Chapter_013
... Epinephrine can activate all alpha and beta receptors, but not dopamine receptors. Norepinephrine can activate alpha1, apha2, and beta1 receptors, but not beta2 or dopamine receptors. Dopamine can activate alpha1, beta1, and dopamine receptors. Note: Dopamine is the only neurotransmitter capable of ...
... Epinephrine can activate all alpha and beta receptors, but not dopamine receptors. Norepinephrine can activate alpha1, apha2, and beta1 receptors, but not beta2 or dopamine receptors. Dopamine can activate alpha1, beta1, and dopamine receptors. Note: Dopamine is the only neurotransmitter capable of ...
a.Nerve Regeneration
... I: Olfactory nerves are responsible for smell II: Optic nerves are responsible for vision III: Oculomotor nerves play a role in eye movement IV: Trochlear nerves play a role in eye movement V: Trigeminal nerves are general sensory nerves of the face VI: Abducens nerves play a role in eye movement VI ...
... I: Olfactory nerves are responsible for smell II: Optic nerves are responsible for vision III: Oculomotor nerves play a role in eye movement IV: Trochlear nerves play a role in eye movement V: Trigeminal nerves are general sensory nerves of the face VI: Abducens nerves play a role in eye movement VI ...
intraoperative motor evoked potential monitoring
... up alpha motor neuron excitability are applied immediately before the test stimulus, or a series of 2 Hz recurrent pulse-trains is applied [36–39, 61]. Generating a subliminal withdrawal reflex through high-frequency foot sole stimulation 50–100 ms before TES facilitates tibialis anterior responses ...
... up alpha motor neuron excitability are applied immediately before the test stimulus, or a series of 2 Hz recurrent pulse-trains is applied [36–39, 61]. Generating a subliminal withdrawal reflex through high-frequency foot sole stimulation 50–100 ms before TES facilitates tibialis anterior responses ...
Input evoked nonlinearities in silicon dendritic circuits
... input patterns. The nonlinearity we discuss in this paper is due to the NMDA channels. The state of these channels are controlled not only by the presence or absence of the agonist (e.g. glutamate), but also by the postsynaptic dendritic membrane potential. Hence, they play an important role in coin ...
... input patterns. The nonlinearity we discuss in this paper is due to the NMDA channels. The state of these channels are controlled not only by the presence or absence of the agonist (e.g. glutamate), but also by the postsynaptic dendritic membrane potential. Hence, they play an important role in coin ...
Amyloid-Beta Induced Changes in Vesicular Transport of BDNF in
... The neurotrophin brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important growth factor in the CNS. Deficits in transport of this secretory protein could underlie neurodegenerative diseases. Investigation of disease-related changes in BDNF transport might provide insights into the cellular mechanism ...
... The neurotrophin brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important growth factor in the CNS. Deficits in transport of this secretory protein could underlie neurodegenerative diseases. Investigation of disease-related changes in BDNF transport might provide insights into the cellular mechanism ...
Cellular, synaptic and network effects of neuromodulation
... mistaken impression that second messenger modulation of a single current occurs in isolation. Instead, modulation of membrane currents by second messengers has several important computational consequences (Hille, 2001): (A) Second messenger activation is often associated with amplification. That is, ...
... mistaken impression that second messenger modulation of a single current occurs in isolation. Instead, modulation of membrane currents by second messengers has several important computational consequences (Hille, 2001): (A) Second messenger activation is often associated with amplification. That is, ...
Common and specific inhibitory motor neurons innervate
... supplies both muscles was described previously (Bräunig, 1997). In six preparations this DUM neuron, termed DUM1B, with its soma located in the mesothoracic ganglion, stained exceptionally well such that its ramifications could be followed individually. These backfills confirmed the peripheral branc ...
... supplies both muscles was described previously (Bräunig, 1997). In six preparations this DUM neuron, termed DUM1B, with its soma located in the mesothoracic ganglion, stained exceptionally well such that its ramifications could be followed individually. These backfills confirmed the peripheral branc ...
Nancy A. O`Rourke Nicholas C. Weiler Kristina D
... frequency-dependent dynamics. For example, of the three distinct vesicular glutamate transporters (vGluTs), VGluT1, but not VGluT2 or 3, binds endophilin, an interaction that is necessary for efficient endocytosis of vesicles during prolonged high-frequency stimulation26, 27. This may enable VGluT1+ ...
... frequency-dependent dynamics. For example, of the three distinct vesicular glutamate transporters (vGluTs), VGluT1, but not VGluT2 or 3, binds endophilin, an interaction that is necessary for efficient endocytosis of vesicles during prolonged high-frequency stimulation26, 27. This may enable VGluT1+ ...
Stimulation Within the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Can Evoke
... Stimulation within the rostral ventrolateral medulla can evoke monosynaptic GABAergic IPSPs in sympathetic preganglionic neurons in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 229–235, 1997. The inhibitory responses of identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) to stimulation within the rostral ventrolater ...
