Investigating Anatomical and Molecular Aspects of
... whereas Group II afferents are mainly sensitive to maintained or static stretch (Mathews, 1981; Nicholls et al., 2012). While MS are classically understood to oversee length changes in skeletal muscle, GTOs are known for increased activity during active muscle contraction and thus contribute to pro ...
... whereas Group II afferents are mainly sensitive to maintained or static stretch (Mathews, 1981; Nicholls et al., 2012). While MS are classically understood to oversee length changes in skeletal muscle, GTOs are known for increased activity during active muscle contraction and thus contribute to pro ...
Spike-Wave Complexes and Fast Components of Cortically
... filled with a solution of 2.5–3 M potassium acetate (DC resistance 30–80 MV ). A high-impedance amplifier with active bridge circuitry was used to record from, and inject current into, neurons. The signals were recorded on an eight-channel tape with bandpass of 0–9 kHz and digitized at 10–20 kHz for ...
... filled with a solution of 2.5–3 M potassium acetate (DC resistance 30–80 MV ). A high-impedance amplifier with active bridge circuitry was used to record from, and inject current into, neurons. The signals were recorded on an eight-channel tape with bandpass of 0–9 kHz and digitized at 10–20 kHz for ...
Functionally complex muscles of the cat hindlimb
... Physiologically, such functional complexity can arise only if the individual motor units occupy relatively restricted territories within the whole of the muscle. English and Letbetter (1982) noted that the muscle nerve innervating lateral gastrocnemius in the cat was divided into four primary branch ...
... Physiologically, such functional complexity can arise only if the individual motor units occupy relatively restricted territories within the whole of the muscle. English and Letbetter (1982) noted that the muscle nerve innervating lateral gastrocnemius in the cat was divided into four primary branch ...
THE AREA POSTREMA: A POTENTIAL SITE FOR CIRCADIAN REGULATION BY
... permit the organism to function in a circadian manner in preparation to respond to environmental challenges that are critical to survival. These include oscillations in neuroendocrine and autonomic activity controlling the regulation of body temperature, metabolism, locomotor activity, and cardiovas ...
... permit the organism to function in a circadian manner in preparation to respond to environmental challenges that are critical to survival. These include oscillations in neuroendocrine and autonomic activity controlling the regulation of body temperature, metabolism, locomotor activity, and cardiovas ...
Neuromechanical coupling in the regulation of muscle tone and joint
... and trigger awareness across the cerebral cortex. Signals originating in the brainstem and cerebellum will travel to the gamma motor neurons along extrapyramidal pathways including the reticulospinal, vestibulospinal and rubrospinal tracts. Muscle tone will then begin to spread through extrapyramida ...
... and trigger awareness across the cerebral cortex. Signals originating in the brainstem and cerebellum will travel to the gamma motor neurons along extrapyramidal pathways including the reticulospinal, vestibulospinal and rubrospinal tracts. Muscle tone will then begin to spread through extrapyramida ...
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single
... connections from single thalamocortical (TC) neurons impinging onto neuronal populations in cortical layer 4 (Swadlow et al., 2002) as illustrated schematically in Figure 1A. Layer 4 is considered to be the major gateway into cortex of sensory information relayed by the thalamus (Bruno and Sakmann, ...
... connections from single thalamocortical (TC) neurons impinging onto neuronal populations in cortical layer 4 (Swadlow et al., 2002) as illustrated schematically in Figure 1A. Layer 4 is considered to be the major gateway into cortex of sensory information relayed by the thalamus (Bruno and Sakmann, ...
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single
... connections from single thalamocortical (TC) neurons impinging onto neuronal populations in cortical layer 4 (Swadlow et al., 2002) as illustrated schematically in Figure 1A. Layer 4 is considered to be the major gateway into cortex of sensory information relayed by the thalamus (Bruno and Sakmann, ...
... connections from single thalamocortical (TC) neurons impinging onto neuronal populations in cortical layer 4 (Swadlow et al., 2002) as illustrated schematically in Figure 1A. Layer 4 is considered to be the major gateway into cortex of sensory information relayed by the thalamus (Bruno and Sakmann, ...
Pyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration
... neurons, their functional significance is not clearly understood. They might increase the dendritic surface area in order to optimize the packing of a large number of synapses onto a given length of dendrite186–188. Alternatively, they might serve as biochemical compartments that restrict the diffus ...
... neurons, their functional significance is not clearly understood. They might increase the dendritic surface area in order to optimize the packing of a large number of synapses onto a given length of dendrite186–188. Alternatively, they might serve as biochemical compartments that restrict the diffus ...
How Inhibition Shapes Cortical Activity
... activation of GABAA receptors, simply by increasing the conductance, can significantly reduce the excitability of a neuron, an effect referred to as ‘‘shunting inhibition.’’ This might represent the major inhibitory effect of GABAA receptor activation in those specific cases in which the resting mem ...
