On-line Optical Operant Conditioning of Cortical Activity
... positive reinforcement form of operant conditioning. It has been shown that animals can also learn to modify neuronal activity that is directly rewarded by using electrophysiological recordings. Electrophysiological approaches exhibit excellent temporal resolution, but do not permit recordings from ...
... positive reinforcement form of operant conditioning. It has been shown that animals can also learn to modify neuronal activity that is directly rewarded by using electrophysiological recordings. Electrophysiological approaches exhibit excellent temporal resolution, but do not permit recordings from ...
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis
... the information received from gustatory receptor neurons. Whereas projections from olfactory receptor neurons are clearly chemotopic, comparatively little is known on how gustatory neurons project to the central nervous system and how signals are encoded and processed by central neurons. In differen ...
... the information received from gustatory receptor neurons. Whereas projections from olfactory receptor neurons are clearly chemotopic, comparatively little is known on how gustatory neurons project to the central nervous system and how signals are encoded and processed by central neurons. In differen ...
Neural correlates of stimulus–response and response–outcome
... same block were averaged together. In this way, free- and forcedchoice trials were matched for direction, outcome and position in block. To represent population activity, we first binned the firing rate of each neuron, from the beginning of each trial to the end of each trial. Then we subtracted the ...
... same block were averaged together. In this way, free- and forcedchoice trials were matched for direction, outcome and position in block. To represent population activity, we first binned the firing rate of each neuron, from the beginning of each trial to the end of each trial. Then we subtracted the ...
The multifunctional lateral geniculate nucleus
... structurally impressive: Exquisite lamination, sophisticated microcircuits, and blending of multiple inputs suggest some fundamental transform. This impression is bolstered by the fact that numerically, the retina accounts for a small fraction of its input. Despite such promise, the extent to which ...
... structurally impressive: Exquisite lamination, sophisticated microcircuits, and blending of multiple inputs suggest some fundamental transform. This impression is bolstered by the fact that numerically, the retina accounts for a small fraction of its input. Despite such promise, the extent to which ...
Stereotyped responses of Drosophila peptidergic neuronal
... cuticle is first loosened and shed, and then the new cuticle expands and hardens. A number of neuropeptides control ecdysis: for example, a key neuropeptide called ecdysis-triggering hormone (ETH) triggers the process. However, it was not clear how each of the other neuropeptides that are released a ...
... cuticle is first loosened and shed, and then the new cuticle expands and hardens. A number of neuropeptides control ecdysis: for example, a key neuropeptide called ecdysis-triggering hormone (ETH) triggers the process. However, it was not clear how each of the other neuropeptides that are released a ...
Neural Mapping of Direction and Frequency in
... identified primary interneurons. Estimating the total surface area of an afferent’s synaptic field. Jacobs and Theunissen (1996) developed a method for quantif ying the spatial distribution of the surface area of the terminal varicosities of primary sensory afferents. The same method was used here. ...
... identified primary interneurons. Estimating the total surface area of an afferent’s synaptic field. Jacobs and Theunissen (1996) developed a method for quantif ying the spatial distribution of the surface area of the terminal varicosities of primary sensory afferents. The same method was used here. ...
GABAergic neuron distribution in the pedunculopontine nucleus
... second reference point given by the center of an imaginary line crossing the cerebellar peduncle (Fig. 1A). The distance between the center of the SNR (see below) and the middle point of this line (scp centrum) was constant across animals (4,125 ⴞ 43 m, n ⴝ 6; mediolateral level with respect to Bre ...
... second reference point given by the center of an imaginary line crossing the cerebellar peduncle (Fig. 1A). The distance between the center of the SNR (see below) and the middle point of this line (scp centrum) was constant across animals (4,125 ⴞ 43 m, n ⴝ 6; mediolateral level with respect to Bre ...
- Columbia University Medical Center
... (Figure 1N). Developmental Regulation of Cadherin Expression in Motor Neurons Motor pool segregation occurs between HH stages 24 and 29, and we therefore addressed when the poolrestricted patterns of cadherin expression become evident. Two contrasting developmental profiles of cadherin expression we ...
... (Figure 1N). Developmental Regulation of Cadherin Expression in Motor Neurons Motor pool segregation occurs between HH stages 24 and 29, and we therefore addressed when the poolrestricted patterns of cadherin expression become evident. Two contrasting developmental profiles of cadherin expression we ...