... Stimulation within the rostral ventrolateral medulla can evoke monosynaptic GABAergic IPSPs in sympathetic preganglionic neurons in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 229–235, 1997. The inhibitory responses of identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) to stimulation within the rostral ventrolater ...
An EM Study of the Dorsal Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus
... acepromazine maleate (1.1 mg/kg). The surface of the tegmentum overlying DNLL was surgically exposed. Saline solutions of ‘H-leucine (‘HLeu; 50-200 mCi/ml; specific activity, 58 Ci/mmol; ICN Radiochemicals #20036) mixed with either 10% HRP (Boehringer Mannheim) or 0.7-1.2% wheat germ agglutinin conj ...
... acepromazine maleate (1.1 mg/kg). The surface of the tegmentum overlying DNLL was surgically exposed. Saline solutions of ‘H-leucine (‘HLeu; 50-200 mCi/ml; specific activity, 58 Ci/mmol; ICN Radiochemicals #20036) mixed with either 10% HRP (Boehringer Mannheim) or 0.7-1.2% wheat germ agglutinin conj ...
concentration-dependent effects of neostigmine on the endplate
... than 5 x 10e5 M decreased MEPC amplitude and split the decay of MEPCs into two components, one faster and one slower than the control rate. These effects were both voltage and concentration dependent. Spectra of current fluctuations recorded in concentrations ~5 x 10e5 M neostigmine required two tim ...
... than 5 x 10e5 M decreased MEPC amplitude and split the decay of MEPCs into two components, one faster and one slower than the control rate. These effects were both voltage and concentration dependent. Spectra of current fluctuations recorded in concentrations ~5 x 10e5 M neostigmine required two tim ...
Identification of the Neuropeptide Transmitter Proctolin in Drosophila
... from the CNS, hindgut, and segmental bodywall using reverse-phase HPLC, and characterized by bioassay, immunoassay, and enzymatic analysis. A small, stereotyped population of proctolin-immunoreactive neurons was found in the larval CNS. Several of the identified neurons may be efferents. In the peri ...
... from the CNS, hindgut, and segmental bodywall using reverse-phase HPLC, and characterized by bioassay, immunoassay, and enzymatic analysis. A small, stereotyped population of proctolin-immunoreactive neurons was found in the larval CNS. Several of the identified neurons may be efferents. In the peri ...
Lecture 23
... • Causes synthesis of calcium-binding protein and related facilitated transport • Takes a couple of days to fully develop response • Has slight effect to increase calcium reabsorption in kidneys • Works with PTH to cause calcium absorption from bone ...
... • Causes synthesis of calcium-binding protein and related facilitated transport • Takes a couple of days to fully develop response • Has slight effect to increase calcium reabsorption in kidneys • Works with PTH to cause calcium absorption from bone ...
The Origin of Electromyograms - Explanations Based on the
... The above relations can be represented in a the order of motoneuronal recruitment (S, FR, FF) simple graphical form (Figure 12A,B). The remains the same irrespective of the method of boundary condition x - ).. '" = 0 represents a muscle activation (changes in variables x and dxldt straight line in a ...
... The above relations can be represented in a the order of motoneuronal recruitment (S, FR, FF) simple graphical form (Figure 12A,B). The remains the same irrespective of the method of boundary condition x - ).. '" = 0 represents a muscle activation (changes in variables x and dxldt straight line in a ...
Potassium channels in C. elegans
... Voltage-gated potassium channels are the largest class of 6TM channels. These channels are activated by depolarization, but function with a wide diversity of activation and inactivation kinetics. In mammals, these channels are widely expressed in brain, muscle and heart where they control complex wa ...
... Voltage-gated potassium channels are the largest class of 6TM channels. These channels are activated by depolarization, but function with a wide diversity of activation and inactivation kinetics. In mammals, these channels are widely expressed in brain, muscle and heart where they control complex wa ...
studying the isolated central nervous system
... 4. Invertebrate CNS ganglia contain identifiable individual nerve cells whose properties and responses to neurotransmitters and drugs are constant and repeatable from preparation to preparation. 5. It was possible to set up an isolated CNS-nerve trunk-muscle preparation and study the transport of ra ...
... 4. Invertebrate CNS ganglia contain identifiable individual nerve cells whose properties and responses to neurotransmitters and drugs are constant and repeatable from preparation to preparation. 5. It was possible to set up an isolated CNS-nerve trunk-muscle preparation and study the transport of ra ...
Sensory Systems in the Control of Movement
... or spinal locomotion. It was posited that γd- and γsmotoneurons have distinct firing patterns and muscle distributions (27, 130), one type having deeply modulated firing rates during locomotion and the other type firing more tonically. The deeply modulated patterns were initially equated with α-γ-co ...
... or spinal locomotion. It was posited that γd- and γsmotoneurons have distinct firing patterns and muscle distributions (27, 130), one type having deeply modulated firing rates during locomotion and the other type firing more tonically. The deeply modulated patterns were initially equated with α-γ-co ...
review glutamate and gaba receptor signalling in - lópez
... Abstract—Our understanding of the role played by neurotransmitter receptors in the developing brain has advanced in recent years. The major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain, glutamate and GABA, activate both ionotropic (ligand-gated ion channels) and metabotropic (G protein-c ...
