Fig. 2 - eNeuro
... Most vertebrates show concussion responses when their heads are hit suddenly by heavy objects. Previous studies have focused on the direct physical injuries to the neural tissue caused by the concussive blow. We study a similar behavior in a simple vertebrate, the Xenopus laevis tadpole. We find tha ...
... Most vertebrates show concussion responses when their heads are hit suddenly by heavy objects. Previous studies have focused on the direct physical injuries to the neural tissue caused by the concussive blow. We study a similar behavior in a simple vertebrate, the Xenopus laevis tadpole. We find tha ...
Opposite Functions of Histamine H1 and H2 Receptors and H3
... duration (0.97 ⫾ 0.07 vs. 0.98 ⫾ 0.08 ms). The fast AHP (fAHP, 20.1 ⫾ 2.1 vs. 19.9 ⫾ 2.4 mV) and medium AHP (mAHP, 10.6 ⫾ 1.5 vs. 10.6 ⫾ 1.7 mV) were also not affected (Fig. 2B). These results indicate that histamine was not affecting voltage-gated Na⫹ and K⫹ channels or Ca2⫹-activated K⫹ channels t ...
... duration (0.97 ⫾ 0.07 vs. 0.98 ⫾ 0.08 ms). The fast AHP (fAHP, 20.1 ⫾ 2.1 vs. 19.9 ⫾ 2.4 mV) and medium AHP (mAHP, 10.6 ⫾ 1.5 vs. 10.6 ⫾ 1.7 mV) were also not affected (Fig. 2B). These results indicate that histamine was not affecting voltage-gated Na⫹ and K⫹ channels or Ca2⫹-activated K⫹ channels t ...
Fundamentals on Peripheral Nerves
... Objectives- After you have completed your study of this material you should be able to: 1. Classify nerve fibers into four basic types: afferent, efferent to skeletal muscle, preganglionic efferent, and postganglionic efferent. Give the location of the cell bodies of each of these fiber types and te ...
... Objectives- After you have completed your study of this material you should be able to: 1. Classify nerve fibers into four basic types: afferent, efferent to skeletal muscle, preganglionic efferent, and postganglionic efferent. Give the location of the cell bodies of each of these fiber types and te ...
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Decomposing the
... from being unleashed prematurely; and some form of inhibition that deals with conflict arising from irrelevant information, or from unexpected changes in our environment that require rapid adaptation of prepared actions. Competition resolution is the process through which we resolve which action to ...
... from being unleashed prematurely; and some form of inhibition that deals with conflict arising from irrelevant information, or from unexpected changes in our environment that require rapid adaptation of prepared actions. Competition resolution is the process through which we resolve which action to ...
Gene Dosage in the Dysbindin Schizophrenia Susceptibility
... Graeme Davis (University of California, San Francisco); blos1ex2, blos1ex65 and UAS-blos1 were obtained from Esteban Dell’Angelica (University of California, Los Angeles; Cheli et al., 2010). w 1118, Canton S, Elav-GAL4 C155, and other fly strains such as balancer chromosomecontaining and tissue-spe ...
... Graeme Davis (University of California, San Francisco); blos1ex2, blos1ex65 and UAS-blos1 were obtained from Esteban Dell’Angelica (University of California, Los Angeles; Cheli et al., 2010). w 1118, Canton S, Elav-GAL4 C155, and other fly strains such as balancer chromosomecontaining and tissue-spe ...
Information Processing at the Calyx of Held Under Natural Conditions
... The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) is probably one of the best studied nuclei in the mammalian brain. The system is studied so well because the synapses found in this nucleus, the so-called calyces of Held, are extraordinarily big compared to almost all other synapses. Therefore, they a ...
... The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) is probably one of the best studied nuclei in the mammalian brain. The system is studied so well because the synapses found in this nucleus, the so-called calyces of Held, are extraordinarily big compared to almost all other synapses. Therefore, they a ...
REGENERATION OF AN IDENTIFIED CENTRAL NEURON IN THE
... newly synthesized membrane associated with the induced regenerative growth. In such an experimental framework, a mature, fully developed neuron is challenged by partial removal of a specific morphological compartment, namely, its axon. To restore its fully differentiated state, an injured neuron mus ...
... newly synthesized membrane associated with the induced regenerative growth. In such an experimental framework, a mature, fully developed neuron is challenged by partial removal of a specific morphological compartment, namely, its axon. To restore its fully differentiated state, an injured neuron mus ...
Introduction to Data Communication Networks - DSpace
... Measurement of Bioelectric potentials To measure bioelectric potentials , a transducer is required. ...
... Measurement of Bioelectric potentials To measure bioelectric potentials , a transducer is required. ...
