Glial cell biology in Drosophila and vertebrates
... function in the mature central nervous system (e.g. support of neurons, blood–brain barrier formation, and modulation of neuronal activity) are probably very similar at the molecular level. Key aspects of neuronal development – from axon pathfinding to the sculpting of synaptic connections – are als ...
... function in the mature central nervous system (e.g. support of neurons, blood–brain barrier formation, and modulation of neuronal activity) are probably very similar at the molecular level. Key aspects of neuronal development – from axon pathfinding to the sculpting of synaptic connections – are als ...
Glycemic State Regulates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
... 217) while, at the cellular level, BDNF and its receptors, TrkB and p75, can be located in both the axon terminals and the dendrites of neurons (195). When bound to its receptor, BDNF promotes neuronal survival (5; 65; 74), differentiation (5), and long-term potentiation (LTP) (88). 1.3.3 TrkB Recep ...
... 217) while, at the cellular level, BDNF and its receptors, TrkB and p75, can be located in both the axon terminals and the dendrites of neurons (195). When bound to its receptor, BDNF promotes neuronal survival (5; 65; 74), differentiation (5), and long-term potentiation (LTP) (88). 1.3.3 TrkB Recep ...
Axon Initiation and Growth Cone Turning on Bound Protein Gradients Cellular/Molecular Junyu Mai,
... Figure 2. Axon initiation and growth cone turning on bound netrin-1 gradients. Hippocampal neurons were cultured for 40 h on bound netrin-1 gradient created by 10-min diffusive printing using 100 g/ml netrin-1. a, b, Images of two representative neurons immunostained for neuron- and axon-specific m ...
... Figure 2. Axon initiation and growth cone turning on bound netrin-1 gradients. Hippocampal neurons were cultured for 40 h on bound netrin-1 gradient created by 10-min diffusive printing using 100 g/ml netrin-1. a, b, Images of two representative neurons immunostained for neuron- and axon-specific m ...
Glycine Binding Sites of Presynaptic NMDA Receptors May
... NMDA-Rs is a prerequirement for NMDA-R activation by glutamate (Kleckner and Dingledine 1988). Thus glycine and glutamate are co-agonists for NMDA-Rs. It is generally assumed that the glycine binding site is constantly saturated due to high concentrations of glycine in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (Fer ...
... NMDA-Rs is a prerequirement for NMDA-R activation by glutamate (Kleckner and Dingledine 1988). Thus glycine and glutamate are co-agonists for NMDA-Rs. It is generally assumed that the glycine binding site is constantly saturated due to high concentrations of glycine in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (Fer ...
A Circuit for Detection of Interaural Time Differences in the Brain
... the output of the Knowles microphone could be translated into sound pressure near the eardrum. For computer-controlled frequency tuning, the computer adjusted sound level with digital attenuators according to the stored frequency-response characteristics of the earphones and ear cavity (Wagner et al ...
... the output of the Knowles microphone could be translated into sound pressure near the eardrum. For computer-controlled frequency tuning, the computer adjusted sound level with digital attenuators according to the stored frequency-response characteristics of the earphones and ear cavity (Wagner et al ...
Extracellular voltage threshold settings can be tuned for optimal
... topographical representation of its relevant parameters. By applying our method of sweeping the threshold, we were able to predict the relative optimal thresholds for the parameters orientation and contrast of a visual stimulus. We conclude that the type and quality of information that can be extrac ...
... topographical representation of its relevant parameters. By applying our method of sweeping the threshold, we were able to predict the relative optimal thresholds for the parameters orientation and contrast of a visual stimulus. We conclude that the type and quality of information that can be extrac ...
Gao JCN 2000 - Georgia State University
... 70 sections from the V1 of 53 ferrets, and 67 sections from AI of 55 ferrets (Gao et al., 1999). Immunocytochemistry was used to examine the emergence, distribution, and morphology of PV- and CB-ir neurons in V1 and AI of ferrets. The neuronal morphology and areal and laminar distribution of both PV ...
... 70 sections from the V1 of 53 ferrets, and 67 sections from AI of 55 ferrets (Gao et al., 1999). Immunocytochemistry was used to examine the emergence, distribution, and morphology of PV- and CB-ir neurons in V1 and AI of ferrets. The neuronal morphology and areal and laminar distribution of both PV ...
Traveling Theta Waves along the Entire
... intermediate hippocampus were similar at all recording sites, with the phase of theta gradually shifting from the dorsal (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral ( ...