... Abstract—Our understanding of the role played by neurotransmitter receptors in the developing brain has advanced in recent years. The major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain, glutamate and GABA, activate both ionotropic (ligand-gated ion channels) and metabotropic (G protein-c ...
The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat
... To reconstruct the forms of the dendrites receiving degenerating and synapsing geniculocortical afferents on their shafts, serial thin sections through layer IV of the visual cortex were prepared. The material used for serial sectioning was obtained from the animal designated earlier (Peters and Fel ...
... To reconstruct the forms of the dendrites receiving degenerating and synapsing geniculocortical afferents on their shafts, serial thin sections through layer IV of the visual cortex were prepared. The material used for serial sectioning was obtained from the animal designated earlier (Peters and Fel ...
Part 2 - Dimon Institute
... also caused related muscles to contract and support the activity of the extended limb. At the same time, activity in the antagonistic or opposing muscles was inhibited or prevented––a phenomenon he called reciprocal innervation.4 Although the stretch reflex forms a simple reflex arc, it is wired up ...
... also caused related muscles to contract and support the activity of the extended limb. At the same time, activity in the antagonistic or opposing muscles was inhibited or prevented––a phenomenon he called reciprocal innervation.4 Although the stretch reflex forms a simple reflex arc, it is wired up ...
Insufficiency of digestion
... acids N-acethylneuraminic acid provides ability of gastric mucus to form a water-insoluble viscose coverings mucus membrane of a stomach. Secretion of gastric mucus takes place continuously. Stimulating influence on formation of mucus render irritation adreno- and cholinoreceptors, prostaglandins. I ...
... acids N-acethylneuraminic acid provides ability of gastric mucus to form a water-insoluble viscose coverings mucus membrane of a stomach. Secretion of gastric mucus takes place continuously. Stimulating influence on formation of mucus render irritation adreno- and cholinoreceptors, prostaglandins. I ...
13 Nervous System
... communication with sensory neurons. Association areas are located in all the lobes; the prefrontal area of the frontal lobe is especially necessary to higher mental functions. A visual association area occurs in the occipital lobe, and an auditory association area occurs in the temporal lobe. In the ...
... communication with sensory neurons. Association areas are located in all the lobes; the prefrontal area of the frontal lobe is especially necessary to higher mental functions. A visual association area occurs in the occipital lobe, and an auditory association area occurs in the temporal lobe. In the ...
PART IV INTEGRATION AND COORDINATION IN HUMANS
... communication with sensory neurons. Association areas are located in all the lobes; the prefrontal area of the frontal lobe is especially necessary to higher mental functions. A visual association area occurs in the occipital lobe, and an auditory association area occurs in the temporal lobe. In the ...
... communication with sensory neurons. Association areas are located in all the lobes; the prefrontal area of the frontal lobe is especially necessary to higher mental functions. A visual association area occurs in the occipital lobe, and an auditory association area occurs in the temporal lobe. In the ...
rEvIEW - McLoon Lab
... clefts. These regions might be important for the trans-synaptic activation of glutamate receptors20. Association of synapses and astrocyte processes might be a dynamic process. In agreement with this possibility, astrocyte coverage can be altered during development in response to injury and in vario ...
... clefts. These regions might be important for the trans-synaptic activation of glutamate receptors20. Association of synapses and astrocyte processes might be a dynamic process. In agreement with this possibility, astrocyte coverage can be altered during development in response to injury and in vario ...
Search Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School The
... Astrocytes are connected to each other by unidirectional gap junctions that allow the exchange of many biologically important molecules (21, 22). Astrocyte to astrocyte unidirectional transfer of unbound cytoplasmic Ca2+ occurs through gap junctions during calcium wave generation (23). The presence ...
... Astrocytes are connected to each other by unidirectional gap junctions that allow the exchange of many biologically important molecules (21, 22). Astrocyte to astrocyte unidirectional transfer of unbound cytoplasmic Ca2+ occurs through gap junctions during calcium wave generation (23). The presence ...
End-plate potential
End plate potentials (EPPs) are the depolarizations of skeletal muscle fibers caused by neurotransmitters binding to the postsynaptic membrane in the neuromuscular junction. They are called ""end plates"" because the postsynaptic terminals of muscle fibers have a large, saucer-like appearance. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of a motor neuron, vesicles carrying neurotransmitters (mostly acetylcholine) are exocytosed and the contents are released into the neuromuscular junction. These neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and lead to its depolarization. In the absence of an action potential, acetylcholine vesicles spontaneously leak into the neuromuscular junction and cause very small depolarizations in the postsynaptic membrane. This small response (~0.5mV) is called a miniature end plate potential (MEPP) and is generated by one acetylcholine-containing vesicle. It represents the smallest possible depolarization which can be induced in a muscle.