Calcium Transients in the Garter Snake Vomeronasal Organ
... transients in retrogradely labeled snake vomeronasal (VN) neurons. A shows a video image illustrating the selective staining of VN neurons with Ca2⫹ Green after retrograde transport of this dye from their axonal terminals in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Observe the labeling in the cell bodies ...
... transients in retrogradely labeled snake vomeronasal (VN) neurons. A shows a video image illustrating the selective staining of VN neurons with Ca2⫹ Green after retrograde transport of this dye from their axonal terminals in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Observe the labeling in the cell bodies ...
Neurophysiology - American Physiological Society
... NEU 1. Define, and identify on a diagram of a motor neuron, the following regions: dendrites, axon, axon hillock, soma, and an axodendritic synapse. NEU 2. Define, and identify on a diagram of a primary sensory neuron, the following regions: receptor membrane, peripheral axon process, central axon p ...
... NEU 1. Define, and identify on a diagram of a motor neuron, the following regions: dendrites, axon, axon hillock, soma, and an axodendritic synapse. NEU 2. Define, and identify on a diagram of a primary sensory neuron, the following regions: receptor membrane, peripheral axon process, central axon p ...
A Novel Functionally Distinct Subtype of Striatal Neuropeptide Y
... of the latter as Type II GFP–NPY in- properties. A, Selected two-dimensional scatter plots reveal a clear separation of striatal Type I (black points) and Type II (red points) NPY interneurons based on several electrophysiological parameters. B, Clustering of Type I and Type II NPY interneurons in t ...
... of the latter as Type II GFP–NPY in- properties. A, Selected two-dimensional scatter plots reveal a clear separation of striatal Type I (black points) and Type II (red points) NPY interneurons based on several electrophysiological parameters. B, Clustering of Type I and Type II NPY interneurons in t ...
Cumming BG, Parker AJ.
... in the vicinity of the receptive field. The results for these four neurons closely resembled those for the rest of the population. It would have been possible to manipulate the relative disparity between the foreground and background of the RDS simply by changing the disparity of the background regi ...
... in the vicinity of the receptive field. The results for these four neurons closely resembled those for the rest of the population. It would have been possible to manipulate the relative disparity between the foreground and background of the RDS simply by changing the disparity of the background regi ...
Orexin/Hypocretin: A Neuropeptide at the Interface of Sleep, Energy
... sensory receptors, most of which are olfactory. The other half are receptors for regulating cell functions, and many small regulatory peptides exert their biological actions by acting on GPCRs. There are almost 100 GPCRs the ligands of which are still unknown and that are therefore referred to as or ...
... sensory receptors, most of which are olfactory. The other half are receptors for regulating cell functions, and many small regulatory peptides exert their biological actions by acting on GPCRs. There are almost 100 GPCRs the ligands of which are still unknown and that are therefore referred to as or ...
What the young brain tells the spinal cord: top down modulation of
... In chapter 2, I demonstrate that cutaneous noxious stimulation activates neurons in regions of the brainstem which receive sensory inputs from the dorsal horn at P4; eight days before noxious-evoked neuronal activation in descending modulatory nuclei. In chapter 3, silencing the RVM unmasked descend ...
... In chapter 2, I demonstrate that cutaneous noxious stimulation activates neurons in regions of the brainstem which receive sensory inputs from the dorsal horn at P4; eight days before noxious-evoked neuronal activation in descending modulatory nuclei. In chapter 3, silencing the RVM unmasked descend ...
A decade of the anaphase-promoting complex in the nervous system
... phosphorylation of Cdh1 triggers its dissociation from the anaphase-promoting complex (Zachariae et al. 1998; Kramer et al. 2000). Characterization of the functions and regulation of Cdh1–APC and Cdc20–APC in dividing cells has provided invaluable clues for our understanding of the novel functions a ...
... phosphorylation of Cdh1 triggers its dissociation from the anaphase-promoting complex (Zachariae et al. 1998; Kramer et al. 2000). Characterization of the functions and regulation of Cdh1–APC and Cdc20–APC in dividing cells has provided invaluable clues for our understanding of the novel functions a ...
PDF
... embryo lysate probed with Slit antibody that recognizes both the fulllength and carboxyl-terminus fragment, approximately 190 and 50 kDa, respectively. [Note: a previously unreported band of approximately 120 kDa was detected in tissues from early stages. A similar band was also observed in zygotic ...
... embryo lysate probed with Slit antibody that recognizes both the fulllength and carboxyl-terminus fragment, approximately 190 and 50 kDa, respectively. [Note: a previously unreported band of approximately 120 kDa was detected in tissues from early stages. A similar band was also observed in zygotic ...
Implication of novel neurotransmitter systems in the regulation of
... 2.1. Regulation of reproduction in mammals The adaptive regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is crucial in the successful reproduction among the vertebrates. The central unit of this axis is formed by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-producing neurons which release the ...
