concentration-dependent effects of neostigmine on the endplate
... The fast and slow time constants obtained from current fluctuation spectra decreased and increased, respectively, with either increases in the concentration of neostigmine or membrane hyperpolarization when analyzed in the same fiber. The effects of neostigmine on channel lifetime were reversible wi ...
... The fast and slow time constants obtained from current fluctuation spectra decreased and increased, respectively, with either increases in the concentration of neostigmine or membrane hyperpolarization when analyzed in the same fiber. The effects of neostigmine on channel lifetime were reversible wi ...
Morphology of Thalamocortical Neurons Projecting
... al., 1993; Apkarian and Shi 1994). Samples of these filled locations of the neurons shown in Figures 2-8 are illuscells and STT terminals were drawn with a camera lucida trated in a schematic diagram of coronal sections of the and a computerized microscope system (Eutectic Electron- thalamus (Fig. 9 ...
... al., 1993; Apkarian and Shi 1994). Samples of these filled locations of the neurons shown in Figures 2-8 are illuscells and STT terminals were drawn with a camera lucida trated in a schematic diagram of coronal sections of the and a computerized microscope system (Eutectic Electron- thalamus (Fig. 9 ...
Neuron
... a rule or a cognitive set. However, the shift and the nonshift trials were not distinguished in these studies; therefore, the neuronal activity that would have transiently emerged in the shift trials was not addressed. This might be partly because animals often have difficulty promptly shifting thei ...
... a rule or a cognitive set. However, the shift and the nonshift trials were not distinguished in these studies; therefore, the neuronal activity that would have transiently emerged in the shift trials was not addressed. This might be partly because animals often have difficulty promptly shifting thei ...
Response Properties of Neighboring Neurons in the
... physiological relevance. The planes of cells and axons define iso-frequency regions that define a tonotopic arrangement (Merzenich and Reid, 1974). There are also some reports of organization within iso-frequency laminae by pure tone threshold (Stiebler, 1986), tuning width, and best modulation freq ...
... physiological relevance. The planes of cells and axons define iso-frequency regions that define a tonotopic arrangement (Merzenich and Reid, 1974). There are also some reports of organization within iso-frequency laminae by pure tone threshold (Stiebler, 1986), tuning width, and best modulation freq ...
THE ELECTRODE-TISSUE INTERFACE DURING RECORDING
... – specific membrane conductance (0.3 mS / cm2) ...
... – specific membrane conductance (0.3 mS / cm2) ...
Gustatory Processing in Drosophila Higher Brain Centers By
... information for later use (memory), we must first understand the environmental and behavioral conditions that lead to learning, the molecular and synaptic mechanisms that allow for memory encoding and storage, and the neural circuitry the underlying sensory processing and plasticity. In order to tac ...
... information for later use (memory), we must first understand the environmental and behavioral conditions that lead to learning, the molecular and synaptic mechanisms that allow for memory encoding and storage, and the neural circuitry the underlying sensory processing and plasticity. In order to tac ...
Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward
... recorded in at least 7 trials for each probability condition, and in this study it was subjected to further ...
... recorded in at least 7 trials for each probability condition, and in this study it was subjected to further ...
melanogaster
... the ocelli. The ocelli are a set of three simple eyes positioned on the top (dorsal most part) of the head, and are believed to aid in gaze stabilization (Goodman, 1970; Schuppe and Hengstenberg, 1993). Ocellar interneurons, called L-neurons, sum information from photoreceptor outputs in each of the ...
... the ocelli. The ocelli are a set of three simple eyes positioned on the top (dorsal most part) of the head, and are believed to aid in gaze stabilization (Goodman, 1970; Schuppe and Hengstenberg, 1993). Ocellar interneurons, called L-neurons, sum information from photoreceptor outputs in each of the ...
Segregated cholinergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area
... the post hoc histological identification of the recorded neurons, we classified them as DA (TH+; n = 60) or non-DA (TH-; n = 36) (Fig. 1f, 1g, 2f and 2g). The firing rate and pattern of each neuron during the light stimulation was compared to their firing characteristics during the preceding baseli ...
... the post hoc histological identification of the recorded neurons, we classified them as DA (TH+; n = 60) or non-DA (TH-; n = 36) (Fig. 1f, 1g, 2f and 2g). The firing rate and pattern of each neuron during the light stimulation was compared to their firing characteristics during the preceding baseli ...
What clinical disorders tell us about the neural
... understanding of how the brain controls movements than either alone. This interaction has made saccades one of the best understood of all vertebrate movements. The goal of theoretical studies of eye movements is to develop models that realistically represent neurobiological processes, i.e. those tha ...
... understanding of how the brain controls movements than either alone. This interaction has made saccades one of the best understood of all vertebrate movements. The goal of theoretical studies of eye movements is to develop models that realistically represent neurobiological processes, i.e. those tha ...
