to synaptic metaplasticity fuels the emerging concept that astrocytes are dynamic partners of brain signaling. INTRODUCTION There is strong evidence for reciprocal communication between neurons and glia (Fields and Stevens-Graham, 2002; Haydon, 200 ...
... synaptic changes. Such a contribution of astrocytes to synaptic metaplasticity fuels the emerging concept that astrocytes are dynamic partners of brain signaling. INTRODUCTION There is strong evidence for reciprocal communication between neurons and glia (Fields and Stevens-Graham, 2002; Haydon, 200 ...
Reduced Levels of Acetylcholine Receptor Expression in Chick
... PBS and used at 0.1 pm. Anti-SV2 is a mouse mAb to the synaptic vesicle transmembrane glycoprotein SV2 (Buckley and Kelly, 1985). The anti-SV2 mAb was generously provided by Dr. Kathleen Buckley (Harvard Medical School) and Dr. Regis Kelly (University of California at San Francisco) and was used at ...
... PBS and used at 0.1 pm. Anti-SV2 is a mouse mAb to the synaptic vesicle transmembrane glycoprotein SV2 (Buckley and Kelly, 1985). The anti-SV2 mAb was generously provided by Dr. Kathleen Buckley (Harvard Medical School) and Dr. Regis Kelly (University of California at San Francisco) and was used at ...
Time-Dependent Activation of Feed-Forward Inhibition in
... of the LGMD, are from the descending contralateral movement detector (DCMD). The light gray shaded area marks the time of abrupt decrease of the LGMD membrane potential and is reproduced in B. B: intracellular recording from the LGMD in response to a fast flow stimulus activated at the time marked b ...
... of the LGMD, are from the descending contralateral movement detector (DCMD). The light gray shaded area marks the time of abrupt decrease of the LGMD membrane potential and is reproduced in B. B: intracellular recording from the LGMD in response to a fast flow stimulus activated at the time marked b ...
ORGANIZATION OF NEUROPIL
... cell bodies into the neuropil, from the neuropil to the origin of peripheral nerves, and from neuropil to neuropil as connectives or commissures. The fibers of the tracts are either axons or extended, unbranched portions of the dendritic arborizations. 4) The fourth and final division is the central ...
... cell bodies into the neuropil, from the neuropil to the origin of peripheral nerves, and from neuropil to neuropil as connectives or commissures. The fibers of the tracts are either axons or extended, unbranched portions of the dendritic arborizations. 4) The fourth and final division is the central ...
Similar Inhibitory Processes Dominate the Responses of Cat Lateral
... preceded and was truncated by an inhibitory postsynaptic potential ( IPSP) or occurred just after the IPSP onset. IPSPs were monophasic, lasted hundreds of milliseconds, and were of such large amplitude and rapid onset that they effectively opposed the EPSPs, generally preventing orthodromic spikes. ...
... preceded and was truncated by an inhibitory postsynaptic potential ( IPSP) or occurred just after the IPSP onset. IPSPs were monophasic, lasted hundreds of milliseconds, and were of such large amplitude and rapid onset that they effectively opposed the EPSPs, generally preventing orthodromic spikes. ...
Hypergravity hinders axonal development of motor neurons
... space mission for 16 days (DeFelipe et al., 2002). Alterations in gravity could also affect the development of neuronal projections. In hypergravity conditions, 150G force induced neuron-like cell differentiation and development of longer neurites in cultured PC12 cells (Genchi et al., 2015). Moreov ...
... space mission for 16 days (DeFelipe et al., 2002). Alterations in gravity could also affect the development of neuronal projections. In hypergravity conditions, 150G force induced neuron-like cell differentiation and development of longer neurites in cultured PC12 cells (Genchi et al., 2015). Moreov ...
NEOCORTEX
... and paleocortex (olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex) is the neocort¿x, which is the most recent arrival in evolutionary history and arguably the most impressive example of the genre. It has certainly impressed paleontologists, whose research on the fossil record of hominids has demonstrated that th ...
... and paleocortex (olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex) is the neocort¿x, which is the most recent arrival in evolutionary history and arguably the most impressive example of the genre. It has certainly impressed paleontologists, whose research on the fossil record of hominids has demonstrated that th ...
GLIA: LISTENING AND TALKING TO THE SYNAPSE
... neighbouring cells and give rise to an intercellular wave of Ca2+ (REFS 33–36). In support of this possibility, C6 glioma cells, which express few gap junctions, do not show Ca2+ waves unless connexins are artificially expressed34. Ins(1,4,5)P3 is likely to diffuse between astrocytes, as indicated b ...
... neighbouring cells and give rise to an intercellular wave of Ca2+ (REFS 33–36). In support of this possibility, C6 glioma cells, which express few gap junctions, do not show Ca2+ waves unless connexins are artificially expressed34. Ins(1,4,5)P3 is likely to diffuse between astrocytes, as indicated b ...
End-plate potential
End plate potentials (EPPs) are the depolarizations of skeletal muscle fibers caused by neurotransmitters binding to the postsynaptic membrane in the neuromuscular junction. They are called ""end plates"" because the postsynaptic terminals of muscle fibers have a large, saucer-like appearance. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of a motor neuron, vesicles carrying neurotransmitters (mostly acetylcholine) are exocytosed and the contents are released into the neuromuscular junction. These neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and lead to its depolarization. In the absence of an action potential, acetylcholine vesicles spontaneously leak into the neuromuscular junction and cause very small depolarizations in the postsynaptic membrane. This small response (~0.5mV) is called a miniature end plate potential (MEPP) and is generated by one acetylcholine-containing vesicle. It represents the smallest possible depolarization which can be induced in a muscle.