UNC-119 suppresses axon branching
... categorized as: (1) normal (these reached and bifurcated at the dorsal midline and then extended along the anteroposterior axis); (2) extension defective (reached the dorsal midline but failed to bifurcate and extend along the anteroposterior axis); (3) branched (contained multiple branches that ext ...
... categorized as: (1) normal (these reached and bifurcated at the dorsal midline and then extended along the anteroposterior axis); (2) extension defective (reached the dorsal midline but failed to bifurcate and extend along the anteroposterior axis); (3) branched (contained multiple branches that ext ...
Realistic synaptic inputs for model neural networks
... set e q d to the excitatory ne.The two -yes intersect at rates corresponding to a d e n t state, E = 0, an unstable intermediate state and a stable self-sustainedfiring state for whidt the firing rate is essentially the maximum srnglenevron rate. The firing rate for this state is unrealistically hig ...
... set e q d to the excitatory ne.The two -yes intersect at rates corresponding to a d e n t state, E = 0, an unstable intermediate state and a stable self-sustainedfiring state for whidt the firing rate is essentially the maximum srnglenevron rate. The firing rate for this state is unrealistically hig ...
A Model of a Segmental Oscillator in the Leech Heartbeat Neuronal
... The following protocol was used to test effects of changing the maximal conductance of an intrinsic or synaptic current on the behavior of the model. For a given set of trials the same initial conditions were used in each simulation. After changing a parameter, the model was run for 100 s of simulat ...
... The following protocol was used to test effects of changing the maximal conductance of an intrinsic or synaptic current on the behavior of the model. For a given set of trials the same initial conditions were used in each simulation. After changing a parameter, the model was run for 100 s of simulat ...
full text pdf
... of synapse elimination at the NMJ and RGC axon pruning in the dLGN, pruning is induced if the synaptic connection does not hold up to a certain standard, or is weaker than its neighbors. At the NMJ, sufficient activity leads to positive feedback in the form of growth factors (also known as trophic s ...
... of synapse elimination at the NMJ and RGC axon pruning in the dLGN, pruning is induced if the synaptic connection does not hold up to a certain standard, or is weaker than its neighbors. At the NMJ, sufficient activity leads to positive feedback in the form of growth factors (also known as trophic s ...
LAB: Nerve Reflexes
... Nerve impulses follow routes through the nervous system called nerve pathways. Some of the simplest nerve pathways consist of little more than two neurons that communicate across a single synapse. A reflex is a relatively simple motor response that does not involve a large number of interneurons (or ...
... Nerve impulses follow routes through the nervous system called nerve pathways. Some of the simplest nerve pathways consist of little more than two neurons that communicate across a single synapse. A reflex is a relatively simple motor response that does not involve a large number of interneurons (or ...
Receptors in lateral hypothalamic area involved in - AJP
... short-latency somatosensory responses, whereas NMDA receptor effects are manifested only in response to maintained sensory stimulation. This suggests that NMDA and non-NMDA receptors are each suited to a particular type of presynaptic input. Similarly, in the spinal cord, monosynaptic excitation of ...
... short-latency somatosensory responses, whereas NMDA receptor effects are manifested only in response to maintained sensory stimulation. This suggests that NMDA and non-NMDA receptors are each suited to a particular type of presynaptic input. Similarly, in the spinal cord, monosynaptic excitation of ...
View/Open
... Figure 51-3 shows that after leaving the primary visual cortex, the visual information is analyzed in two major pathways in the secondary visual areas. 1. Analysis of Third-Dimensional Position, Gross Form, and Motion of Objects. One of the analytical pathways, demonstrated in Figure 51-3 by the bl ...
... Figure 51-3 shows that after leaving the primary visual cortex, the visual information is analyzed in two major pathways in the secondary visual areas. 1. Analysis of Third-Dimensional Position, Gross Form, and Motion of Objects. One of the analytical pathways, demonstrated in Figure 51-3 by the bl ...
Orexin (Hypocretin)-Like Immunoreactivity in the Cat Hypothalamus
... Abstract: Orexin-A-like immunoreactive (OrA-ir) neurons and terminals in the cat hypothalamus were examined using immunohistochemical techniques. OrA-ir neurons were found principally in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) at the level of the tuberal cinereum and in the dorsal and posterior hypothal ...
... Abstract: Orexin-A-like immunoreactive (OrA-ir) neurons and terminals in the cat hypothalamus were examined using immunohistochemical techniques. OrA-ir neurons were found principally in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) at the level of the tuberal cinereum and in the dorsal and posterior hypothal ...