... 2.1. Regulation of reproduction in mammals The adaptive regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is crucial in the successful reproduction among the vertebrates. The central unit of this axis is formed by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-producing neurons which release the ...
Document
... placing thirty million synapses in their proper three-dimensional position. In March 2008, Blue Brain project was progressing faster than expected: "Consciousness is just a massive amount of information being exchanged by trillions of brain cells." Some proponents of strong AI speculate that compute ...
... placing thirty million synapses in their proper three-dimensional position. In March 2008, Blue Brain project was progressing faster than expected: "Consciousness is just a massive amount of information being exchanged by trillions of brain cells." Some proponents of strong AI speculate that compute ...
Distinct Roles for Somatically and Dendritically Synthesized Brain
... antibody to GFP at DIV14, DIV21, DIV28, DIV35, and DIV42, as described above. All dendritic spines on one entire main dendrite per neuron (⬎180 m in length) were traced directly under a Nikon Eclipse E800 microscope with an oil-immersion lens (Nikon; Plan APO 60⫻/NA 1.40) using Neurolucida software ...
... antibody to GFP at DIV14, DIV21, DIV28, DIV35, and DIV42, as described above. All dendritic spines on one entire main dendrite per neuron (⬎180 m in length) were traced directly under a Nikon Eclipse E800 microscope with an oil-immersion lens (Nikon; Plan APO 60⫻/NA 1.40) using Neurolucida software ...
By ON THE ROLE OF THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS IN THE CONTROL... VISUALLY-GUIDED SACCADES
... I must thank my wife Megan for her ongoing love and support. As a successful professional, mother, wife and fellow graduate student her dedication and capabilities far exceed my own and never cease to amaze me. And finally, my beautiful daughter Nora whom I adore. I am blessed and honoured to be yo ...
... I must thank my wife Megan for her ongoing love and support. As a successful professional, mother, wife and fellow graduate student her dedication and capabilities far exceed my own and never cease to amaze me. And finally, my beautiful daughter Nora whom I adore. I am blessed and honoured to be yo ...
Highwire Regulates Guidance of Sister Axons in the
... During development, MB neurons, called Kenyon cells, undergo an ordered differentiation process into three types of neurons: ␣/ neurons, ␣⬘/⬘ neurons, and ␥ neurons (Lee et al., 1999). The cell bodies of these MB neurons are located in the posterior of the brain and project their axons to the ante ...
... During development, MB neurons, called Kenyon cells, undergo an ordered differentiation process into three types of neurons: ␣/ neurons, ␣⬘/⬘ neurons, and ␥ neurons (Lee et al., 1999). The cell bodies of these MB neurons are located in the posterior of the brain and project their axons to the ante ...
Theta phase shift in spike timing and modulation of gamma oscillation
... dynamic code for spatial alternation during fixation in rat hippocampal area CA1. J Neurophysiol 111: 1601–1614, 2014. First published January 29, 2014; doi:10.1152/jn.00395.2013.—Although hippocampus is thought to perform various memory-related functions, little is known about the underlying dynami ...
... dynamic code for spatial alternation during fixation in rat hippocampal area CA1. J Neurophysiol 111: 1601–1614, 2014. First published January 29, 2014; doi:10.1152/jn.00395.2013.—Although hippocampus is thought to perform various memory-related functions, little is known about the underlying dynami ...
Structure and dynamics of the corticothalamic driver pathway in the
... environment, processing and analyzing those signals, store and retrieve memories, decide on appropriate behavior and finally coordinate the muscular contractions for an appropriate behavioral response. Accordingly, the brain is an equally complex structure and we therefore are still at the beginning ...
... environment, processing and analyzing those signals, store and retrieve memories, decide on appropriate behavior and finally coordinate the muscular contractions for an appropriate behavioral response. Accordingly, the brain is an equally complex structure and we therefore are still at the beginning ...
Actin in Axons: Stable Scaffolds and Dynamic Filaments
... polymerization; (3) cap F-actin barbed ends to inhibit polymerization; (4) cap pointed ends to inhibit depolymerization; (5) bind barbed ends to inhibit capping; (6) bind pointed ends to promote depolymerization; (7) bundle, crosslink or stabilize F-actin; (8) sever actin filaments; (9) move cargo a ...
... polymerization; (3) cap F-actin barbed ends to inhibit polymerization; (4) cap pointed ends to inhibit depolymerization; (5) bind barbed ends to inhibit capping; (6) bind pointed ends to promote depolymerization; (7) bundle, crosslink or stabilize F-actin; (8) sever actin filaments; (9) move cargo a ...
Examination of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
... hormones, it has the least clear physiological role in the deiodinase protein family. Because D1 is able to convert T4 to the considerably active T3, initially it was thought to be the main source of extra-thyroidal T3 [16, 17]. Recently, however, increasing evidence indicates that D1 contributes si ...
