Similar Inhibitory Processes Dominate the Responses of Cat Lateral
... of IPSP amplitudes were performed at the same time for each potential. This time corresponded to when the IPSP reached its maximal amplitude at the most depolarized tested level. The IPSP reversal potential was then determined by plotting the IPSP amplitude as a function of Vm . The input resistance ...
... of IPSP amplitudes were performed at the same time for each potential. This time corresponded to when the IPSP reached its maximal amplitude at the most depolarized tested level. The IPSP reversal potential was then determined by plotting the IPSP amplitude as a function of Vm . The input resistance ...
HCN channels are a novel therapeutic target for cognitive
... The water maze task was performed as previously described.27 Before performing the water maze task, the mice were handled for a week. For initial characterization of Nf19a–/9a–mice, training consisted of 4 trials per day, divided in two sessions of two trials with a 1 h interval (Figure 1) or two tr ...
... The water maze task was performed as previously described.27 Before performing the water maze task, the mice were handled for a week. For initial characterization of Nf19a–/9a–mice, training consisted of 4 trials per day, divided in two sessions of two trials with a 1 h interval (Figure 1) or two tr ...
Neural Correlates of Knowledge: Stable Representation of Stimulus
... (A) Paired-associates learning task. The boxes show the sequence of events in a behavioral trial, and the interconnecting arrows show different possible sequences. Trials began when the monkey fixated a central target (+ sign) after which a randomly selected cue stimulus was presented. The cue was f ...
... (A) Paired-associates learning task. The boxes show the sequence of events in a behavioral trial, and the interconnecting arrows show different possible sequences. Trials began when the monkey fixated a central target (+ sign) after which a randomly selected cue stimulus was presented. The cue was f ...
Linear visuomotor transformations in midbrain superior colliculus
... movement characteristics should scale linearly with movement amplitude: mathematically, if s1 ðtÞ is the unitary saccade for a target step of one deg, then ! $ s1 ðtÞ should be the saccade trajectory for an amplitude of ! deg. In other words, the saccade duration should be the same for all saccades, ...
... movement characteristics should scale linearly with movement amplitude: mathematically, if s1 ðtÞ is the unitary saccade for a target step of one deg, then ! $ s1 ðtÞ should be the saccade trajectory for an amplitude of ! deg. In other words, the saccade duration should be the same for all saccades, ...
Chadha_umd_0117E_15128 - DRUM
... Addressing the question of airflow sensing by tactile hairs on bat wings requires some understanding of the aerodynamics of powered flight (especially in bats), as well as the anatomical and physiological properties of the underlying mechanosensors and sensorimotor circuits. Animal flight (bats, bir ...
... Addressing the question of airflow sensing by tactile hairs on bat wings requires some understanding of the aerodynamics of powered flight (especially in bats), as well as the anatomical and physiological properties of the underlying mechanosensors and sensorimotor circuits. Animal flight (bats, bir ...
Macrophages Promote Axon Regeneration with Concurrent Neurotoxicity
... Figure 3. Zymosan-activated macrophages modify the surrounding microenvironment creating passages for axon growth. A, B, A three-dimensional (3D) schematic showing the formation of a graded column of activated microglia and macrophages emanating from a zymosan injection site (A, B, D, green). Phagoc ...
... Figure 3. Zymosan-activated macrophages modify the surrounding microenvironment creating passages for axon growth. A, B, A three-dimensional (3D) schematic showing the formation of a graded column of activated microglia and macrophages emanating from a zymosan injection site (A, B, D, green). Phagoc ...
Impact of prefrontal cortex in nicotine
... in FR after systemic injection of nicotine (defined as type-I response; Fig. 2 Aa,Ba). The remaining seven neurons had a monophasic increase in FR (defined as type-II response; Fig. 2 Ab,Bb). Additional analysis (using paired t test) showed that, in 17 VTA DA neurons with type-I response, 1 min afte ...
... in FR after systemic injection of nicotine (defined as type-I response; Fig. 2 Aa,Ba). The remaining seven neurons had a monophasic increase in FR (defined as type-II response; Fig. 2 Ab,Bb). Additional analysis (using paired t test) showed that, in 17 VTA DA neurons with type-I response, 1 min afte ...
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... trigeminal neurons co-cultured in the same dish, these two kinds of neurons were transfected with YFP- and DsRed-expressing plasmids, respectively. To do this, freshly dissociated suspensions of each kind of neuron were electroporated using the Neon Transfection System (Life Technologies, Paisley, U ...
... trigeminal neurons co-cultured in the same dish, these two kinds of neurons were transfected with YFP- and DsRed-expressing plasmids, respectively. To do this, freshly dissociated suspensions of each kind of neuron were electroporated using the Neon Transfection System (Life Technologies, Paisley, U ...