Temporal coding in the gustatory system
... across the population of taste-responsive cells is thought to convey identifying information about taste stimuli. This conceptualization is based on the fact that in multisensitive cells, i.e. cells that respond to more than one taste quality, unambiguous identification of a taste stimulus cannot be ...
... across the population of taste-responsive cells is thought to convey identifying information about taste stimuli. This conceptualization is based on the fact that in multisensitive cells, i.e. cells that respond to more than one taste quality, unambiguous identification of a taste stimulus cannot be ...
Caudal Topographic Nucleus Isthmi and the Rostra1
... are unlikely to be retinal terminals (e.g., Fig 7E), which avoid the SGC and have parent axons in the stratum opticum. Second, they are not contralateral isthomotectal terminals, which arise from thin (1pm diameter) axons that cross in the supraoptic decussation, approach the tectum from the front, ...
... are unlikely to be retinal terminals (e.g., Fig 7E), which avoid the SGC and have parent axons in the stratum opticum. Second, they are not contralateral isthomotectal terminals, which arise from thin (1pm diameter) axons that cross in the supraoptic decussation, approach the tectum from the front, ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... The cranial nerves associated with the parasympathetic division are the oculomotor (CN III), facial (CN VII), glossopharyngeal (CN IX), and vagus (CN X) (see figure 18.3). The first three of these nerves convey parasympathetic innervation to the head, while the vagus nerve is the source of parasympa ...
... The cranial nerves associated with the parasympathetic division are the oculomotor (CN III), facial (CN VII), glossopharyngeal (CN IX), and vagus (CN X) (see figure 18.3). The first three of these nerves convey parasympathetic innervation to the head, while the vagus nerve is the source of parasympa ...
concurrent, distributed control of saccade initiation in the frontal eye
... Many models have been developed to explain the stochastic variability of reaction time2 . Accumulator models have been evaluated in terms of brain function. Accumulator models suppose that in response to a stimulus, some signal grows until it reaches a threshold thereby triggering a movement in resp ...
... Many models have been developed to explain the stochastic variability of reaction time2 . Accumulator models have been evaluated in terms of brain function. Accumulator models suppose that in response to a stimulus, some signal grows until it reaches a threshold thereby triggering a movement in resp ...
Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of NMDA Receptor Channels
... (Herman and Jahr 2007, Herman et al. 2011), preventing substantial NMDA receptor activation at rest. Importantly, many acute and chronic neurological diseases are associated with dysregulated glutamate release/uptake (Mattson 2003, Nyitrai et al. 2006), resulting in prolonged elevation of extracellu ...
... (Herman and Jahr 2007, Herman et al. 2011), preventing substantial NMDA receptor activation at rest. Importantly, many acute and chronic neurological diseases are associated with dysregulated glutamate release/uptake (Mattson 2003, Nyitrai et al. 2006), resulting in prolonged elevation of extracellu ...
Andrea Kádár
... terminate outside the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the external zone of the median eminence (ME) where TRH is secreted to the circulation. TRH stimulates the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) production of thyrotrop cells in the anterior pituitary that stimulates the hormone production of thyroid gl ...
... terminate outside the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the external zone of the median eminence (ME) where TRH is secreted to the circulation. TRH stimulates the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) production of thyrotrop cells in the anterior pituitary that stimulates the hormone production of thyroid gl ...
Individual olfactory sensory neurons project into more than one
... there to innervate a glomerulus close to the midline (lower inset). In all cases, irrespectively of the number of glomeruli innervated by one primary axon, not less than two axonal branches entered each glomerulus, usually from opposite sides, as shown in Figure 3C. In Amphibia, the olfactory bulb’s ...
... there to innervate a glomerulus close to the midline (lower inset). In all cases, irrespectively of the number of glomeruli innervated by one primary axon, not less than two axonal branches entered each glomerulus, usually from opposite sides, as shown in Figure 3C. In Amphibia, the olfactory bulb’s ...
Neuronal control of leech behavior - Emory Biology
... every soma is visible in segmental ganglia. These properties also make optical recording feasible. 5. Long, easily accessible peripheral nerves allow for stimulation of selected neurons and monitoring of neuronal activity with extracellular electrodes. 6. Most relevant electrical parameters can be m ...
... every soma is visible in segmental ganglia. These properties also make optical recording feasible. 5. Long, easily accessible peripheral nerves allow for stimulation of selected neurons and monitoring of neuronal activity with extracellular electrodes. 6. Most relevant electrical parameters can be m ...