... intermediate hippocampus were similar at all recording sites, with the phase of theta gradually shifting from the dorsal (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral ( ...
identification of central cholinergic neurons containing both choline
... discernible effect on the number, distribution, or staining intensity of ChAT-positive neurons. The findings obtained in the five areas examined in detail are as follows. Caudate putamen. Here, the histochemical stain for AChE showed complete overlap with the immunofluorescence label for ChAT (Fig. ...
... discernible effect on the number, distribution, or staining intensity of ChAT-positive neurons. The findings obtained in the five areas examined in detail are as follows. Caudate putamen. Here, the histochemical stain for AChE showed complete overlap with the immunofluorescence label for ChAT (Fig. ...
Timing in reward and decision processes
... example is the temporal accuracy required to hit a ball in a tennis game. Although we focus presently on reward, all reinforcement processes, including aversive learning and reactions, are subjected to timing processes. The term ‘timing’ refers not only to the duration of an event but also to the mo ...
... example is the temporal accuracy required to hit a ball in a tennis game. Although we focus presently on reward, all reinforcement processes, including aversive learning and reactions, are subjected to timing processes. The term ‘timing’ refers not only to the duration of an event but also to the mo ...
THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
... neuron-ablated transgenic mice (orexin/ataxin-3 mice)1) show severe sleep fragmentation similar to narcolepsy. Additionally, it has been reported that the number of orexin neurons is greatly reduced and that orexin peptide levels are decreased to undetectable levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of nar ...
... neuron-ablated transgenic mice (orexin/ataxin-3 mice)1) show severe sleep fragmentation similar to narcolepsy. Additionally, it has been reported that the number of orexin neurons is greatly reduced and that orexin peptide levels are decreased to undetectable levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of nar ...
FREE Sample Here
... 31. When a neuron fires, it fires in a(n) __________ fashion as there is no such thing as “partial” firing. a) all-or-none Correct. This is the term used to describe how neurons fire according to the book. b) rapid fire c) accidental patterned d) quick successioned Incorrect. This is not the term re ...
... 31. When a neuron fires, it fires in a(n) __________ fashion as there is no such thing as “partial” firing. a) all-or-none Correct. This is the term used to describe how neurons fire according to the book. b) rapid fire c) accidental patterned d) quick successioned Incorrect. This is not the term re ...
neural projections from nucleus accumbens to globus pallidus
... then the cerebral peduncle. In contrast, fibers from the nucleus accumbens descend initially through the medial half of the SI and the rostromedial tip of the GP before entering the LPO and then the LHA. The bottom panels of Figure 2 illustrate the major difference in the course of fibers from the n ...
... then the cerebral peduncle. In contrast, fibers from the nucleus accumbens descend initially through the medial half of the SI and the rostromedial tip of the GP before entering the LPO and then the LHA. The bottom panels of Figure 2 illustrate the major difference in the course of fibers from the n ...
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... We found strong bidirectional electrical connections between B66 and three cells that are active during the radula opening/ protraction phase of ingestive motor programs [i.e., B61/62 (Hurwitz et al., 1994, 1996), B48 (Church and Lloyd, 1994; Evans et al., 1996), and B13 (Gardner, 1977; Church and L ...
... We found strong bidirectional electrical connections between B66 and three cells that are active during the radula opening/ protraction phase of ingestive motor programs [i.e., B61/62 (Hurwitz et al., 1994, 1996), B48 (Church and Lloyd, 1994; Evans et al., 1996), and B13 (Gardner, 1977; Church and L ...
Introducing a New Product
... Somatic motor division carries information to the somatic effectors (skeletal muscles) ...
... Somatic motor division carries information to the somatic effectors (skeletal muscles) ...
The neurochemistry of the GnRH pulse generator
... basis of these and the above described results we concluded that norepinephrine acts as part of the GnRH pulse generator to induce phasic activation of GnRH neurons. As also elaborated above, not only phasic but also synchronous activation of GnRH neurons is a prerequisite for normal, highly sensiti ...
... basis of these and the above described results we concluded that norepinephrine acts as part of the GnRH pulse generator to induce phasic activation of GnRH neurons. As also elaborated above, not only phasic but also synchronous activation of GnRH neurons is a prerequisite for normal, highly sensiti ...
Kazumi TAKAHASHI†*, Jian-Sheng LIN† and Kazuya - HAL
... Animals and Surgery All procedures were approved by the University of Lyon 1 Animal Care Committee, the standards of which meet those of the EEC Guidelines (86/609/EEC) and the Policy on Ethics approved by the Society for Neuroscience (1993). All efforts were made to minimize the number of animals u ...