Purves chs. 15, 19 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... motor neuron normally brings to threshold all of the muscle fibers it contacts, a single α motor neuron and its associated muscle fibers together constitute the smallest unit of force that can be activated to produce movement. Sherrington was again the first to recognize this fundamental relationshi ...
... motor neuron normally brings to threshold all of the muscle fibers it contacts, a single α motor neuron and its associated muscle fibers together constitute the smallest unit of force that can be activated to produce movement. Sherrington was again the first to recognize this fundamental relationshi ...
Spontaneous persistent activity in entorhinal cortex modulates
... Taken together, their results suggest a region-specific pattern of cortico-hippocampal interactions, whereby MECIII neurons produce a partial decoupling of the CA1 activity from neocortical UDS via their markedly delayed Down transitions and persistent Up states. Notably, the authors found that the ...
... Taken together, their results suggest a region-specific pattern of cortico-hippocampal interactions, whereby MECIII neurons produce a partial decoupling of the CA1 activity from neocortical UDS via their markedly delayed Down transitions and persistent Up states. Notably, the authors found that the ...
Mechanism of Irregular Firing of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons
... firing pattern of spontaneous action potentials could be divided into regular and irregular, based on the interspike interval (ISI) histogram and the membrane potential trajectory between action potentials. Similar to previous studies, regular neurons had a firing rate about ⬎3.5 Hz and irregular ne ...
... firing pattern of spontaneous action potentials could be divided into regular and irregular, based on the interspike interval (ISI) histogram and the membrane potential trajectory between action potentials. Similar to previous studies, regular neurons had a firing rate about ⬎3.5 Hz and irregular ne ...
theta oscillation in the hippocampus
... The data for the current-source density (CSD) analysis presented here were obtained from an earlier study (Ylinen et al., 1995a). CSD analysis provides a more precise localization for the origin of extracellular currents than depth profile of voltage distribution (Mitzdorf, 1985). When extracellular ...
... The data for the current-source density (CSD) analysis presented here were obtained from an earlier study (Ylinen et al., 1995a). CSD analysis provides a more precise localization for the origin of extracellular currents than depth profile of voltage distribution (Mitzdorf, 1985). When extracellular ...
That nagging pain in the bum
... What affect can it have on the sciatic nerve? Cael (2009) observed tightness in piriformis may compress the sciatic nerve, causing radiating pain, weakness, and altered sensation in the lower extremity. This mimics the symptoms of nerve root compression associated with a protruding intervertebral di ...
... What affect can it have on the sciatic nerve? Cael (2009) observed tightness in piriformis may compress the sciatic nerve, causing radiating pain, weakness, and altered sensation in the lower extremity. This mimics the symptoms of nerve root compression associated with a protruding intervertebral di ...
Ectopic sensory neurons in mutant cockroaches
... anatomical difference between the two afferents is their appearance in transverse section: M forms a characteristic circum-glomerular arborization, and L occupies mainly the ventro-lateral margins of the glomerulus. Neither axon forms extensive branches within the core of the glomerulus, apart from ...
... anatomical difference between the two afferents is their appearance in transverse section: M forms a characteristic circum-glomerular arborization, and L occupies mainly the ventro-lateral margins of the glomerulus. Neither axon forms extensive branches within the core of the glomerulus, apart from ...
Neuronal control of swimming in jellyfish: a
... bidirectionality that allows the nerve net to be unpolarized in terms of the direction of propagation of activity. Romanes (1885) was aware that the nerve net is made up of individual, discrete neurons, and that these neurons share some type of physiological connectivity throughout the nerve net. Fr ...
... bidirectionality that allows the nerve net to be unpolarized in terms of the direction of propagation of activity. Romanes (1885) was aware that the nerve net is made up of individual, discrete neurons, and that these neurons share some type of physiological connectivity throughout the nerve net. Fr ...
Probability of Transmitter Release at Neocortical
... method, which allows estimation of the release probability, is based on the irreversible block of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-gated channels by MK-801 (Huettner and Bean 1988). Because the MK-801 blocks only open channels, the rate of the blockade of the NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic ...
... method, which allows estimation of the release probability, is based on the irreversible block of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-gated channels by MK-801 (Huettner and Bean 1988). Because the MK-801 blocks only open channels, the rate of the blockade of the NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic ...
Case Report Unilateral Absence of Pectoralis Major
... described that the limb muscles develop from the mesenchyme of local origin, while axons of spinal nerves grow distally to reach the muscles. Guidance for the developing axons is regulated by expression of chemo-attractants and chemo-repellants in a highly coordinated site specific fashion, any alte ...
... described that the limb muscles develop from the mesenchyme of local origin, while axons of spinal nerves grow distally to reach the muscles. Guidance for the developing axons is regulated by expression of chemo-attractants and chemo-repellants in a highly coordinated site specific fashion, any alte ...