Electrophysiological and Pharmacological Evidence for the Role of
... microwires. A, Photographic image of oscilloscope traces of an extracellularly recorded action potential. B, Two NAS neurons whose spike activity was recorded from the same microwire. Spike sorting was performed with a computer-controlled window discriminator. In each panel, the isolated (spike-sort ...
... microwires. A, Photographic image of oscilloscope traces of an extracellularly recorded action potential. B, Two NAS neurons whose spike activity was recorded from the same microwire. Spike sorting was performed with a computer-controlled window discriminator. In each panel, the isolated (spike-sort ...
Single-Trial Decoding of Visual Attention from Local Field Potentials
... epoch (cue onset to 400 ms after cue onset), 58% for the attentional epoch (800 –1200 ms after cue onset), and 75% for the saccade epoch (⫺200 to ⫹200 ms after saccade onset). In the mid-␥ band (␥M: 60 –120 Hz), cue decoding reached 48%, attention decoding 44%, and saccade decoding 50%. For frequenc ...
... epoch (cue onset to 400 ms after cue onset), 58% for the attentional epoch (800 –1200 ms after cue onset), and 75% for the saccade epoch (⫺200 to ⫹200 ms after saccade onset). In the mid-␥ band (␥M: 60 –120 Hz), cue decoding reached 48%, attention decoding 44%, and saccade decoding 50%. For frequenc ...
Document
... If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________. a. resting potential b. action potential Incorrect: An action potential refers to a s ...
... If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________. a. resting potential b. action potential Incorrect: An action potential refers to a s ...
Mechanisms of developmental neurite pruning
... processes such as axon pruning, elimination, and degeneration. In this review, we will focus on processes that occur on the scale of axons and dendrites but not on the scale of individual synapses. Additionally, we will focus on remodeling of connections that do not involve neuronal cell death. (Oth ...
... processes such as axon pruning, elimination, and degeneration. In this review, we will focus on processes that occur on the scale of axons and dendrites but not on the scale of individual synapses. Additionally, we will focus on remodeling of connections that do not involve neuronal cell death. (Oth ...
How Do Short-Term Changes at Synapses Fine
... both presynaptic and postsynaptic signals can be recorded with a single, extracellular pipette (Guinan and Li, 1990), and that juxtacellular (loose-patch) recordings can be used to quantify both the strength of synaptic transmission and postsynaptic excitability (Lorteije et al., 2009). Borst and co ...
... both presynaptic and postsynaptic signals can be recorded with a single, extracellular pipette (Guinan and Li, 1990), and that juxtacellular (loose-patch) recordings can be used to quantify both the strength of synaptic transmission and postsynaptic excitability (Lorteije et al., 2009). Borst and co ...
Inactivation of Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex Reveals
... example, the effects of lesions of parietal and prefrontal cortex have been considered to exemplify a “double dissociation” because damage to parietal cortex rarely has been associated with memory problems (Butters and Pandya 1969; Jacobsen 1936; Pu et al. 1993; although see Quintana and Fuster 1993 ...
... example, the effects of lesions of parietal and prefrontal cortex have been considered to exemplify a “double dissociation” because damage to parietal cortex rarely has been associated with memory problems (Butters and Pandya 1969; Jacobsen 1936; Pu et al. 1993; although see Quintana and Fuster 1993 ...
Selective Loss of Catecholaminergic Wake–Active Neurons in a
... identified in cortical neurons of animals exposed to LTIH (Xu et al., 2004) and thus may highlight injured wake-active neurons. The second and fifth 1:6 sets of sections from the above nonsleep-deprived mice (LTIH, n ⫽ 5; sham LTIH, n ⫽ 5) were used for double labeling of wake neuron identifier and ...
... identified in cortical neurons of animals exposed to LTIH (Xu et al., 2004) and thus may highlight injured wake-active neurons. The second and fifth 1:6 sets of sections from the above nonsleep-deprived mice (LTIH, n ⫽ 5; sham LTIH, n ⫽ 5) were used for double labeling of wake neuron identifier and ...
Production and Survival of Projection Neurons in a Forebrain Vocal
... stringent criterion for autoradiographic labeling we used, based on mean nuclear diameter, tends to ignore small pieces of 3H-labeled nuclei, which rarely if ever meet criterion level (Clark et al., 1990). This minimizes potential double-counting errors and, within the range of nuclear diameters fou ...
... stringent criterion for autoradiographic labeling we used, based on mean nuclear diameter, tends to ignore small pieces of 3H-labeled nuclei, which rarely if ever meet criterion level (Clark et al., 1990). This minimizes potential double-counting errors and, within the range of nuclear diameters fou ...
