Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... Fig. 4.13 Some sources of nonlinear (modulatory) effects between synapses as modeled by sigma-pi nodes. (A) shunting (divisive) inhibition, which is often recorded as the effect of inhibitory synapses on the cell body. (B) The effect of simultaneously activated voltage-gated excitatory synapses that ...
... Fig. 4.13 Some sources of nonlinear (modulatory) effects between synapses as modeled by sigma-pi nodes. (A) shunting (divisive) inhibition, which is often recorded as the effect of inhibitory synapses on the cell body. (B) The effect of simultaneously activated voltage-gated excitatory synapses that ...
166 - UCSF Physiology - University of California, San Francisco
... study different pools of synaptic vesicles: high-frequency stimulation (HFS) (40 stimuli at 100 Hz) and prolonged repetitive stimulation (80 stimuli at 14 Hz) in the presence of the NMDA receptor antagonist D(⫺)-2 amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) (100 M). LTP was induced by tetanic stimulation ( ...
... study different pools of synaptic vesicles: high-frequency stimulation (HFS) (40 stimuli at 100 Hz) and prolonged repetitive stimulation (80 stimuli at 14 Hz) in the presence of the NMDA receptor antagonist D(⫺)-2 amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) (100 M). LTP was induced by tetanic stimulation ( ...
Dexamethasone Rapidly Increases GABA Release in the Dorsal
... The rapid onset of the DEX effect on mIPSC frequency suggested a nongenomic mechanism of action, possibly mediated by a membrane-associated receptor [16]. Experiments were conducted to determine whether the DEX effect on GABA release could be prevented by reducing the ability of DEX to cross the cel ...
... The rapid onset of the DEX effect on mIPSC frequency suggested a nongenomic mechanism of action, possibly mediated by a membrane-associated receptor [16]. Experiments were conducted to determine whether the DEX effect on GABA release could be prevented by reducing the ability of DEX to cross the cel ...
Chapter 8: The Nervous System
... Ans: A nerve impulse is a wave of depolarization and repolarization, during which sodium ions first move into a neuron and then potassium ions move out of a neuron. This is called an action potential. When the action potential reaches the end of the axon, neurotransmitter substances are released int ...
... Ans: A nerve impulse is a wave of depolarization and repolarization, during which sodium ions first move into a neuron and then potassium ions move out of a neuron. This is called an action potential. When the action potential reaches the end of the axon, neurotransmitter substances are released int ...
Chapter 8: The Nervous System
... Ans: A nerve impulse is a wave of depolarization and repolarization, during which sodium ions first move into a neuron and then potassium ions move out of a neuron. This is called an action potential. When the action potential reaches the end of the axon, neurotransmitter substances are released int ...
... Ans: A nerve impulse is a wave of depolarization and repolarization, during which sodium ions first move into a neuron and then potassium ions move out of a neuron. This is called an action potential. When the action potential reaches the end of the axon, neurotransmitter substances are released int ...
An Introduction to Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System
... • 15-1 Specify the components of the afferent and efferent divisions of the nervous system, and explain what is meant by the somatic nervous system. • 15-2 Explain why receptors respond to specific stimuli, and how the organization of a receptor affects its sensitivity. • 15-3 Identify the receptors ...
... • 15-1 Specify the components of the afferent and efferent divisions of the nervous system, and explain what is meant by the somatic nervous system. • 15-2 Explain why receptors respond to specific stimuli, and how the organization of a receptor affects its sensitivity. • 15-3 Identify the receptors ...
The interplay between neurons and glia in synapse
... astrocytes excite the hilar interneurons through glutamate release and cause downstream granule cell depolarization [47]. It is still unclear how calcium signaling initiates glutamate release in this context. Astrocytes undergo global and local calcium transients and the calcium signaling propertie ...
... astrocytes excite the hilar interneurons through glutamate release and cause downstream granule cell depolarization [47]. It is still unclear how calcium signaling initiates glutamate release in this context. Astrocytes undergo global and local calcium transients and the calcium signaling propertie ...
15-5 Somatic Motor Pathways
... o Reduction in sensitivity of a constant stimulus o Your nervous system quickly adapts to stimuli that are painless and constant ...
... o Reduction in sensitivity of a constant stimulus o Your nervous system quickly adapts to stimuli that are painless and constant ...
