Autonomic Nervous System
... • All postganglionic PsNS fibers release ACH • Most postganglionic SNS fibers release norepinephrine • Can be stimulatory or inhibitory based on receptor types ...
... • All postganglionic PsNS fibers release ACH • Most postganglionic SNS fibers release norepinephrine • Can be stimulatory or inhibitory based on receptor types ...
Read Neuroglia
... neuroglia biology britannica com - neuroglia also called glial cell or glia any of several types of cell that function primarily to support neurons the term neuroglia means nerve glue, neuroglia function definition video lesson - your brain s support system to serve protect and support that almost s ...
... neuroglia biology britannica com - neuroglia also called glial cell or glia any of several types of cell that function primarily to support neurons the term neuroglia means nerve glue, neuroglia function definition video lesson - your brain s support system to serve protect and support that almost s ...
Epileptiform Activity Can Be Initiated in Various Neocortical Layers
... can be initiated in various neocortical layers: an optical imaging study. J. Neurophysiol. 82: 1965–1973, 1999. The initiation site for triggering epileptiform activity was investigated via optical imaging using voltage-sensitive dyes in the neocortical slice perfused with artificial cerebral spinal ...
... can be initiated in various neocortical layers: an optical imaging study. J. Neurophysiol. 82: 1965–1973, 1999. The initiation site for triggering epileptiform activity was investigated via optical imaging using voltage-sensitive dyes in the neocortical slice perfused with artificial cerebral spinal ...
Structural and functional architecture of respiratory networks in the
... particular the respiratory CPG, including the mechanisms underlying the circuit dynamic reconfiguration under different conditions represents a central and challenging problem in neuroscience. Indeed, breathing is a dynamically mutable motor behaviour that not only performs a vital homeostatic funct ...
... particular the respiratory CPG, including the mechanisms underlying the circuit dynamic reconfiguration under different conditions represents a central and challenging problem in neuroscience. Indeed, breathing is a dynamically mutable motor behaviour that not only performs a vital homeostatic funct ...
elaboration, remodeling and spatial organization of
... in which distinct clonal units are differentially marked using the UAS>rCD2,y+>mCD8-GFP transgene. We found that GAL4-201Y-positive dendrites extend throughout the clonaldependent regions (Fig. 3A-C), but fail to reach the dorsalanterior surface of the calyx such that the fourfold dendritic domain i ...
... in which distinct clonal units are differentially marked using the UAS>rCD2,y+>mCD8-GFP transgene. We found that GAL4-201Y-positive dendrites extend throughout the clonaldependent regions (Fig. 3A-C), but fail to reach the dorsalanterior surface of the calyx such that the fourfold dendritic domain i ...
DCN principal cells respond to spectral edges, which requires additional inhibitory effects in DCN
... frequencies from %1 to 1 octaves relative to (re:) BF. Noise band center frequency sweep sets were similar, with bandwidths and sound levels varied. units were classified as onset-C neurons if they had onset responses to tones, no spontaneous rate, and strong BBN responses. Response maps were collec ...
... frequencies from %1 to 1 octaves relative to (re:) BF. Noise band center frequency sweep sets were similar, with bandwidths and sound levels varied. units were classified as onset-C neurons if they had onset responses to tones, no spontaneous rate, and strong BBN responses. Response maps were collec ...
The precision of value-based choices depends causally on
... effects were influenced by the hunger level of the participants or by the other, choice-irrelevant type of evidence (Supplementary Table 1). Moreover, inspection of the data at the subject-level and non-parametric statistical analyses revealed that the effects of tACS were present in the vast majorit ...
... effects were influenced by the hunger level of the participants or by the other, choice-irrelevant type of evidence (Supplementary Table 1). Moreover, inspection of the data at the subject-level and non-parametric statistical analyses revealed that the effects of tACS were present in the vast majorit ...
Resonance properties of different neuronal populations in the
... 2005;Khazipov and Luhmann, 2006) (Fig. 2). The whole brain oscillations determine the switch between sleep and awake states and make them re-occur about every 24 hours. The changes of environment initiate the whole process. Firstly, different visual stimulus by light intensity drives the phase of on ...
... 2005;Khazipov and Luhmann, 2006) (Fig. 2). The whole brain oscillations determine the switch between sleep and awake states and make them re-occur about every 24 hours. The changes of environment initiate the whole process. Firstly, different visual stimulus by light intensity drives the phase of on ...
