The physiological role of orexin/hypocretin neurons in the regulation
... to maintain a long, consolidated awake period. Anatomical studies of neural projections from/to orexin neurons and phenotypic characterization of transgenic mice revealed various roles for orexin neurons in the coordination of emotion, energy homeostasis, reward system, and arousal. For example, ore ...
... to maintain a long, consolidated awake period. Anatomical studies of neural projections from/to orexin neurons and phenotypic characterization of transgenic mice revealed various roles for orexin neurons in the coordination of emotion, energy homeostasis, reward system, and arousal. For example, ore ...
- Wiley Online Library
... Abstract figure legend Left: location and core function of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN). RTN neurons reside at the ventral surface of the rostral medulla oblongata. Their axonal projections, depicted on a parasagittal section of the rodent lower brainstem, target principally the respiratory patt ...
... Abstract figure legend Left: location and core function of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN). RTN neurons reside at the ventral surface of the rostral medulla oblongata. Their axonal projections, depicted on a parasagittal section of the rodent lower brainstem, target principally the respiratory patt ...
to the Proceedings
... about our visual environment to the brain. These computations are implemented by numerous different cell types that form complex circuits. New experimental and computational methods make it possible to study the cellular diversity of the retina in detail – the goal of obtaining a complete list of al ...
... about our visual environment to the brain. These computations are implemented by numerous different cell types that form complex circuits. New experimental and computational methods make it possible to study the cellular diversity of the retina in detail – the goal of obtaining a complete list of al ...
In 1978 Mountcastle hypothesized that the smallest functional unit of
... more in depth study of these evoked macrocolumnar and minicolumnar patterns have not yet been performed. In order to characterize the evoked spatio-temporal patterns of activity within the responding SI region, OIS images were collected and analyzed using techniques that were able to quantify the di ...
... more in depth study of these evoked macrocolumnar and minicolumnar patterns have not yet been performed. In order to characterize the evoked spatio-temporal patterns of activity within the responding SI region, OIS images were collected and analyzed using techniques that were able to quantify the di ...
Genetic analysis of the Complexin trans-clamping model Please share
... as a split transgenic protein, thereby directly preventing cross-linking of two SNARE complexes. One piece encoded the central SNARE binding domain (termed mCpx 51–134), whereas the second piece contained only the Cpx N-terminal fragment (1–50). However, the N-terminal fragment was unstable and not ...
... as a split transgenic protein, thereby directly preventing cross-linking of two SNARE complexes. One piece encoded the central SNARE binding domain (termed mCpx 51–134), whereas the second piece contained only the Cpx N-terminal fragment (1–50). However, the N-terminal fragment was unstable and not ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... of the caudal NTS that are known to receive vagal afferent synapses. This distribution raises the interesting prospect that these neurons are directly regulated by sensory afferent signals. To test this, we cut brainstem slices horizontally to preserve a lengthy segment of the ST in the same plane a ...
... of the caudal NTS that are known to receive vagal afferent synapses. This distribution raises the interesting prospect that these neurons are directly regulated by sensory afferent signals. To test this, we cut brainstem slices horizontally to preserve a lengthy segment of the ST in the same plane a ...
Relative Contributions of Specific Activity Histories and
... Activity-induced modification of synaptic connections (synaptic plasticity) is widely believed to represent a major mechanism for modifying the functional properties of neuronal networks. Indeed, overwhelming experimental evidence supports the idea that synaptic properties are affected by the histor ...
... Activity-induced modification of synaptic connections (synaptic plasticity) is widely believed to represent a major mechanism for modifying the functional properties of neuronal networks. Indeed, overwhelming experimental evidence supports the idea that synaptic properties are affected by the histor ...
Axonal degeneration as a therapeutic target in the CNS | SpringerLink
... neuronal cell body demise must differ from axonal degeneration and the latter cannot be explained as a pure consequence of the somatic dysfunction and (2) axonal degeneration seems to precede neuron death in this disease, suggesting an additional “dying back” mechanism (for reviews, see Rowland and ...
... neuronal cell body demise must differ from axonal degeneration and the latter cannot be explained as a pure consequence of the somatic dysfunction and (2) axonal degeneration seems to precede neuron death in this disease, suggesting an additional “dying back” mechanism (for reviews, see Rowland and ...
Presynaptic Inhibition of Exteroceptive Afferents by Proprioceptive
... movements of the exopodite, which are similar to those that occur during swimming. The effects that the proprioceptor mediate are widespread, so that afferents in four sensory nerve roots of the terminal abdominal ganglion, innervating hairs on the protopodite, exopodite, endopodite, and telson, rec ...
... movements of the exopodite, which are similar to those that occur during swimming. The effects that the proprioceptor mediate are widespread, so that afferents in four sensory nerve roots of the terminal abdominal ganglion, innervating hairs on the protopodite, exopodite, endopodite, and telson, rec ...