... hormones, it has the least clear physiological role in the deiodinase protein family. Because D1 is able to convert T4 to the considerably active T3, initially it was thought to be the main source of extra-thyroidal T3 [16, 17]. Recently, however, increasing evidence indicates that D1 contributes si ...
Mechanisms of axon degeneration: From development to disease
... Recent mechanistic studies of axon degeneration have highlighted how this is an active process of controlled axon self-destruction similar in many ways to the active selfdestruction of cells during apoptosis (Coleman, 2005; Low and Cheng, 2005; Luo and O’Leary, 2005; Raff et al., 2002). Although the ...
... Recent mechanistic studies of axon degeneration have highlighted how this is an active process of controlled axon self-destruction similar in many ways to the active selfdestruction of cells during apoptosis (Coleman, 2005; Low and Cheng, 2005; Luo and O’Leary, 2005; Raff et al., 2002). Although the ...
1 - Test Bank
... Skill: F 3. In regards to the brain, the term “plasticity” refers to ________. a. easily broken or “cracked” b. ability to adapt to new conditions c. level of complexity d. brittleness, or rigidity Answer: b Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 41 Topic: Introduction Skill: F ...
... Skill: F 3. In regards to the brain, the term “plasticity” refers to ________. a. easily broken or “cracked” b. ability to adapt to new conditions c. level of complexity d. brittleness, or rigidity Answer: b Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 41 Topic: Introduction Skill: F ...
Modulation of premotor circuits controlling locomotor activity by
... supraspinal brain structures and circuits in the spinal cord. Understanding how the central nervous system generates a large repertoire of motor sequences, coordinate limbs and body orientation in an ever-changing environment while adapting to a myriad of sensory cues remains a central question in t ...
... supraspinal brain structures and circuits in the spinal cord. Understanding how the central nervous system generates a large repertoire of motor sequences, coordinate limbs and body orientation in an ever-changing environment while adapting to a myriad of sensory cues remains a central question in t ...
Effects of Reversible Inactivation of the Primate Mesencephalic
... eye movement (Handel and Glimcher 1997). Third, by virtue of a burst of activity that peaks just before and during saccades and dynamics of the neural discharge that correlate closely with either eye velocity and/or displacement, we have hypothesized that cMRF neurons could participate in the feedba ...
... eye movement (Handel and Glimcher 1997). Third, by virtue of a burst of activity that peaks just before and during saccades and dynamics of the neural discharge that correlate closely with either eye velocity and/or displacement, we have hypothesized that cMRF neurons could participate in the feedba ...
A tale of two stories: astrocyte regulation of
... Mechanisms of short-term presynaptic plasticity Despite its apparent simplicity, the Tsodyks-Markram (TM) model (equations 1-2) can generate surprisingly complex synaptic dynamics including multiple mechanisms of short-term plasticity among which are facilitation and depression. Nonetheless, the occ ...
... Mechanisms of short-term presynaptic plasticity Despite its apparent simplicity, the Tsodyks-Markram (TM) model (equations 1-2) can generate surprisingly complex synaptic dynamics including multiple mechanisms of short-term plasticity among which are facilitation and depression. Nonetheless, the occ ...
Protracted Synaptogenesis after Activity
... activated synapses, LTP induction was shown to lead to a transient increase in perforated synapses followed by a persistent increase in the frequency of boutons forming synapses with more than one spine, suggesting that LTP is associated with the formation of new synapses (Toni et al., 1999). Althou ...
... activated synapses, LTP induction was shown to lead to a transient increase in perforated synapses followed by a persistent increase in the frequency of boutons forming synapses with more than one spine, suggesting that LTP is associated with the formation of new synapses (Toni et al., 1999). Althou ...
Essential Roles for GSK-3s and GSK-3
... in signaling pathways engaged by many extracellular cues including Wnts, NGF, EGF, and hedgehog (Zhou et al., 2004; see reviews by Cohen and Frame [2001]; Doble and Woodgett [2003]; Jope and Johnson [2004]). Genetic studies in Drosophila have confirmed a crucial role for the Drosophila GSK-3 homolog ...
... in signaling pathways engaged by many extracellular cues including Wnts, NGF, EGF, and hedgehog (Zhou et al., 2004; see reviews by Cohen and Frame [2001]; Doble and Woodgett [2003]; Jope and Johnson [2004]). Genetic studies in Drosophila have confirmed a crucial role for the Drosophila GSK-3 homolog ...
The dynamic cytoskeleton: backbone of dendritic spine plasticity
... was whether microtubules polymerized into spines from the dendrite shaft or were locally nucleated within the spine and then polymerized into the dendritic shaft, as suggested by others [50]. To address this issue by direct observation within living neurons, another group used time-lapse total inter ...
... was whether microtubules polymerized into spines from the dendrite shaft or were locally nucleated within the spine and then polymerized into the dendritic shaft, as suggested by others [50]. To address this issue by direct observation within living neurons, another group used time-lapse total inter ...