7 Anatomy and Function of the Normal Rectum and Anus
... anal sphincter cannot clearly be separated [13]. By its action, the puborectalis apposes the back and side walls of the rectum against the anterior wall and jams the rectum against the fixed structures of the triangular ligament; the anal canal is thereby tilted anteriorly, shut, and elevated, and t ...
... anal sphincter cannot clearly be separated [13]. By its action, the puborectalis apposes the back and side walls of the rectum against the anterior wall and jams the rectum against the fixed structures of the triangular ligament; the anal canal is thereby tilted anteriorly, shut, and elevated, and t ...
Neural Mechanisms of Reflex Reversal in Coxo
... MNs exhibited depolarizations during release phases ( right). In contrast, assistance Dep MN only exhibited depolarization during stretch of CBCO (left). ...
... MNs exhibited depolarizations during release phases ( right). In contrast, assistance Dep MN only exhibited depolarization during stretch of CBCO (left). ...
Pansynaptic Enlargement at Adult Cortical
... dyes with similar absorption and emission peaks to the AF488 and AF568 used to fill neurons (Supplementary Fig. S3A,B). The size of the PSF is usually measured by the full-width half-maximum (FWHM) and increases with imaging wavelength. Therefore, the signal from the AF568 dye limits the resolution a ...
... dyes with similar absorption and emission peaks to the AF488 and AF568 used to fill neurons (Supplementary Fig. S3A,B). The size of the PSF is usually measured by the full-width half-maximum (FWHM) and increases with imaging wavelength. Therefore, the signal from the AF568 dye limits the resolution a ...
Protracted Synaptogenesis after Activity
... for 4 h on a shaker. Slices were removed from the coverslip using a paint brush, transferred though an ascending gradient of PB-based sucrose solutions, and then subjected to a freeze–thaw cycle using liquid nitrogen. The biocytin label was revealed using a Vectastein Elite ABC kit (Axxora, Grünber ...
... for 4 h on a shaker. Slices were removed from the coverslip using a paint brush, transferred though an ascending gradient of PB-based sucrose solutions, and then subjected to a freeze–thaw cycle using liquid nitrogen. The biocytin label was revealed using a Vectastein Elite ABC kit (Axxora, Grünber ...
Glial cells modulate the synaptic transmission of NTS neurons
... and spontaneous excitatory neurotransmission in NTSVLM neurons are modulated by exogenous ATP (AccorsiMendoncßa et al. 2007). Recent studies demonstrated that ATP is an important extracellular messenger involved with the bidirectional signaling in the glia–neuron interaction in the tripartite synaps ...
... and spontaneous excitatory neurotransmission in NTSVLM neurons are modulated by exogenous ATP (AccorsiMendoncßa et al. 2007). Recent studies demonstrated that ATP is an important extracellular messenger involved with the bidirectional signaling in the glia–neuron interaction in the tripartite synaps ...
The Spinal Interneurons and Properties of
... vertebrate. In young frog tadpoles, we made whole-cell recordings from pairs of spinal neurons. We found direct, excitatory, glutamatergic synapses from touch-sensitive skin-sensory neurons to sensory pathway interneurons, and then from these sensory interneurons to motoneurons and premotor interneu ...
... vertebrate. In young frog tadpoles, we made whole-cell recordings from pairs of spinal neurons. We found direct, excitatory, glutamatergic synapses from touch-sensitive skin-sensory neurons to sensory pathway interneurons, and then from these sensory interneurons to motoneurons and premotor interneu ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... NMJ led to the weakening and subsequently withdrawal of the axons whose synaptic contacts were blocked (Balice-Gordon and Lichtman, 1994). Recent experiments using genetically engineered mice in which only a small subset of motor neurons are fluorescently labeled allowed researches to perform in-viv ...
... NMJ led to the weakening and subsequently withdrawal of the axons whose synaptic contacts were blocked (Balice-Gordon and Lichtman, 1994). Recent experiments using genetically engineered mice in which only a small subset of motor neurons are fluorescently labeled allowed researches to perform in-viv ...
mechanism of action of atypical antipsychotic drugs
... an indication of antipsychotic activity (31). There have been only limited tests of this hypothesis in humans, mainly using ritanserin, which is a mixed 5-HT2A/2B/2C antagonist (32). Nevertheless, various comprehensive reviews of the action of the atypical antipsychotic drugs have concluded that the ...
... an indication of antipsychotic activity (31). There have been only limited tests of this hypothesis in humans, mainly using ritanserin, which is a mixed 5-HT2A/2B/2C antagonist (32). Nevertheless, various comprehensive reviews of the action of the atypical antipsychotic drugs have concluded that the ...
electrophysiological studies of rat substantia nigra neurons in an in
... *Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812, Japan †Department of Neurosurgery, Teikyo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo 173, Japan Abstract––We studied sequential changes in electrophysiological profiles of the ipsilateral substantia nigra neurons in an in ...