Anatomy and Physiology Challenge Exam Study Guidelines
... Note: It was agreed that a passing grade for the challenge exam would be 75% (even though the prerequisite grade is lower). This will ensure that the students adequately understand the required material if they haven't taken A&P in over 3 years. ...
... Note: It was agreed that a passing grade for the challenge exam would be 75% (even though the prerequisite grade is lower). This will ensure that the students adequately understand the required material if they haven't taken A&P in over 3 years. ...
Different neurotrophins are expressed and act in a developmental
... grown without neurotrophins (Fig. 1). Trigeminal neurons exhibit a transitory survival response to BDNF and NT-3 prior to naturally occurring cell death The survival effects of neurotrophins on cultured embryonic trigeminal neurons are clearly observed after 48 hours incubation when virtually all ne ...
... grown without neurotrophins (Fig. 1). Trigeminal neurons exhibit a transitory survival response to BDNF and NT-3 prior to naturally occurring cell death The survival effects of neurotrophins on cultured embryonic trigeminal neurons are clearly observed after 48 hours incubation when virtually all ne ...
Maxillary palp glomeruli and ipsilateral projections in the antennal
... ipsilateral input, with the fibres terminating in the ipsilateral AL only. Thus the antennal lobe of Drosophila has a glomerular organization which is apportioned into antennal, maxillary, saccular and ipsilateral glomeruli. Previous studies reported that sensory projection from the maxillary palp i ...
... ipsilateral input, with the fibres terminating in the ipsilateral AL only. Thus the antennal lobe of Drosophila has a glomerular organization which is apportioned into antennal, maxillary, saccular and ipsilateral glomeruli. Previous studies reported that sensory projection from the maxillary palp i ...
Antagonistic roles of Wnt5 and the Drl receptor in patterning the
... targeting of the ORN axons and characteristic shifts of dorsomedial glomeruli leading to the antennal lobes acquiring a distinct heartshaped appearance. We also examined the projection neuron dendrites by expressing GFP under the control of the GH146-Gal4 driver. In the wild type, GH146-Gal4 labeled ...
... targeting of the ORN axons and characteristic shifts of dorsomedial glomeruli leading to the antennal lobes acquiring a distinct heartshaped appearance. We also examined the projection neuron dendrites by expressing GFP under the control of the GH146-Gal4 driver. In the wild type, GH146-Gal4 labeled ...
Longtin - noise in neural systems
... There is a large literature on the different kinds of noise that can arise in physical and physiological systems. Excellent references on this subject can be found in Gardiner (1985) and Horsthemke and Lefever (1984). An excellent reference for noise at the cellular level is the book by DeFelice (198 ...
... There is a large literature on the different kinds of noise that can arise in physical and physiological systems. Excellent references on this subject can be found in Gardiner (1985) and Horsthemke and Lefever (1984). An excellent reference for noise at the cellular level is the book by DeFelice (198 ...
Time Course and Time–Distance Relationships for Surround
... frequency of a sine wave grating at 100% contrast that drifted for 2– 4 sec behind a circular aperture chosen to approximate the CRF. We then used the smallest patch of optimal grating that provided a reliable response to find the center of the RF. Next, we presented stimuli in an interleaved manner ...
... frequency of a sine wave grating at 100% contrast that drifted for 2– 4 sec behind a circular aperture chosen to approximate the CRF. We then used the smallest patch of optimal grating that provided a reliable response to find the center of the RF. Next, we presented stimuli in an interleaved manner ...
[Ca2+]c dynamics in spontaneously firing dopamine neurons of the
... SAPs, we used patch-clamp techniques. When we made the whole-cell configuration in a current-clamp mode, we observed SAPs with an average frequency of 2-3 Hz (n=10). The membrane potential fluctuated between –64 and –50 mV (n=10, data not shown). Interestingly, this spontaneous firing was also detec ...
... SAPs, we used patch-clamp techniques. When we made the whole-cell configuration in a current-clamp mode, we observed SAPs with an average frequency of 2-3 Hz (n=10). The membrane potential fluctuated between –64 and –50 mV (n=10, data not shown). Interestingly, this spontaneous firing was also detec ...
Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons
... Ca2+ dependent. Synchronous release driven by the precisely timed presynaptic Ca2+ current results in a large, fast postsynaptic response (Llinas et al., 1981; Sabatini and Regehr, 1996), whereas the slower asynchronous component, resulting from residual Ca2+ remaining in the terminal after an actio ...
... Ca2+ dependent. Synchronous release driven by the precisely timed presynaptic Ca2+ current results in a large, fast postsynaptic response (Llinas et al., 1981; Sabatini and Regehr, 1996), whereas the slower asynchronous component, resulting from residual Ca2+ remaining in the terminal after an actio ...