Chapter 35: Kandel - krigolson teaching
... Although flexion reflexes are relatively stereotyped, both the spatial extent and the force of muscle contraction depend on stimulus intensity. Touching a stove that is slightly hot may produce moderately fast withdrawal only at the wrist and elbow, whereas touching a very hot stove invariably leads ...
... Although flexion reflexes are relatively stereotyped, both the spatial extent and the force of muscle contraction depend on stimulus intensity. Touching a stove that is slightly hot may produce moderately fast withdrawal only at the wrist and elbow, whereas touching a very hot stove invariably leads ...
Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... a. Sympathetic stimulation causes excitatory effects in some organs but inhibitory effects in others b. Parasympathetic likewise is excitatory or inhibitory depending on the organ affected c. See Table 60.2 in the textbook ...
... a. Sympathetic stimulation causes excitatory effects in some organs but inhibitory effects in others b. Parasympathetic likewise is excitatory or inhibitory depending on the organ affected c. See Table 60.2 in the textbook ...
Brain stem excitatory and inhibitory signaling pathways regulating
... solitary tract (NTS), via a glutamate-AMPA signaling pathway. These neurons, using the same neurotransmitter-receptor unit, transmit information to the AVPNs, which in turn convey the central command to airway effector organs: smooth muscle, submucosal secretory glands, and the vasculature, through ...
... solitary tract (NTS), via a glutamate-AMPA signaling pathway. These neurons, using the same neurotransmitter-receptor unit, transmit information to the AVPNs, which in turn convey the central command to airway effector organs: smooth muscle, submucosal secretory glands, and the vasculature, through ...
Document
... through the stylomastoid foramen to the lateral aspect of the face • Mixed nerve with five major branches • Motor functions include facial expression, and the transmittal of autonomic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands • Sensory function is taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue ...
... through the stylomastoid foramen to the lateral aspect of the face • Mixed nerve with five major branches • Motor functions include facial expression, and the transmittal of autonomic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands • Sensory function is taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue ...
The power of the mind: the cortex as a critical determinant of muscle
... hypothesis that the nervous system, and the cortex in particular, is a critical determinant of muscle strength/weakness and that a high level of corticospinal inhibition is an important neurophysiological factor regulating force generation. A group of healthy individuals underwent 4 wk of wrist-hand ...
... hypothesis that the nervous system, and the cortex in particular, is a critical determinant of muscle strength/weakness and that a high level of corticospinal inhibition is an important neurophysiological factor regulating force generation. A group of healthy individuals underwent 4 wk of wrist-hand ...
CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE METABOLISM
... which shows itself without any stimulus to evoke it.the serum calcium is less than 7mg/dL. 2.latent tetany: the serum calcium ions is about 7mg/dL.this type of tetany needs certain tests to prove it. a)Chovostek,sign:quick contraction of theipsilateral facial muscles elicited by tapping over the faf ...
... which shows itself without any stimulus to evoke it.the serum calcium is less than 7mg/dL. 2.latent tetany: the serum calcium ions is about 7mg/dL.this type of tetany needs certain tests to prove it. a)Chovostek,sign:quick contraction of theipsilateral facial muscles elicited by tapping over the faf ...
Glia Engulf Degenerating Axons during Developmental Axon Pruning
... underlying axon pruning by using a genetically encoded electron microscopic (EM) marker to selectively label ␥ neurons. By inhibiting axon pruning in combination with the use of this EM marker, we demonstrate a causal link between observed cellular events and axon pruning. These events include chang ...
... underlying axon pruning by using a genetically encoded electron microscopic (EM) marker to selectively label ␥ neurons. By inhibiting axon pruning in combination with the use of this EM marker, we demonstrate a causal link between observed cellular events and axon pruning. These events include chang ...
Gee JNeuro 2012 - Stanford University
... not on the contralateral side (which was the location for recording). In 3/5 of these experiments, we drove expression using the Credependent virus in Drd1::Cre mice, while in the other 2/5 experiments we injected the virus carrying the CaMKII␣ promoter into wild-type mice. We waited at least 3– 4 w ...
... not on the contralateral side (which was the location for recording). In 3/5 of these experiments, we drove expression using the Credependent virus in Drd1::Cre mice, while in the other 2/5 experiments we injected the virus carrying the CaMKII␣ promoter into wild-type mice. We waited at least 3– 4 w ...