... *Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812, Japan †Department of Neurosurgery, Teikyo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo 173, Japan Abstract––We studied sequential changes in electrophysiological profiles of the ipsilateral substantia nigra neurons in an in ...
doc PHGY311
... care unit, where the lights are on 24 hours of the day, will have a disrupted cycle of hormone release. Other situations that disrupt the normal cycles of hormone release are travel across time zones and night-shift employment. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary As mentioned above, the posterior pi ...
... care unit, where the lights are on 24 hours of the day, will have a disrupted cycle of hormone release. Other situations that disrupt the normal cycles of hormone release are travel across time zones and night-shift employment. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary As mentioned above, the posterior pi ...
Cholinergic Cells and Pathways
... employing it successfully (see below, section C). Then an immunocytochemical method was developed for detection of ACh (Geffard et al., 1985); of course, this technique would be most useful in definitive identification of cholinergic neurons and pathways, but there was no follow-up with regard to its ...
... employing it successfully (see below, section C). Then an immunocytochemical method was developed for detection of ACh (Geffard et al., 1985); of course, this technique would be most useful in definitive identification of cholinergic neurons and pathways, but there was no follow-up with regard to its ...
Efficient Recruitment of Layer 2/3 Interneurons by Layer 4 Input in
... slices were fixed at 4°C for at least 24 h in 100 mM PB, pH 7.4, containing either 4% paraformaldehyde or 1% paraformaldehyde and 2.5% glutaraldehyde. Slices containing biocytinfilled neurons that were destined for lightmicroscopic analysis only, were processed using a modified protocol described pr ...
... slices were fixed at 4°C for at least 24 h in 100 mM PB, pH 7.4, containing either 4% paraformaldehyde or 1% paraformaldehyde and 2.5% glutaraldehyde. Slices containing biocytinfilled neurons that were destined for lightmicroscopic analysis only, were processed using a modified protocol described pr ...
Hybrid Scheme for Modeling Local Field Potentials from Point
... conservation, the sum of all transmembrane currents, including all ionic and capacitive currents, must be zero for each neuron. In a point-neuron model, all transmembrane currents are collapsed in a single point in space. The net transmembrane current, and hence the extracellular potential, therefor ...
... conservation, the sum of all transmembrane currents, including all ionic and capacitive currents, must be zero for each neuron. In a point-neuron model, all transmembrane currents are collapsed in a single point in space. The net transmembrane current, and hence the extracellular potential, therefor ...
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Directly Activates Noradrenergic
... hydrate (400 mg/kg, i.p.) and perfused through the ascending aorta with an ice-cold, oxygenated (low Na/high sucrose) perfusion solution (in mM: 1.9 KCl, 1.2 Na2HPO4, 6 MgCl2, 33 NaHCO3, 20 glucose, and 229 sucrose saturated with 95% O2/5% CO2) (Aghajanian and Rasmussen, 1989). After decapitation, t ...
... hydrate (400 mg/kg, i.p.) and perfused through the ascending aorta with an ice-cold, oxygenated (low Na/high sucrose) perfusion solution (in mM: 1.9 KCl, 1.2 Na2HPO4, 6 MgCl2, 33 NaHCO3, 20 glucose, and 229 sucrose saturated with 95% O2/5% CO2) (Aghajanian and Rasmussen, 1989). After decapitation, t ...
Outputs of Radula Mechanoafferent Neurons in Aplysia are
... of some of the modulator cells. Inhibitory chemical synapses mediated the modulation produced by B4/5, whereas excitatory and/or electrical synapses were involved in the other instances. The data indicate that modulation is due to block of action potential invasion into synaptic release regions or t ...
... of some of the modulator cells. Inhibitory chemical synapses mediated the modulation produced by B4/5, whereas excitatory and/or electrical synapses were involved in the other instances. The data indicate that modulation is due to block of action potential invasion into synaptic release regions or t ...
Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function Wiley
... (ACh) released from motor nerves to excite and contract the fibres of our skeletal muscles. Indeed the synapses there, i.e. the junctions between nerve and muscle fibres, are anatomically and chemically geared to act as a fast relay station. Acetylcholine released rapidly from vesicles in the nerve ...
... (ACh) released from motor nerves to excite and contract the fibres of our skeletal muscles. Indeed the synapses there, i.e. the junctions between nerve and muscle fibres, are anatomically and chemically geared to act as a fast relay station. Acetylcholine released rapidly from vesicles in the nerve ...
Synaptic Distinction of Laminar-specific Prefrontal-temporal Pathways in Primates
... BG, BC, BA), or in area Ts3 (case BF). The sites sampled from architectonic area Ts1 were matched for rostro-caudal level across cases (cases AY, BG, BC, BA), and included the entire segment with label at the matched level of Ts1. The average size of the pieces for ultrathin sectioning after trimmin ...
... BG, BC, BA), or in area Ts3 (case BF). The sites sampled from architectonic area Ts1 were matched for rostro-caudal level across cases (cases AY, BG, BC, BA), and included the entire segment with label at the matched level of Ts1. The average size of the pieces for ultrathin sectioning after trimmin ...