... activation of GABAA receptors, simply by increasing the conductance, can significantly reduce the excitability of a neuron, an effect referred to as ‘‘shunting inhibition.’’ This might represent the major inhibitory effect of GABAA receptor activation in those specific cases in which the resting mem ...
Intracellular Features Predicted by Extracellular
... obtained from area CA1 of the dorsal hippocampus of anesthetized rats. In cases where the electrode placements were accurate, simultaneous spikes were observed in the extracellular and intracellular recordings as the intracellular electrode was advanced through the tissue and attempts were made to o ...
... obtained from area CA1 of the dorsal hippocampus of anesthetized rats. In cases where the electrode placements were accurate, simultaneous spikes were observed in the extracellular and intracellular recordings as the intracellular electrode was advanced through the tissue and attempts were made to o ...
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
Turtle Dorsal Cortex Pyramidal Neurons Comprise Two Distinct Cell
... of maximum inflection where the third derivative of the voltage is maximized [37, 40, 41]. (4) Action potential amplitude (AP Height) was measured from voltage threshold to the peak of the action potential [42–45]. Action potential duration was measured both (5) halfway between threshold and peak (W ...
... of maximum inflection where the third derivative of the voltage is maximized [37, 40, 41]. (4) Action potential amplitude (AP Height) was measured from voltage threshold to the peak of the action potential [42–45]. Action potential duration was measured both (5) halfway between threshold and peak (W ...
Axonal Membranes and Their Domains: Assembly and Function of
... The specific subtypes of Nav channels at the AIS include Nav1.1, Nav1.2 and Nav1.6. Early in AIS development, Nav1.2 is the predominant channel found at the AIS; however, as the neuron matures, Nav1.6 becomes the primary channel (Boiko et al., 2003; Osorio et al., 2005). The reason for this shift in ...
... The specific subtypes of Nav channels at the AIS include Nav1.1, Nav1.2 and Nav1.6. Early in AIS development, Nav1.2 is the predominant channel found at the AIS; however, as the neuron matures, Nav1.6 becomes the primary channel (Boiko et al., 2003; Osorio et al., 2005). The reason for this shift in ...
specification of synaptic connections mediating the simple stretch
... spindle afferent fibres supplying the triceps brachii muscles in the bullfrog establish monosynaptic connections with triceps, but not pectoral or subscapular, motoneurones during the same developmental period as afferent fibres supplying these other, non-triceps muscles make connections with their ...
... spindle afferent fibres supplying the triceps brachii muscles in the bullfrog establish monosynaptic connections with triceps, but not pectoral or subscapular, motoneurones during the same developmental period as afferent fibres supplying these other, non-triceps muscles make connections with their ...
Cell Type-Specific, Presynaptic LTP of Inhibitory Synapses on Fast
... current-clamp mode and their firing properties were assessed by delivering 500 ms depolarizing current steps. After GABAergic neurons were classified into FS and non-FS neurons on the basis of their firing pattern, depolarizing currents (usually ⬍ 300 pA for 5 ms) were injected to evoke one action p ...
... current-clamp mode and their firing properties were assessed by delivering 500 ms depolarizing current steps. After GABAergic neurons were classified into FS and non-FS neurons on the basis of their firing pattern, depolarizing currents (usually ⬍ 300 pA for 5 ms) were injected to evoke one action p ...
Striatal Plasticity and Basal Ganglia Circuit Function
... identified parvalbumin-positive cells) and (2) low-threshold spiking (corresponding to histochemically identified somatostatin-, nitric-oxide-synthase-, and neuropeptide-Y-positive cells; also potentially calretinin-positive interneurons) (Kawaguchi et al., 1995; Tepper and Bolam, 2004). The striatu ...
... identified parvalbumin-positive cells) and (2) low-threshold spiking (corresponding to histochemically identified somatostatin-, nitric-oxide-synthase-, and neuropeptide-Y-positive cells; also potentially calretinin-positive interneurons) (Kawaguchi et al., 1995; Tepper and Bolam, 2004). The striatu ...
Functional maps within a single neuron
... and Hubel 1963), could be employed in understanding the interactions between these maps and the environment (the network) they reside in. Studies involving blockade of activity along one pathway (Shin and Chetkovich 2007), studies involving locally increasing or decreasing activity to one set of syn ...
... and Hubel 1963), could be employed in understanding the interactions between these maps and the environment (the network) they reside in. Studies involving blockade of activity along one pathway (Shin and Chetkovich 2007), studies involving locally increasing or decreasing activity to one set of syn ...
Filamentous contacts: the ultrastructure and three
... asymmetrical filamentous contacts occur between axon terminals and dendrites, or occasionally somata, chiefly between the large specific afferent axon terminals of the synaptic glomeruli and the shafts of relay cell dendrites. Both are arranged as extensive net-like (reticular) specializations. The ...