This article was originally published in the Encyclopedia of
... of the longitudinal and circular muscles produce a peristaltic wave, moving from tail to head, which is used for locomotion and burrowing. In segmented structures, the larger the number of segments, the greater is the potential for localized control of forces and shape changes. The number and dimens ...
... of the longitudinal and circular muscles produce a peristaltic wave, moving from tail to head, which is used for locomotion and burrowing. In segmented structures, the larger the number of segments, the greater is the potential for localized control of forces and shape changes. The number and dimens ...
The contribution of intrinsic membrane dynamics to fast network
... sinusoidal input in the presence of temporally correlated noise depends only weakly on the input oscillation frequency (Brunel et al. 2001). In particular, the phase shift of the instantaneous firing rate with respect to the periodic input is very small at any input frequency. Thus through the stati ...
... sinusoidal input in the presence of temporally correlated noise depends only weakly on the input oscillation frequency (Brunel et al. 2001). In particular, the phase shift of the instantaneous firing rate with respect to the periodic input is very small at any input frequency. Thus through the stati ...
The Formation of Terminal Fields in the Absence of Competitive
... spaced 200 pm apart, and viewed with a 40x water-immersion lens with an additional magnification of 1.25-2.0x . The fluorescent signal was amplified with a silicon-intensified target camera (General Electric). The video camera allowed weak signals to be detected and low light levels to be used in or ...
... spaced 200 pm apart, and viewed with a 40x water-immersion lens with an additional magnification of 1.25-2.0x . The fluorescent signal was amplified with a silicon-intensified target camera (General Electric). The video camera allowed weak signals to be detected and low light levels to be used in or ...
Glutamate Receptors Form Hot Spots on Apical Dendrites of
... from 15- to 25-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats, as described previously (Dodt et al. 1998). Individual neurons were visualized using the newly developed infrared “gradient contrast” (IR-GC) optics (Dodt et al. 1999). The extracellular solution consisted of the following (in mM): 125 NaCl, 25 NaHCO3 ...
... from 15- to 25-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats, as described previously (Dodt et al. 1998). Individual neurons were visualized using the newly developed infrared “gradient contrast” (IR-GC) optics (Dodt et al. 1999). The extracellular solution consisted of the following (in mM): 125 NaCl, 25 NaHCO3 ...
Network Self-Organization Explains the Statistics and
... The information processing abilities of neural circuits arise from their synaptic connection patterns. Understanding the laws governing these connectivity patterns is essential for understanding brain function. The overall distribution of synaptic strengths of local excitatory connections in cortex ...
... The information processing abilities of neural circuits arise from their synaptic connection patterns. Understanding the laws governing these connectivity patterns is essential for understanding brain function. The overall distribution of synaptic strengths of local excitatory connections in cortex ...
Acetylcholine Facilitates Recovery of Episodic Memory after Brain
... of cognitive processes, including episodic memory, which is impaired in Alzheimer’s disease, in which there is a decrease in acetylcholine innervation (for review, see Bartus, 2000). However, systemic administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors produces only small acute improvements in memory ...
... of cognitive processes, including episodic memory, which is impaired in Alzheimer’s disease, in which there is a decrease in acetylcholine innervation (for review, see Bartus, 2000). However, systemic administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors produces only small acute improvements in memory ...
Article
... about the profound effects of neural input in later muscle development, including effects on the number of muscle fibres formed and in determining physiological fibre types [13–15] Why does this gap exist? A major reason is that many studies of neuromuscular interactions in the developing chick limb ...
... about the profound effects of neural input in later muscle development, including effects on the number of muscle fibres formed and in determining physiological fibre types [13–15] Why does this gap exist? A major reason is that many studies of neuromuscular interactions in the developing chick limb ...
End-plate potential
End plate potentials (EPPs) are the depolarizations of skeletal muscle fibers caused by neurotransmitters binding to the postsynaptic membrane in the neuromuscular junction. They are called ""end plates"" because the postsynaptic terminals of muscle fibers have a large, saucer-like appearance. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of a motor neuron, vesicles carrying neurotransmitters (mostly acetylcholine) are exocytosed and the contents are released into the neuromuscular junction. These neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and lead to its depolarization. In the absence of an action potential, acetylcholine vesicles spontaneously leak into the neuromuscular junction and cause very small depolarizations in the postsynaptic membrane. This small response (~0.5mV) is called a miniature end plate potential (MEPP) and is generated by one acetylcholine-containing vesicle. It represents the smallest possible depolarization which can be induced in a muscle.