Brain asymmetry is encoded at the level of axon terminal morphology
... axonal projection within the FR, from the rHb to the IPN. (b) A single R habenular neuron labeled by focal electroporation and visualized by anti-GFP immunostaining (brown). The image shows the dorsal diencephalon of a dissected brain of a 4 dpf larva. Dotted lines show the borders of the habenulae ...
... axonal projection within the FR, from the rHb to the IPN. (b) A single R habenular neuron labeled by focal electroporation and visualized by anti-GFP immunostaining (brown). The image shows the dorsal diencephalon of a dissected brain of a 4 dpf larva. Dotted lines show the borders of the habenulae ...
Neural Mechanisms of Reward in Insects - Chittka Lab
... Considering rewards as the strengthening of stimulus–response associations was simple and appealing, but it did not explain how rewarded behavior was strengthened. Hull (31) proposed drive reduction theory to explain motivational systems underlying reward. This essentially stated that an organism ha ...
... Considering rewards as the strengthening of stimulus–response associations was simple and appealing, but it did not explain how rewarded behavior was strengthened. Hull (31) proposed drive reduction theory to explain motivational systems underlying reward. This essentially stated that an organism ha ...
Rearrangement of microtubule polarity orientation during conversion
... these processes during their development [Baas et al., 1989]. The mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of microtubule polarity orientation in axons and dendrites, however, remain unclear. An experimental system in which neuronal processes change their identity is ideal for studying the mechani ...
... these processes during their development [Baas et al., 1989]. The mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of microtubule polarity orientation in axons and dendrites, however, remain unclear. An experimental system in which neuronal processes change their identity is ideal for studying the mechani ...
Association of Poly(A) mRNA with Microtubules
... neurons have attached to the substrate, they extend actin-rich lamellae (stage 1). These lamellipodia consolidate to form a relatively symmetric array of minor neurites (stage 2). Within the first 24 hr, one of the minor neurites becomes significantly longer than the others and begins to assume the ...
... neurons have attached to the substrate, they extend actin-rich lamellae (stage 1). These lamellipodia consolidate to form a relatively symmetric array of minor neurites (stage 2). Within the first 24 hr, one of the minor neurites becomes significantly longer than the others and begins to assume the ...
Zinc Alters Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotoxicity on Cortical Neurons
... a concentrationdependent reduction in glutamate-induced neuronal injury in a fashion similar to that seen with NMDA, but less effectively. In addition, despite this overall protective effect, zinc paradoxically increased the glutamate-induced destruction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphat ...
... a concentrationdependent reduction in glutamate-induced neuronal injury in a fashion similar to that seen with NMDA, but less effectively. In addition, despite this overall protective effect, zinc paradoxically increased the glutamate-induced destruction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphat ...
Cell-intrinsic drivers of dendrite morphogenesis
... Exuberant dendrite arbors are then pruned with the elimination of some processes but not others, yielding the dendrites that will persist after development. These remaining dendrites undergo a process of differentiation and maturation, whereby they develop specialized structures suited to the format ...
... Exuberant dendrite arbors are then pruned with the elimination of some processes but not others, yielding the dendrites that will persist after development. These remaining dendrites undergo a process of differentiation and maturation, whereby they develop specialized structures suited to the format ...
Swallowing reflex and brain stem neurons activated by superior
... All the preparations were examined with a Zeiss Axioplan microscope. Images were captured on a Hamamatsu camera with Openlab software. c-fos-positive neurons per coronal sections that showed the maximum number of activated neurons were quantitated semiquantitatively and scored as follows: ⫺, for non ...
... All the preparations were examined with a Zeiss Axioplan microscope. Images were captured on a Hamamatsu camera with Openlab software. c-fos-positive neurons per coronal sections that showed the maximum number of activated neurons were quantitated semiquantitatively and scored as follows: ⫺, for non ...
Contrast-dependence of surround suppression in
... Fig. 1. Presumptive anatomical substrates for the RF center and surround of V1 neurons, and the recurrent network model. (a) Diagram of the different components of the RF center and surround of a typical V1 neuron: (i) the high-contrast summation RF (sRFhigh; white area inside dashed circle), and (i ...
... Fig. 1. Presumptive anatomical substrates for the RF center and surround of V1 neurons, and the recurrent network model. (a) Diagram of the different components of the RF center and surround of a typical V1 neuron: (i) the high-contrast summation RF (sRFhigh; white area inside dashed circle), and (i ...