Structural Correlates of Efficient GABAergic Transmission in the
... entirely consistent with previous in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical studies (Fremeau et al., 2001; Land et al., 2004). Following the standard ABC protocol (see above), vGLUT2 was visualized using DABNi. Postembedding GABA immunostaining (described above) was performed on ultrathin section ...
... entirely consistent with previous in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical studies (Fremeau et al., 2001; Land et al., 2004). Following the standard ABC protocol (see above), vGLUT2 was visualized using DABNi. Postembedding GABA immunostaining (described above) was performed on ultrathin section ...
S-potentials precede and drive nearly all LGN spikes in a burst.
... nucleus (LGN) is often categorized into two modes: burst and tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occu ...
... nucleus (LGN) is often categorized into two modes: burst and tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occu ...
On the role of primary motor cortex in arm movement
... the years may seem to suggest that no coherent account of M1 function can ever be given, and one has to accept a catalog of disparate empirical findings in place of an explanation. This is in principle possible, but, at the risk of disagreeing with some of the neurophysiologists whose findings we fi ...
... the years may seem to suggest that no coherent account of M1 function can ever be given, and one has to accept a catalog of disparate empirical findings in place of an explanation. This is in principle possible, but, at the risk of disagreeing with some of the neurophysiologists whose findings we fi ...
Chapter 15: Special Senses
... • no structural specializations in free nerve endings that provide us with pain, tickle, itch, temperatures • some structural specializations in receptors for touch, pressure & vibration ...
... • no structural specializations in free nerve endings that provide us with pain, tickle, itch, temperatures • some structural specializations in receptors for touch, pressure & vibration ...
Synaptic Pruning in Development: A Novel Account in Neural Terms
... In both models the only eect of the modi cation function g on the S/N is through the correlation coecient. Hence, the behavior of the two dierent models under synaptic modi cation could be investigated by analyzing (g (z ); z ) only, regardless of the other parameters 1 . The immediate consequen ...
... In both models the only eect of the modi cation function g on the S/N is through the correlation coecient. Hence, the behavior of the two dierent models under synaptic modi cation could be investigated by analyzing (g (z ); z ) only, regardless of the other parameters 1 . The immediate consequen ...
Human Biology I - Control and Development
... How Neurons Work A neuron must be stimulated in order to fire. A neuron is stimulated when its membrane potential is increased. If the membrane potential reaches a certain threshold value, sodium channels open, sodium ions rush into the cell, and the membrane potential spikes, creating an action po ...
... How Neurons Work A neuron must be stimulated in order to fire. A neuron is stimulated when its membrane potential is increased. If the membrane potential reaches a certain threshold value, sodium channels open, sodium ions rush into the cell, and the membrane potential spikes, creating an action po ...
PDF file - Izhikevich
... denotes its recovery variable, e.g. the activation of K current. The part 0.04v2 + 5v + 140 was obtained by fitting the spike initiation dynamics of cortical neurons so that units of v correspond to mV and units of time correspond to ms. The variable Isyn denotes the total synaptic current as explai ...
... denotes its recovery variable, e.g. the activation of K current. The part 0.04v2 + 5v + 140 was obtained by fitting the spike initiation dynamics of cortical neurons so that units of v correspond to mV and units of time correspond to ms. The variable Isyn denotes the total synaptic current as explai ...
Spike-Timing Theory of Working Memory
... and deactivates with time constant of 250 ms. (D) Persistent pre-thenpost train of action potentials flips the dendritic compartment into upstate. While in the up-state, each pre-synaptic spike results in a largeamplitude dendritic excitatory postsynaptic potential (black trace V (dendritic)), often ...
... and deactivates with time constant of 250 ms. (D) Persistent pre-thenpost train of action potentials flips the dendritic compartment into upstate. While in the up-state, each pre-synaptic spike results in a largeamplitude dendritic excitatory postsynaptic potential (black trace V (dendritic)), often ...
Depolarization stimulates lamellipodia formation and
... stained cells were quickly pelleted for 10 s in an eppendorf centrifuge and washed three times by resuspension in 1 ml GCM containing 0.2% bovine serum albumin ŽBSA. and centrifugation. After the last centrifugation step, the cells were resuspended in 1 ml GCM and counted. The stained cells were dil ...
... stained cells were quickly pelleted for 10 s in an eppendorf centrifuge and washed three times by resuspension in 1 ml GCM containing 0.2% bovine serum albumin ŽBSA. and centrifugation. After the last centrifugation step, the cells were resuspended in 1 ml GCM and counted. The stained cells were dil ...
studies on the myoneural physiology of echinodermata
... to either muscle. The contractions of the muscles, which bend the springs, were recorded in the usual manner. The work of Millott (1954) has emphasized that echinoderm nerves are sensitive to direct stimulation by light. As will presently be seen, this is true for retractormuscle preparations of Cuc ...