Simulating Populations of Neurons - Leeds VLE
... This project builds on techniques and applies knowledge learnt from modules on the MSc Artificial Intelligence in the School of Computing at the University of Leeds. The module Bio-Inspired Computing (COMP5400M) gave the basis for the understanding and knowledge in the subject area of computational ...
... This project builds on techniques and applies knowledge learnt from modules on the MSc Artificial Intelligence in the School of Computing at the University of Leeds. The module Bio-Inspired Computing (COMP5400M) gave the basis for the understanding and knowledge in the subject area of computational ...
Somatodendritic dopamine release - Philosophical Transactions of
... at dendro-dendritic synapses. Despite strong evidence to support this interpretation [23,24,26,55,69,72], this is not fully consistent with anatomical data given that dendro-dendritic synapses [77 –79] are absent in DA dendrite-rich SNr [78] and are relatively rare in SNc and VTA [78]. Moreover, Pic ...
... at dendro-dendritic synapses. Despite strong evidence to support this interpretation [23,24,26,55,69,72], this is not fully consistent with anatomical data given that dendro-dendritic synapses [77 –79] are absent in DA dendrite-rich SNr [78] and are relatively rare in SNc and VTA [78]. Moreover, Pic ...
Huffman PowerPoint Slides
... • Sensation is the process of receiving, converting, and transmitting information from the outside world – Sensory organs contain receptors that transduce sensory energy into nerve impulses that are carried to the brain ...
... • Sensation is the process of receiving, converting, and transmitting information from the outside world – Sensory organs contain receptors that transduce sensory energy into nerve impulses that are carried to the brain ...
V U Z (vzw)
... Neurosciences (supplement on neurotoxins, June 1996) neuromuscular and neuronal transmission may be blocked at the level of ion channels, specific receptors, G-proteins and enzymes. Interestin the action mechanism and potential therapeutic use of CoHMS toxins is only recent, but it is rapidly growin ...
... Neurosciences (supplement on neurotoxins, June 1996) neuromuscular and neuronal transmission may be blocked at the level of ion channels, specific receptors, G-proteins and enzymes. Interestin the action mechanism and potential therapeutic use of CoHMS toxins is only recent, but it is rapidly growin ...
Neural Encoding I: Firing Rates and Spike Statistics
... Neurons are remarkable among the cells of the body in their ability to propagate signals rapidly over large distances. They do this by generating characteristic electrical pulses called action potentials, or more simply spikes, that can travel down nerve fibers. Neurons represent and transmit inform ...
... Neurons are remarkable among the cells of the body in their ability to propagate signals rapidly over large distances. They do this by generating characteristic electrical pulses called action potentials, or more simply spikes, that can travel down nerve fibers. Neurons represent and transmit inform ...
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs): The three musketeers of
... presynaptic terminals where associated with synaptic vesicles (Bellocchio et al. 1998). Additionally, it has been shown that mutations in eat-4, which is a BNPI homolog in C. elegans, caused deficits in glutamatergic transmission (Lee et al. 1999). Finally in 2000, two papers appeared that independe ...
... presynaptic terminals where associated with synaptic vesicles (Bellocchio et al. 1998). Additionally, it has been shown that mutations in eat-4, which is a BNPI homolog in C. elegans, caused deficits in glutamatergic transmission (Lee et al. 1999). Finally in 2000, two papers appeared that independe ...
Regulation of synaptic functions in central nervous system by
... and thus cause postsynaptic depolarization. Most AMPARs in CNS contain GluR2 subunit and are permeable to Na + and K + , but not Ca2 + , whereas those AMPARs without GluR2 subunit are permeable to Ca2 + , in addition to Na + and K + [15]. Fast inhibitory neurotransmission is mainly mediated by ionot ...
... and thus cause postsynaptic depolarization. Most AMPARs in CNS contain GluR2 subunit and are permeable to Na + and K + , but not Ca2 + , whereas those AMPARs without GluR2 subunit are permeable to Ca2 + , in addition to Na + and K + [15]. Fast inhibitory neurotransmission is mainly mediated by ionot ...
End-plate potential
End plate potentials (EPPs) are the depolarizations of skeletal muscle fibers caused by neurotransmitters binding to the postsynaptic membrane in the neuromuscular junction. They are called ""end plates"" because the postsynaptic terminals of muscle fibers have a large, saucer-like appearance. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of a motor neuron, vesicles carrying neurotransmitters (mostly acetylcholine) are exocytosed and the contents are released into the neuromuscular junction. These neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and lead to its depolarization. In the absence of an action potential, acetylcholine vesicles spontaneously leak into the neuromuscular junction and cause very small depolarizations in the postsynaptic membrane. This small response (~0.5mV) is called a miniature end plate potential (MEPP) and is generated by one acetylcholine-containing vesicle. It represents the smallest possible depolarization which can be induced in a muscle.