New Roles for the External Globus Pallidus in Basal Ganglia Circuits
... mice, respectively (Mastro et al., 2014) (Fig. 1). The striatal projections of Lhx6- and PV-GPe neurons are selective for GABAergic interneurons (Mastro et al., 2014), suggesting that they are distinct from Arky-GPe neurons. Lhx6 and PV-GPe neurons represent largely nonoverlapping populations in the ...
... mice, respectively (Mastro et al., 2014) (Fig. 1). The striatal projections of Lhx6- and PV-GPe neurons are selective for GABAergic interneurons (Mastro et al., 2014), suggesting that they are distinct from Arky-GPe neurons. Lhx6 and PV-GPe neurons represent largely nonoverlapping populations in the ...
LFP Power Spectra in V1 Cortex: The Graded Effect of Stimulus
... components as well as to explore what information the LFP can lend to our understanding of the spike responses when they are both recorded within the same paradigm by which previous work in single-unit physiology has elucidated the workings of V1 cortex (Shapley et al. 2003). Most single neurons in ...
... components as well as to explore what information the LFP can lend to our understanding of the spike responses when they are both recorded within the same paradigm by which previous work in single-unit physiology has elucidated the workings of V1 cortex (Shapley et al. 2003). Most single neurons in ...
Column-Based Model of Electric Field Excitation of Cerebral Cortex
... et al. [1989] hypothesized that TMS stimulation must be exciting the tangentially oriented neural elements at the gyral crown, such as horizontal interneurons or horizontal collaterals of pyramidal track axons. This inference is based entirely on the assumption that TMS-induced excitation occurs at ...
... et al. [1989] hypothesized that TMS stimulation must be exciting the tangentially oriented neural elements at the gyral crown, such as horizontal interneurons or horizontal collaterals of pyramidal track axons. This inference is based entirely on the assumption that TMS-induced excitation occurs at ...
Somatodendritic dopamine release - Philosophical Transactions of
... than in dorsal tier cells in SNc or VTA [97,100,101]. This difference is reflected in the greater DAT-dependent regulation of [DA]o in SNc versus VTA [19,102]. Similarly, SNc DA neurons have greater D2 autoreceptor expression versus VTA [100], which is reflected in greater autoreceptor regulation of ...
... than in dorsal tier cells in SNc or VTA [97,100,101]. This difference is reflected in the greater DAT-dependent regulation of [DA]o in SNc versus VTA [19,102]. Similarly, SNc DA neurons have greater D2 autoreceptor expression versus VTA [100], which is reflected in greater autoreceptor regulation of ...
Nicotine excites hypothalamic arcuate anorexigenic
... 1 M ACh evoked a membrane depolarization of 3.2 ⫾ 0.6 mV (n ⫽ 6; Fig. 3A, left) and 100 M ACh evoked a depolarization of 8.8 ⫾ 0.6 mV (n ⫽ 6; Fig. 3A, right). We then studied the pharmacology of the nicotine receptors in POMC neurons. The experiments were conducted in the presence of TTX (0.5 M). ...
... 1 M ACh evoked a membrane depolarization of 3.2 ⫾ 0.6 mV (n ⫽ 6; Fig. 3A, left) and 100 M ACh evoked a depolarization of 8.8 ⫾ 0.6 mV (n ⫽ 6; Fig. 3A, right). We then studied the pharmacology of the nicotine receptors in POMC neurons. The experiments were conducted in the presence of TTX (0.5 M). ...
Reduced Levels of Acetylcholine Receptor Expression in Chick
... and number of neurons in the ganglion, as well as the number of axons and the establishmentof axonal contact with the target tissue, all appear to be unaffected by the operation. From ED 9 on, however, there is an increasedcell loss,with only 10-l 5%, as opposed to 50%, of the neurons remaining afte ...
... and number of neurons in the ganglion, as well as the number of axons and the establishmentof axonal contact with the target tissue, all appear to be unaffected by the operation. From ED 9 on, however, there is an increasedcell loss,with only 10-l 5%, as opposed to 50%, of the neurons remaining afte ...
Homologous Neurons and their Locomotor Functions in Nudibranch
... during the course of evolution than the periphery (Bramble and Wake, 1985; Wainwright and Lauder, 1986; Lauder and Shaffer, 1988; Sanderson, 1988; Goslow et al., 1989; Wainwright, 1989; Wainwright et al., 1989; Kavanau, 1990; Arbas et al., 1991; Edwards and Palka, 1991; Paul, 1991; Katz and Tazaki, ...
... during the course of evolution than the periphery (Bramble and Wake, 1985; Wainwright and Lauder, 1986; Lauder and Shaffer, 1988; Sanderson, 1988; Goslow et al., 1989; Wainwright, 1989; Wainwright et al., 1989; Kavanau, 1990; Arbas et al., 1991; Edwards and Palka, 1991; Paul, 1991; Katz and Tazaki, ...