... asymmetrical filamentous contacts occur between axon terminals and dendrites, or occasionally somata, chiefly between the large specific afferent axon terminals of the synaptic glomeruli and the shafts of relay cell dendrites. Both are arranged as extensive net-like (reticular) specializations. The ...
Expression of ml-m4 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Proteins in
... preadsorption of the antibodies with the i3 loop fusion proteins derived from each subtype. Further descriptions of ml-m4 immunoreactivities refer to specific staining that was not observed in controls, with the intent that the terms denote “receptor-like” immunoreactivity. As with any immunocytoche ...
... preadsorption of the antibodies with the i3 loop fusion proteins derived from each subtype. Further descriptions of ml-m4 immunoreactivities refer to specific staining that was not observed in controls, with the intent that the terms denote “receptor-like” immunoreactivity. As with any immunocytoche ...
Favorable Recording Criteria for Spike Sorting
... amplitude distribution. This result makes sense since we would like non-overlapping spikes to be as large as possible to detect them easily. On the other hand, when perfect correlation occurs (θ = π/2 and the spikes are identical and aligned in time), spike 2 lies on the same axis as spike 1. In thi ...
... amplitude distribution. This result makes sense since we would like non-overlapping spikes to be as large as possible to detect them easily. On the other hand, when perfect correlation occurs (θ = π/2 and the spikes are identical and aligned in time), spike 2 lies on the same axis as spike 1. In thi ...
Pharmacology 18a – Priciples of GABAergic Transmission
... GABA Storage and Release GABA is stored in vesicles in nerve terminals (like any other neurotransmitter) and is released by exocytosis upon influx of calcium ions. GABA Receptors There are 2 types of GABA receptor: GABAA Generally POSTsynaptic When activated by GABA cause influx of Cl- ions T ...
... GABA Storage and Release GABA is stored in vesicles in nerve terminals (like any other neurotransmitter) and is released by exocytosis upon influx of calcium ions. GABA Receptors There are 2 types of GABA receptor: GABAA Generally POSTsynaptic When activated by GABA cause influx of Cl- ions T ...
Vagal Input to Lateral Area 3a in Cat Cortex
... Seven cats of either sex weighing 2.4 – 4.5 kg were used; three were anesthetized with chloralose and four with alphaxolone/alphadolone (Saffan, Glaxo). Chloralose anesthesia (60 mg/kg iv) was preceded by ketamine (50 mg im) and supplemented with intravenous pentobarbital sodium as necessary. Animal ...
... Seven cats of either sex weighing 2.4 – 4.5 kg were used; three were anesthetized with chloralose and four with alphaxolone/alphadolone (Saffan, Glaxo). Chloralose anesthesia (60 mg/kg iv) was preceded by ketamine (50 mg im) and supplemented with intravenous pentobarbital sodium as necessary. Animal ...
Facial Nerve Palsy
... i. subjectively assessed by testing with the five basic sensations or quantified rapidly and objectively by electrogustometry. ii. have some predictive value since the sensation of taste recovers earlier than clinical movement is observed. iii. Abnormal = lesion proximal to stylomastoid foramen iv. ...
... i. subjectively assessed by testing with the five basic sensations or quantified rapidly and objectively by electrogustometry. ii. have some predictive value since the sensation of taste recovers earlier than clinical movement is observed. iii. Abnormal = lesion proximal to stylomastoid foramen iv. ...
Intelligent agents capable of developing memory of their environment
... [Husbands et al., 1994]). The network was defined in a 2-D space, where a collection of artificial neurons are distributed with growing and branching axons. The genetic code inside them specifies the intructions for axonal growth and branching in neurons. Connections between neurons are made when an ...
... [Husbands et al., 1994]). The network was defined in a 2-D space, where a collection of artificial neurons are distributed with growing and branching axons. The genetic code inside them specifies the intructions for axonal growth and branching in neurons. Connections between neurons are made when an ...
End-plate potential
End plate potentials (EPPs) are the depolarizations of skeletal muscle fibers caused by neurotransmitters binding to the postsynaptic membrane in the neuromuscular junction. They are called ""end plates"" because the postsynaptic terminals of muscle fibers have a large, saucer-like appearance. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of a motor neuron, vesicles carrying neurotransmitters (mostly acetylcholine) are exocytosed and the contents are released into the neuromuscular junction. These neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and lead to its depolarization. In the absence of an action potential, acetylcholine vesicles spontaneously leak into the neuromuscular junction and cause very small depolarizations in the postsynaptic membrane. This small response (~0.5mV) is called a miniature end plate potential (MEPP) and is generated by one acetylcholine-containing vesicle. It represents the smallest possible depolarization which can be induced in a muscle.