Paying attention to consciousness - What is Neuro
... in the paper so as to determine what experimental signatures could arise from it. These signatures will be important for future experiments to test the model as well as to be related to present experimental evidence. The paper starts with a brief survey of the nature of attention. I then briefly rev ...
... in the paper so as to determine what experimental signatures could arise from it. These signatures will be important for future experiments to test the model as well as to be related to present experimental evidence. The paper starts with a brief survey of the nature of attention. I then briefly rev ...
Ventral Medial Nucleus Neurons Send Thalamocortical Afferents
... Because almost all thalamic neurons projected to ipsilateral hemispheres (Donoghue and Parham 1983), a mixture of palGFP- and pal-mRFP-expressing Sindbis viral vectors was injected at an adequate dilution into both hemispheres of 70 rat brains (140 hemispheres) as reported previously (Ohno et al. 20 ...
... Because almost all thalamic neurons projected to ipsilateral hemispheres (Donoghue and Parham 1983), a mixture of palGFP- and pal-mRFP-expressing Sindbis viral vectors was injected at an adequate dilution into both hemispheres of 70 rat brains (140 hemispheres) as reported previously (Ohno et al. 20 ...
Reaching beyond the classical receptive field of V1 neurons
... The typical neural signature of long-range spatial computations at the single cell level is represented by center–surround interactions. These have been described for the first time in the retina 50 years ago [52], and are thought to endow retinal ganglion cells with the ability of signaling relative ...
... The typical neural signature of long-range spatial computations at the single cell level is represented by center–surround interactions. These have been described for the first time in the retina 50 years ago [52], and are thought to endow retinal ganglion cells with the ability of signaling relative ...
Axonal Membranes and Their Domains: Assembly and Function of
... Work from Gary Banker and others with cultured hippocampal neurons has established the nomenclature for stages of neuronal development (Dotti et al., 1988). At the start of neuron development, referred to as stage 1, multiple lamellipodia protrude around the entire circumference of the cell. In stag ...
... Work from Gary Banker and others with cultured hippocampal neurons has established the nomenclature for stages of neuronal development (Dotti et al., 1988). At the start of neuron development, referred to as stage 1, multiple lamellipodia protrude around the entire circumference of the cell. In stag ...
Axo-axonic synapses formed by somatostatin
... terminals lack PV and express corticotropin releasing factor or calbindin (DeFelipe et al., 1985; Lewis and Lund, 1990; Peters and Harriman, 1990; Del Rio and DeFelipe, 1997), raising the possibility that in addition to inputs from PV neurons axon initial segments may be innervated by other cell typ ...
... terminals lack PV and express corticotropin releasing factor or calbindin (DeFelipe et al., 1985; Lewis and Lund, 1990; Peters and Harriman, 1990; Del Rio and DeFelipe, 1997), raising the possibility that in addition to inputs from PV neurons axon initial segments may be innervated by other cell typ ...
Lateral Hypothalamus Contains Two Types of Palatability
... Recording sessions typically lasted less than an hour and consisted of 15–20 repeats of each of the five taste stimuli, for a total of 75–100 separate taste deliveries. We have previously shown that palatability and neural responses are stable across this length of session and volume of fluid consum ...
... Recording sessions typically lasted less than an hour and consisted of 15–20 repeats of each of the five taste stimuli, for a total of 75–100 separate taste deliveries. We have previously shown that palatability and neural responses are stable across this length of session and volume of fluid consum ...
Primate amygdala neurons evaluate the progress of self
... sequence ended with a spend choice). However, the relationship between spend probability and sequence progress varied between interest rate conditions, reflecting the animals’ preferences for different sequence lengths (Figure 1C). The animals typically preferred shorter sequences when interest was ...
... sequence ended with a spend choice). However, the relationship between spend probability and sequence progress varied between interest rate conditions, reflecting the animals’ preferences for different sequence lengths (Figure 1C). The animals typically preferred shorter sequences when interest was ...
Discharge Patterns of Neurons in the Ventral Nucleus of the Lateral
... probe was inserted through a hole drilled in the wall of the bony external meatus, opposite the tympanum. The gap around the hole was sealed before calibrations were performed. With this method of calibration, it was not possible to maintain a constant intensity while testing a neuron at different f ...
... probe was inserted through a hole drilled in the wall of the bony external meatus, opposite the tympanum. The gap around the hole was sealed before calibrations were performed. With this method of calibration, it was not possible to maintain a constant intensity while testing a neuron at different f ...