... Animals and Surgery All procedures were approved by the University of Lyon 1 Animal Care Committee, the standards of which meet those of the EEC Guidelines (86/609/EEC) and the Policy on Ethics approved by the Society for Neuroscience (1993). All efforts were made to minimize the number of animals u ...
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B
... mechanism that does not require dopamine. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the non-dopaminergic VTA circuitry supporting MOP positive reinforcement is currently extremely limited. Dopamine neuron firing can encode positive outcomes and produce positive reinforcement Although some pharmacological man ...
... mechanism that does not require dopamine. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the non-dopaminergic VTA circuitry supporting MOP positive reinforcement is currently extremely limited. Dopamine neuron firing can encode positive outcomes and produce positive reinforcement Although some pharmacological man ...
world-of-psychology-7th-edition-wood-test-bank
... a) a neuron either fires or does not fire. Correct. A neuron either fires or does not fire. b) a neuron fires at full strength or not at all. Incorrect. Neurons can fire at different strengths. c) all the dendrites must be receiving messages telling the neuron to fire or it will not fire at all. d) ...
... a) a neuron either fires or does not fire. Correct. A neuron either fires or does not fire. b) a neuron fires at full strength or not at all. Incorrect. Neurons can fire at different strengths. c) all the dendrites must be receiving messages telling the neuron to fire or it will not fire at all. d) ...
Intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in the vestibular system
... (Figure 1). Vestibular nucleus neurons contribute to a variety of circuits that are responsible for initiating compensatory movements of the eyes, head and body [1,2] in addition to providing information about head direction to forebrain circuits [3,4] and for signaling postural changes to the auton ...
... (Figure 1). Vestibular nucleus neurons contribute to a variety of circuits that are responsible for initiating compensatory movements of the eyes, head and body [1,2] in addition to providing information about head direction to forebrain circuits [3,4] and for signaling postural changes to the auton ...
Glia-Derived D-Serine Controls NMDA Receptor Activity and
... were still functional. The possibility remained that the DAAO solution contained a contaminant that could act as a competitive antagonist of the glycine site. To test this hypothesis, we recorded NMDA responses in acutely isolated SON neurons (see Supplemental Experimental Procedures). In the presen ...
... were still functional. The possibility remained that the DAAO solution contained a contaminant that could act as a competitive antagonist of the glycine site. To test this hypothesis, we recorded NMDA responses in acutely isolated SON neurons (see Supplemental Experimental Procedures). In the presen ...
Sample
... ANS: c, p. 40, C, LO=2.2, (1) 22. The membrane potential of a neuron at rest, or what is termed its “resting potential,” is about __________ a) -50 millivolts. b) -70 millivolts. Correct. The resting potential of a human neuron is about -70 millivolts. c) +50 millivolts. Incorrect. +50 millivolts is ...
... ANS: c, p. 40, C, LO=2.2, (1) 22. The membrane potential of a neuron at rest, or what is termed its “resting potential,” is about __________ a) -50 millivolts. b) -70 millivolts. Correct. The resting potential of a human neuron is about -70 millivolts. c) +50 millivolts. Incorrect. +50 millivolts is ...
Motif distribution, dynamical properties, and computational
... We analyzed cortical microcircuit models based on the laminae-specific connectivity pattern specified by two different cortical microcircuit templates. The first cortical microcircuit template assembled by Thomson et al. (2002) was estimated from paired intracellular recordings with sharp electrodes fr ...
... We analyzed cortical microcircuit models based on the laminae-specific connectivity pattern specified by two different cortical microcircuit templates. The first cortical microcircuit template assembled by Thomson et al. (2002) was estimated from paired intracellular recordings with sharp electrodes fr ...
THE YIN AND YANG OF NEUROTROPHIN ACTION
... supports the ‘yang’ action of neurotrophins, few studies have addressed the ‘yin’ aspect of the model, in which proneurotrophins, acting through p75NTR, have effects opposite to those of the mature form. It therefore remains to be established whether the yin and yang actions of neurotrophins are equ ...
... supports the ‘yang’ action of neurotrophins, few studies have addressed the ‘yin’ aspect of the model, in which proneurotrophins, acting through p75NTR, have effects opposite to those of the mature form. It therefore remains to be established whether the yin and yang actions of neurotrophins are equ ...