Solutions to 7.014 Problem Set 1
... b) Describe the proposed first organism as it compares to modern organisms; include the type of genetic material and the source of energy it may have used. The first cells were anaerobic and likely absorbed free organic compounds from the primordial seas. They are thought to have used RNA as their g ...
... b) Describe the proposed first organism as it compares to modern organisms; include the type of genetic material and the source of energy it may have used. The first cells were anaerobic and likely absorbed free organic compounds from the primordial seas. They are thought to have used RNA as their g ...
7.013 Spring 2005 Problem Set 1Solutions
... You have identified a new, rapidly reproducing species of dog that you have named the “mitbull”. The mitbull is diploid and two autosomal chromosomes are shown. One chromosome carries gene A with two alleles designated A and a. The other chromosome carries gene B with two alleles designated B and b. ...
... You have identified a new, rapidly reproducing species of dog that you have named the “mitbull”. The mitbull is diploid and two autosomal chromosomes are shown. One chromosome carries gene A with two alleles designated A and a. The other chromosome carries gene B with two alleles designated B and b. ...
A Novel Functionally Distinct Subtype of Striatal Neuropeptide Y
... We investigated the properties of neostriatal neuropeptide Y (NPY)-expressing interneurons in transgenic GFP (green fluorescent protein)-NPY reporter mice. In vitro whole-cell recordings and biocytin staining demonstrated the existence of a novel class of neostriatal NPY-expressing GABAergic interne ...
... We investigated the properties of neostriatal neuropeptide Y (NPY)-expressing interneurons in transgenic GFP (green fluorescent protein)-NPY reporter mice. In vitro whole-cell recordings and biocytin staining demonstrated the existence of a novel class of neostriatal NPY-expressing GABAergic interne ...
Effects of Residual Inhibition Phenomenon on Early Auditory Evoked
... the patients are important factors that may be involved in this reaction. Thus, this neurophysiological process may not be detected by an evaluation of the cerebral function in tinnitus subjects (Mirz et al., 1999). Tinnitus is not a single pathology, but rather a multiform symptom (Guitton, 2006). ...
... the patients are important factors that may be involved in this reaction. Thus, this neurophysiological process may not be detected by an evaluation of the cerebral function in tinnitus subjects (Mirz et al., 1999). Tinnitus is not a single pathology, but rather a multiform symptom (Guitton, 2006). ...
Calcium Transients in the Garter Snake Vomeronasal Organ
... Mimi Halpern. Calcium transients in the garter snake vomeronasal organ. J Neurophysiol 87: 1449 –1472, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00651.2001. The signaling cascade involved in chemosensory transduction in the VN organ is incompletely understood. In snakes, the response to nonvolatile prey chemicals is mediate ...
... Mimi Halpern. Calcium transients in the garter snake vomeronasal organ. J Neurophysiol 87: 1449 –1472, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00651.2001. The signaling cascade involved in chemosensory transduction in the VN organ is incompletely understood. In snakes, the response to nonvolatile prey chemicals is mediate ...
Cumming BG, Parker AJ.
... difference in the two retinal locations of the projection of a single point (sometimes also called retinal disparity). The relative disparity between two points is also an angular measure, given by the difference between their respective absolute disparities. As Figure 1 shows, changes in the vergen ...
... difference in the two retinal locations of the projection of a single point (sometimes also called retinal disparity). The relative disparity between two points is also an angular measure, given by the difference between their respective absolute disparities. As Figure 1 shows, changes in the vergen ...
Identification and first characterization of pairing
... this drug (Doenhoff et al., 2009; Melman et al., 2009; Cioli & Pica-Mattoccia, 2003). The mechanism of action of praziquantel is unknown, though evidence exists that the molecular target of the drug are calcium channels (reviewed in: Doenhoff et al., 2009). In response to praziquantel treatment, sch ...
... this drug (Doenhoff et al., 2009; Melman et al., 2009; Cioli & Pica-Mattoccia, 2003). The mechanism of action of praziquantel is unknown, though evidence exists that the molecular target of the drug are calcium channels (reviewed in: Doenhoff et al., 2009). In response to praziquantel treatment, sch ...
Muscimol-Induced Inactivation of Monkey Frontal Eye Field: Effects
... Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208 Dias, Elisa C. and Mark A. Segraves. Muscimol-induced inactivation of the monkey frontal eye field: effects on visually and memoryguided saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 81: 2191–2214, 1999. Although neurophysiol ...
... Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208 Dias, Elisa C. and Mark A. Segraves. Muscimol-induced inactivation of the monkey frontal eye field: effects on visually and memoryguided saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 81: 2191–2214, 1999. Although neurophysiol ...
Interaction of the Frontal Eye Field and Superior Colliculus for
... that extends from cerebral cortex through the superior colliculus (SC) to the midbrain and pons (for reviews see Andersen et al. 1997; Colby and Goldberg 1999; Moschovakis and Highstein 1994; Schall 1997; Sparks and Hartwich-Young 1989). Within the saccadic system, two of the most intensively studie ...
... that extends from cerebral cortex through the superior colliculus (SC) to the midbrain and pons (for reviews see Andersen et al. 1997; Colby and Goldberg 1999; Moschovakis and Highstein 1994; Schall 1997; Sparks and Hartwich-Young 1989). Within the saccadic system, two of the most intensively studie ...
The Strange Case of the Missing Myelin
... A PROTEAN DISEASE Protean vii means variable, having many forms, and it is a key descriptor for multiple sclerosis. Indeed, the diversity in its mode of presentation and its evolution are characteristic. Depending on which zones are demyelinated, sensitive or motor symptoms will appear, with alterat ...