Rapid Translocation of Zn 2+ from Nerve Terminals
... (NMDA) receptors and potentiation of AMPA receptors (Peters et al. 1987; Westbrook and Mayer 1987). Zn2⫹ can penetrate ligand-gated channels such as NMDA receptors, Ca2⫹permeable AMPA/kainate receptors, and voltage-dependent Address for reprint requests: J. Sarvey, Dept. of Pharmacology, Uniformed S ...
... (NMDA) receptors and potentiation of AMPA receptors (Peters et al. 1987; Westbrook and Mayer 1987). Zn2⫹ can penetrate ligand-gated channels such as NMDA receptors, Ca2⫹permeable AMPA/kainate receptors, and voltage-dependent Address for reprint requests: J. Sarvey, Dept. of Pharmacology, Uniformed S ...
Clarinet (CLA-‐1), a novel active zone protein required for synaptic
... α (fig. S2 A-‐C), SYD-‐1 (fig S2 D-‐F) and ELKS-‐1 (fig. S2 G-‐I) in cla-‐1(L) mutants, suggesting that cla-‐1 does ...
... α (fig. S2 A-‐C), SYD-‐1 (fig S2 D-‐F) and ELKS-‐1 (fig. S2 G-‐I) in cla-‐1(L) mutants, suggesting that cla-‐1 does ...
Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function Wiley
... through one frog heart to drip onto a second one and establishing that when the first heart was slowed by stimulating its vagus the fluid from it also slowed the second heart when that was reached. Loewi did not identify the chemical, which he called vagustoff, but it was later shown to be acetylcho ...
... through one frog heart to drip onto a second one and establishing that when the first heart was slowed by stimulating its vagus the fluid from it also slowed the second heart when that was reached. Loewi did not identify the chemical, which he called vagustoff, but it was later shown to be acetylcho ...
Clarinet (CLA-‐1), a novel active zone protein required for
... α (fig. S2 A-‐C), SYD-‐1 (fig S2 D-‐F) and ELKS-‐1 (fig. S2 G-‐I) in cla-‐1(L) mutants, suggesting that cla-‐1 does ...
... α (fig. S2 A-‐C), SYD-‐1 (fig S2 D-‐F) and ELKS-‐1 (fig. S2 G-‐I) in cla-‐1(L) mutants, suggesting that cla-‐1 does ...
Identification of key signaling molecules involved - diss.fu
... hypothalamus. Trpm2 expression was detected in the preoptic area by in situ hybridization. Heat responses of warm-sensitive neurons were abolished in the neurons from Trpm2 knockout mice characterized by Ca2+ imaging, indicating that Trpm2 channel is involved in conducting Ca2+ influx during heat st ...
... hypothalamus. Trpm2 expression was detected in the preoptic area by in situ hybridization. Heat responses of warm-sensitive neurons were abolished in the neurons from Trpm2 knockout mice characterized by Ca2+ imaging, indicating that Trpm2 channel is involved in conducting Ca2+ influx during heat st ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... Moreover, dendritic filopodia rapidly extend toward nearby axonal growth cones to form synaptic connections, implying that dendrites may be a much more active force in synapse formation than previously imagined (Cooper and Smith, 1992; Ziv and Smith, 1996; Jontes et al., 2000). Many dendritic filopo ...
... Moreover, dendritic filopodia rapidly extend toward nearby axonal growth cones to form synaptic connections, implying that dendrites may be a much more active force in synapse formation than previously imagined (Cooper and Smith, 1992; Ziv and Smith, 1996; Jontes et al., 2000). Many dendritic filopo ...
PDF
... postnatal sympathetic neurons (Miller et al., 1991), adult basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (Cavicchioli et al., 1989; Higgins et al., 1989) and adult DRG neurons (Lindsay et al., 1990; Verge et al., 1992). The effect of NGF on trkA mRNA expression is controversial. In PC12 cells, NGF has been re ...
... postnatal sympathetic neurons (Miller et al., 1991), adult basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (Cavicchioli et al., 1989; Higgins et al., 1989) and adult DRG neurons (Lindsay et al., 1990; Verge et al., 1992). The effect of NGF on trkA mRNA expression is controversial. In PC12 cells, NGF has been re ...
Dokument_1 - KLUEDO - Technische Universität Kaiserslautern
... The SOC is the first station where the information from both ears converges (review: Illing et al., 2000). It consists of several nuclei, and the main ones are the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), the medial superior olive (MSO), the lateral superior olive (LSO), and the superior paraoli ...
... The SOC is the first station where the information from both ears converges (review: Illing et al., 2000). It consists of several nuclei, and the main ones are the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), the medial superior olive (MSO), the lateral superior olive (LSO), and the superior paraoli ...