Hindbrain Glucoprivation Effects on Gastric Vagal Reflex Circuits
... Differential Amplifier) and bandpass filtered (300 –3000 Hz; Warner Instruments LPF 202A) before being displayed on an oscilloscope and stored for later analysis on an AM Systems LabChart 7 PC-based waveform analysis system (AD Instruments). Gastric-DMN neurons typically exhibit a characteristic, sp ...
... Differential Amplifier) and bandpass filtered (300 –3000 Hz; Warner Instruments LPF 202A) before being displayed on an oscilloscope and stored for later analysis on an AM Systems LabChart 7 PC-based waveform analysis system (AD Instruments). Gastric-DMN neurons typically exhibit a characteristic, sp ...
L1CAM/Neuroglian controls the axon–axon interactions establishing
... nrg849 (Goossens et al., 2011), with mutations disrupting intracellular protein–protein interactions. To generate specific intracellular mutations, we used a genomic rescue approach (Venken et al., 2009) that allows expression of modified versions of Nrg at endogenous levels in the background of the ...
... nrg849 (Goossens et al., 2011), with mutations disrupting intracellular protein–protein interactions. To generate specific intracellular mutations, we used a genomic rescue approach (Venken et al., 2009) that allows expression of modified versions of Nrg at endogenous levels in the background of the ...
The Olfactory Sensory Map in Drosophila
... listed in gray. Gr21a and Gr63a comprise the CO2 receptor; it is not clear if either or both serve a co‑receptor function. With the exception of Or35a/Or83b the coeloconic chemosensory receptors are still unknown. Data from references 30, 54, 56, 58‑60 and 65‑67. ...
... listed in gray. Gr21a and Gr63a comprise the CO2 receptor; it is not clear if either or both serve a co‑receptor function. With the exception of Or35a/Or83b the coeloconic chemosensory receptors are still unknown. Data from references 30, 54, 56, 58‑60 and 65‑67. ...
Downloadable Full Text - DSpace@MIT
... (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which play important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviors and neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. Although DA neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction error (i.e. the difference between expected and actual rewards) these cells also can signal ...
... (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which play important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviors and neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. Although DA neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction error (i.e. the difference between expected and actual rewards) these cells also can signal ...
PRESYNAPTIC IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS AND CONTROL OF
... action potential. The associated membrane depolarization activates voltage-gated Ca2+-channels (VGCCs) within the terminal, including channels that are strategically placed near vesicle docking sites. Ca2+ entry stimulates release by promoting fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane. Ac ...
... action potential. The associated membrane depolarization activates voltage-gated Ca2+-channels (VGCCs) within the terminal, including channels that are strategically placed near vesicle docking sites. Ca2+ entry stimulates release by promoting fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane. Ac ...
Intersegmental synchronization of spontaneous activity of dorsal
... Stimulation and recording Evoked and spontaneous potentials were recorded from the dorsal surface of the lumbosacral spinal cord along several segments. To this end we used pairs of silver ball electrodes, one placed on the surface of the spinal cord and the other on the paravertebral muscles at the ...
... Stimulation and recording Evoked and spontaneous potentials were recorded from the dorsal surface of the lumbosacral spinal cord along several segments. To this end we used pairs of silver ball electrodes, one placed on the surface of the spinal cord and the other on the paravertebral muscles at the ...
Generation of Theta and Gamma Rhythms in the Hippocampus
... the behaving rat, theta rhythm was dominant during walking and rapid-eye-movement sleep, while irregular slow activity predominated during immobility and slow-wave sleep. Oscillatory evoked potentials of 20–50 Hz and spontaneous fast (gamma) waves were more prominent during theta compared with non-t ...
... the behaving rat, theta rhythm was dominant during walking and rapid-eye-movement sleep, while irregular slow activity predominated during immobility and slow-wave sleep. Oscillatory evoked potentials of 20–50 Hz and spontaneous fast (gamma) waves were more prominent during theta compared with non-t ...
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... a. Terminal buttons release neurotransmitters. b. Terminal buttons store and release chemicals that carry messages to other nearby neurons. c. Terminal buttons are the small fluid-filled gaps through which neural impulses are carried. d. Terminal buttons look like knobby swellings. e. Terminal butto ...
... a. Terminal buttons release neurotransmitters. b. Terminal buttons store and release chemicals that carry messages to other nearby neurons. c. Terminal buttons are the small fluid-filled gaps through which neural impulses are carried. d. Terminal buttons look like knobby swellings. e. Terminal butto ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... • All postganglionic PsNS fibers release ACH • Most postganglionic SNS fibers release norepinephrine • Can be stimulatory or inhibitory based on receptor types ...
... • All postganglionic PsNS fibers release ACH • Most postganglionic SNS fibers release norepinephrine • Can be stimulatory or inhibitory based on receptor types ...