Activity Regulates the Incidence of Heteronymous Sensory
... synaptic refinement represents one possible mechanism for the changes in connectivity observed after activity blockade. Our findings therefore reveal that sensory activity does have a limited and selective role in the establishment of patterned monosynaptic sensory-motor connections. INTRODUCTION Th ...
... synaptic refinement represents one possible mechanism for the changes in connectivity observed after activity blockade. Our findings therefore reveal that sensory activity does have a limited and selective role in the establishment of patterned monosynaptic sensory-motor connections. INTRODUCTION Th ...
How Do Short-Term Changes at Synapses Fine
... vesicle recycling kinetics in these animals. These results suggest that FXS is associated with abnormal STP and information processing in excitatory hippocampal synapses. Auditory nerve: converging synapses develop matched release probabilities A major issue concerning short-term plasticity is how i ...
... vesicle recycling kinetics in these animals. These results suggest that FXS is associated with abnormal STP and information processing in excitatory hippocampal synapses. Auditory nerve: converging synapses develop matched release probabilities A major issue concerning short-term plasticity is how i ...
May 2012 TF Fletcher ()
... together). As a consequence of dyssynergy, smooth and striated sphincter reflexes are not adequately inhibited during attempted micturition. The chronic result is detrusor hypertrophy and frequent cystitis due to bacterial contamination of retained urine. The same dyssynergy impedes attempts to manu ...
... together). As a consequence of dyssynergy, smooth and striated sphincter reflexes are not adequately inhibited during attempted micturition. The chronic result is detrusor hypertrophy and frequent cystitis due to bacterial contamination of retained urine. The same dyssynergy impedes attempts to manu ...
Introduction to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
... When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite a cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells, such that A’s efficiency as one of the cells firing B, is increased. Hebb Rule 4wi,j = λ oi oj Instrumental in Bi ...
... When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite a cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells, such that A’s efficiency as one of the cells firing B, is increased. Hebb Rule 4wi,j = λ oi oj Instrumental in Bi ...
Non-NMDA and NMDA receptors transmit area postrema input to
... one were polysynaptically activated by ADN stimulation. The mean onset latency for AP-evoked action potentials was 10.1 6 3.4 (mean 6 SD) ms. As we have previously shown for NTS neurons receiving combined AP and ADN inputs (5), ADN stimulation evoked action potentials having either a long-onset late ...
... one were polysynaptically activated by ADN stimulation. The mean onset latency for AP-evoked action potentials was 10.1 6 3.4 (mean 6 SD) ms. As we have previously shown for NTS neurons receiving combined AP and ADN inputs (5), ADN stimulation evoked action potentials having either a long-onset late ...
Activity of Ventral Medial Thalamic Neurons during
... France) and then digitized with a sampling rate of 20 kHz (intracellular signals), 10 kHz (extracellular signals), or 300 Hz (EEG) for off-line analysis. To perform spectral analysis of EEG potentials, fast Fourier transforms were applied using Spike 2 (CED Software; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cam ...
... France) and then digitized with a sampling rate of 20 kHz (intracellular signals), 10 kHz (extracellular signals), or 300 Hz (EEG) for off-line analysis. To perform spectral analysis of EEG potentials, fast Fourier transforms were applied using Spike 2 (CED Software; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cam ...
KCNQ/M Channels Control Spike Afterdepolarization and Burst
... intrinsic firing pattern of principal brain neurons, we examined the effects of selective KCNQ/M channel modulators on spike electrogenesis in CA1 pyramidal cells. Previous studies have confirmed that these neurons express KCNQ/M channels (Shah et al., 2002) that give rise to a conspicuous IM on dep ...
... intrinsic firing pattern of principal brain neurons, we examined the effects of selective KCNQ/M channel modulators on spike electrogenesis in CA1 pyramidal cells. Previous studies have confirmed that these neurons express KCNQ/M channels (Shah et al., 2002) that give rise to a conspicuous IM on dep ...
End-plate potential
End plate potentials (EPPs) are the depolarizations of skeletal muscle fibers caused by neurotransmitters binding to the postsynaptic membrane in the neuromuscular junction. They are called ""end plates"" because the postsynaptic terminals of muscle fibers have a large, saucer-like appearance. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of a motor neuron, vesicles carrying neurotransmitters (mostly acetylcholine) are exocytosed and the contents are released into the neuromuscular junction. These neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and lead to its depolarization. In the absence of an action potential, acetylcholine vesicles spontaneously leak into the neuromuscular junction and cause very small depolarizations in the postsynaptic membrane. This small response (~0.5mV) is called a miniature end plate potential (MEPP) and is generated by one acetylcholine-containing vesicle. It represents the smallest possible depolarization which can be induced in a muscle.