Fig. 1
... Hsp90α/β, βIII-tubulin from Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Hsp70/Hsc70 from Stressgen; tau1 from Millipore; α-tyrosinated-tubulin from Sigma; kinesin 5c and MAP2 from Abcam; GSK3α/β from Invitrogen; pGSK3α/βS9/21, Akt and pAktS473 from Cell Signaling Technology. 2.2. Neuronal cultures and treatment Neuro ...
... Hsp90α/β, βIII-tubulin from Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Hsp70/Hsc70 from Stressgen; tau1 from Millipore; α-tyrosinated-tubulin from Sigma; kinesin 5c and MAP2 from Abcam; GSK3α/β from Invitrogen; pGSK3α/βS9/21, Akt and pAktS473 from Cell Signaling Technology. 2.2. Neuronal cultures and treatment Neuro ...
Dendritic Spine Density Varies Between Unisensory
... synaptogenesis (Lendvai et al 2000). In this scheme, spines constantly form by seeking out presynaptic partners and stabilizing into functional spines of any morphology. The size, not the morphology, is the more relevant characteristic and is related to the strength of the synapse at any point in ti ...
... synaptogenesis (Lendvai et al 2000). In this scheme, spines constantly form by seeking out presynaptic partners and stabilizing into functional spines of any morphology. The size, not the morphology, is the more relevant characteristic and is related to the strength of the synapse at any point in ti ...
Program
and
Abstracts
from
the
Fifth
Annual
Canadian
Neuroscience
Meeting
May
29
–
June
1
2011
Quebec
City
Convention
Center
... embryos by over‐expressing the potassium‐chloride co‐transporter type‐2 (KCC2) to reverse the chloride gradient or by knocking down the embryonic glycine receptor caused a specific loss of spinal interneurons and an abnormal maintenance of progenitors. To determine whether progenitor differentiat ...
... embryos by over‐expressing the potassium‐chloride co‐transporter type‐2 (KCC2) to reverse the chloride gradient or by knocking down the embryonic glycine receptor caused a specific loss of spinal interneurons and an abnormal maintenance of progenitors. To determine whether progenitor differentiat ...
Propofol Inhibits Neuronal Firing Activities in the Caudal
... a widely used general anesthetic because of its good amnesic and anesthetic effect, and rapid onset and clearance.(16-18) However, it may still produce a few side effects such as hypotension or bradycardia.(19-23) The mechanisms for propofol's actions have been widely studied, but the central medull ...
... a widely used general anesthetic because of its good amnesic and anesthetic effect, and rapid onset and clearance.(16-18) However, it may still produce a few side effects such as hypotension or bradycardia.(19-23) The mechanisms for propofol's actions have been widely studied, but the central medull ...
electrophysiological and synaptic properties of rat superior and
... Inferior mesenteric ganglion neurons from NT rats undergo potentiation of EPSP amplitude beyond action potential threshold……...................110 Use of pseudorabies-virus retrograde tracers to identify superior mesenteric ganglion neurons projecting to mesenteric vein or artery...112 The ability o ...
... Inferior mesenteric ganglion neurons from NT rats undergo potentiation of EPSP amplitude beyond action potential threshold……...................110 Use of pseudorabies-virus retrograde tracers to identify superior mesenteric ganglion neurons projecting to mesenteric vein or artery...112 The ability o ...
Experience-Dependent Sharpening of Visual Shape Selectivity in
... stimuli. Booth and Rolls (1998) found ITC responses to familiar objects that were view invariant, showing similar responses to an object irrespective of the viewpoint. Sigala and Logothetis (2002) found an enhanced representation of shape features that were relevant for categorizing sets of familiar ...
... stimuli. Booth and Rolls (1998) found ITC responses to familiar objects that were view invariant, showing similar responses to an object irrespective of the viewpoint. Sigala and Logothetis (2002) found an enhanced representation of shape features that were relevant for categorizing sets of familiar ...
Learning-related postburst afterhyperpolarization reduction in CA1
... hippocampus-dependent trace EBC task occluded the PKAmediated AHP reduction in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Additionally, the learning-related AHP reduction in CA1 neurons was again demonstrated ex vivo. This reproducible AHP reduction in CA1 neurons after hippocampus-dependent learning establishes it as ...