... to either muscle. The contractions of the muscles, which bend the springs, were recorded in the usual manner. The work of Millott (1954) has emphasized that echinoderm nerves are sensitive to direct stimulation by light. As will presently be seen, this is true for retractormuscle preparations of Cuc ...
mechanism of action of anxiolytics
... and phyla that control both excitation and inhibition. Molecular biological studies of the receptors causing these effects have indicated that GABA’s effects on ionic transmission (ionotropic) and metabolism (metabotropic) are mediated by proteins in two different superfamilies. The first superfamil ...
... and phyla that control both excitation and inhibition. Molecular biological studies of the receptors causing these effects have indicated that GABA’s effects on ionic transmission (ionotropic) and metabolism (metabotropic) are mediated by proteins in two different superfamilies. The first superfamil ...
Modulation of Inhibitory Synaptic Potentials in the Piriform Cortex
... linear function is used for computing the summed firing rate of the inhibitory population. The constant A represents the afferent input to a population of neurons during a period of time. This constant represents both the summed firing rate across a population of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb i ...
... linear function is used for computing the summed firing rate of the inhibitory population. The constant A represents the afferent input to a population of neurons during a period of time. This constant represents both the summed firing rate across a population of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb i ...
The role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and GABAergic
... ADNFLE is a rare idiopathic epilepsy, which has been diagnosed in over a hundred families worldwide. This form of familial partial epilepsy had not been described until 1994, and is characterized by brief motor seizures during sleep. The exclusive occurrence of attacks during sleep suggests a role f ...
... ADNFLE is a rare idiopathic epilepsy, which has been diagnosed in over a hundred families worldwide. This form of familial partial epilepsy had not been described until 1994, and is characterized by brief motor seizures during sleep. The exclusive occurrence of attacks during sleep suggests a role f ...
embryonic development of the leech nervous system
... records from 48 neurons, respectively. Descriptions of embryonic touch-sensitive neurons are based on more than 20 dye-filled neurons and annulus erector (AE) motor neurons from 10 dye fills. Gangliogenesis. The nervous system follows an anterior-posterior progression of development, as does the res ...
... records from 48 neurons, respectively. Descriptions of embryonic touch-sensitive neurons are based on more than 20 dye-filled neurons and annulus erector (AE) motor neurons from 10 dye fills. Gangliogenesis. The nervous system follows an anterior-posterior progression of development, as does the res ...
Preferential Termination of Corticorubral Axons on Spine
... During brain development, growth cones navigate through a complex environment to reach their target. Recent studies have revealed various kinds of interactions during growth cone navigation (for review, see Dodd and Jessel, 1988; Goodman and Shatz, 1993; Goodman, 1996), but relatively little is know ...
... During brain development, growth cones navigate through a complex environment to reach their target. Recent studies have revealed various kinds of interactions during growth cone navigation (for review, see Dodd and Jessel, 1988; Goodman and Shatz, 1993; Goodman, 1996), but relatively little is know ...
9-Sensation of Smell..
... • Taste and smell are closely linked even though they involve different receptors and receptive processes. (??overlap in central processing). ...
... • Taste and smell are closely linked even though they involve different receptors and receptive processes. (??overlap in central processing). ...
Fut u re N
... strengthening of synapses via Hebbian long-term synaptic modification with the activity-dependent weakening of synapses [18,19]. In these models, malignant synaptic growth occurs when the separation between encoding and retrieval breaks down, or when the balance of synaptic strengthening and synapti ...
... strengthening of synapses via Hebbian long-term synaptic modification with the activity-dependent weakening of synapses [18,19]. In these models, malignant synaptic growth occurs when the separation between encoding and retrieval breaks down, or when the balance of synaptic strengthening and synapti ...
End-plate potential
End plate potentials (EPPs) are the depolarizations of skeletal muscle fibers caused by neurotransmitters binding to the postsynaptic membrane in the neuromuscular junction. They are called ""end plates"" because the postsynaptic terminals of muscle fibers have a large, saucer-like appearance. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of a motor neuron, vesicles carrying neurotransmitters (mostly acetylcholine) are exocytosed and the contents are released into the neuromuscular junction. These neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and lead to its depolarization. In the absence of an action potential, acetylcholine vesicles spontaneously leak into the neuromuscular junction and cause very small depolarizations in the postsynaptic membrane. This small response (~0.5mV) is called a miniature end plate potential (MEPP) and is generated by one acetylcholine-containing vesicle. It represents the smallest possible depolarization which can be induced in a muscle.