... hippocampus-dependent trace EBC task occluded the PKAmediated AHP reduction in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Additionally, the learning-related AHP reduction in CA1 neurons was again demonstrated ex vivo. This reproducible AHP reduction in CA1 neurons after hippocampus-dependent learning establishes it as ...
cellular mechanisms of classical and operant conditioning A model
... movements in response to inedible or distasteful objects taken into the buccal cavity (Morton and Chiel 1993a). During rejection, the two halves of the radula are closed as the odontophore protracts toward the mouth and they are open as the odontophore retracts, which ejects the inedible object from ...
... movements in response to inedible or distasteful objects taken into the buccal cavity (Morton and Chiel 1993a). During rejection, the two halves of the radula are closed as the odontophore protracts toward the mouth and they are open as the odontophore retracts, which ejects the inedible object from ...
Prefrontal Phase Locking to Hippocampal Theta Oscillations
... shown on top. Below are the corresponding phase value distributions. Also shown are the von Mises fits for each example parameterized by mean direction and concentration parameter κ. Parameter pairs (, κ) are as follows: (A) (1.18, 0.33); (B) (0.60, 1.42); (C) (1.50, 0.19); (D) (−1.47, 0.61). (E ...
... shown on top. Below are the corresponding phase value distributions. Also shown are the von Mises fits for each example parameterized by mean direction and concentration parameter κ. Parameter pairs (, κ) are as follows: (A) (1.18, 0.33); (B) (0.60, 1.42); (C) (1.50, 0.19); (D) (−1.47, 0.61). (E ...
1 OSCILLATORY ENTRAINMENT OF THALAMIC NEURONS BY
... (Taube 1995). From 147 well-isolated units in the anterior thalamic nuclei, we confirmed 80 ...
... (Taube 1995). From 147 well-isolated units in the anterior thalamic nuclei, we confirmed 80 ...
Functional Microarchitecture of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, relative modulation (F1/DC), and spatial frequency preference and tuning width showed no such clustering. By investigating the temporal patterns of neighbouring neurons in response to m ...
... more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, relative modulation (F1/DC), and spatial frequency preference and tuning width showed no such clustering. By investigating the temporal patterns of neighbouring neurons in response to m ...
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... In a multi-‐agent environment, animals must often adopt a stochastic mixed-‐ strategy approach to maximize reward and minimize costs; otherwise, competitive opponents can exploit predictable choice patterns. This the ...
... In a multi-‐agent environment, animals must often adopt a stochastic mixed-‐ strategy approach to maximize reward and minimize costs; otherwise, competitive opponents can exploit predictable choice patterns. This the ...
Full Text - Cerebral Cortex
... Details of the surgery and recording methods have been described previously (Watanabe, 1990; Hikosaka, 1999). Extracellular recordings ...
... Details of the surgery and recording methods have been described previously (Watanabe, 1990; Hikosaka, 1999). Extracellular recordings ...
Emilia Biffi Editor - Biology at the University of Illinois at Urbana
... Microfluidics is a technology which features the manipulation of small amounts of fluids in channels with dimensions of tens to hundreds of micrometers. Microfluidics takes advantage of both soft lithography and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), a silicon-based elastomeric material which is cheap, easy ...
... Microfluidics is a technology which features the manipulation of small amounts of fluids in channels with dimensions of tens to hundreds of micrometers. Microfluidics takes advantage of both soft lithography and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), a silicon-based elastomeric material which is cheap, easy ...
Formation of a full complement of cranial proprioceptors requires
... gions of mutant spindles, similar to wild-type spindles at birth (Kozeka and Ontell, 1981). Normal spindle development was further supported by the expression of the spindle-specific slow-developmental myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) isoform in nuclear bag fibers of the residual spindles of mutants (Fig. ...
... gions of mutant spindles, similar to wild-type spindles at birth (Kozeka and Ontell, 1981). Normal spindle development was further supported by the expression of the spindle-specific slow-developmental myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) isoform in nuclear bag fibers of the residual spindles of mutants (Fig. ...
Cross-modal Circuitry Between Auditory and
... under the same constraints as the other modality combinations. Therefore, further examination of this infrequent phenomenon will provide insight not only into the incidence of this particular pattern of sensory convergence, but will also contribute to our understanding of the basic principles of mul ...
... under the same constraints as the other modality combinations. Therefore, further examination of this infrequent phenomenon will provide insight not only into the incidence of this particular pattern of sensory convergence, but will also contribute to our understanding of the basic principles of mul ...