... A PROTEAN DISEASE Protean vii means variable, having many forms, and it is a key descriptor for multiple sclerosis. Indeed, the diversity in its mode of presentation and its evolution are characteristic. Depending on which zones are demyelinated, sensitive or motor symptoms will appear, with alterat ...
Neurophysiology - American Physiological Society
... NEU 28. Diagram the steps that lead to an increase in intracellular Ca2+ and activation of protein kinase C following activation of a Gq protein. NEU 29. Describe how changes in neuronal membrane chloride ion transporters can cause GABA to be an excitatory or an inhibitory transmitter. ...
... NEU 28. Diagram the steps that lead to an increase in intracellular Ca2+ and activation of protein kinase C following activation of a Gq protein. NEU 29. Describe how changes in neuronal membrane chloride ion transporters can cause GABA to be an excitatory or an inhibitory transmitter. ...
Xenopus Spinal Neurons Express Kv2 Potassium Channel
... localize to ventral spinal neurons, whereas previously described Kvl .l transcripts are found in dorsal spinal neurons. Thus, spinal neuron subtypes express distinct potassium channel genes, yet they temporally coordinate functional expression of delayed rectifier potassium currents. Key words: pota ...
... localize to ventral spinal neurons, whereas previously described Kvl .l transcripts are found in dorsal spinal neurons. Thus, spinal neuron subtypes express distinct potassium channel genes, yet they temporally coordinate functional expression of delayed rectifier potassium currents. Key words: pota ...
Structural elements defining elongation factor Tu mediated
... aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) (1,2). However, asparaginyl-tRNAAsn (Asn-tRNAAsn) and glutaminyltRNAGln (Gln-tRNAGln) can be formed via an alternate route in which tRNAAsn and tRNAGln are mischarged with aspartate (Asp) and glutamate (Glu), respectively, prior to amidation of the aa by a tRNA-depen ...
... aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) (1,2). However, asparaginyl-tRNAAsn (Asn-tRNAAsn) and glutaminyltRNAGln (Gln-tRNAGln) can be formed via an alternate route in which tRNAAsn and tRNAGln are mischarged with aspartate (Asp) and glutamate (Glu), respectively, prior to amidation of the aa by a tRNA-depen ...
Neuro-Opthalmology (Developments in Ophthalmology, Vol. 40)
... global intermediate SIF, and lastly (6) the global MIF. These fiber types can be divided morphologically and physiologically into two fundamentally different categories – the singly innervated muscle fibers and multiply innervated muscle fibers, that is SIFs and MIFs which are shown diagrammatically ...
... global intermediate SIF, and lastly (6) the global MIF. These fiber types can be divided morphologically and physiologically into two fundamentally different categories – the singly innervated muscle fibers and multiply innervated muscle fibers, that is SIFs and MIFs which are shown diagrammatically ...
Versican Expression During Embryonic Development in the Mouse
... [40]. Severe developmental abnormalities have not been noted in either Adamts-1 or Adamts-5 knockout mice, although Adamts-1-/-mice are smaller than wild type mice with reduced fertility and renal changes and a mild increase in cardiac valve size in late embryonic development in Adamts-5-/- mice has ...
... [40]. Severe developmental abnormalities have not been noted in either Adamts-1 or Adamts-5 knockout mice, although Adamts-1-/-mice are smaller than wild type mice with reduced fertility and renal changes and a mild increase in cardiac valve size in late embryonic development in Adamts-5-/- mice has ...
thesis - ETDA
... S, 1996). Although numerous separate circuits exist within the thalamus, the thalamus acts as an integrating relay with considerable excitatory efferents reaching the sensorimotor cortex. As research continues to define at least two separate mechanisms of dystonia induction involving the thalamus, p ...
... S, 1996). Although numerous separate circuits exist within the thalamus, the thalamus acts as an integrating relay with considerable excitatory efferents reaching the sensorimotor cortex. As research continues to define at least two separate mechanisms of dystonia induction involving the thalamus, p ...
Role of the glutamine transaminase-m-amidase
... Keywords : Rhipbium etli, glutamine transaminase, o-amidase, glutaminase, catabolism, symbiosis ...
... Keywords : Rhipbium etli, glutamine transaminase, o-amidase, glutaminase, catabolism, symbiosis ...
Primary- and Secondary-Like Jaw-Muscle Spindle Afferents Have
... physiological types of spindle afferent show distinctive morphologies. Microelectrodes filled with either horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or biotinamide (Neurobiotin) were advanced into the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Vme) in anesthetized rats. Intracellular recordings then were characterized by ...
... physiological types of spindle afferent show distinctive morphologies. Microelectrodes filled with either horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or biotinamide (Neurobiotin) were advanced into the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Vme) in anesthetized rats. Intracellular recordings then were characterized by ...
Glutamine metabolism and its effects on immune response
... severe sepsis definition includes, among other factors, the presence of two or more criteria for SIRS; however, a recent study addressed cases of individuals with SIRSnegative severe sepsis [53]. Moreover, recently, the definition of sepsis was revised, the new definition consist in a systemic respo ...
... severe sepsis definition includes, among other factors, the presence of two or more criteria for SIRS; however, a recent study addressed cases of individuals with SIRSnegative severe sepsis [53]. Moreover, recently, the definition of sepsis was revised, the new definition consist in a systemic respo ...
more information
... enzymatic induction and peroxynitrate radicals, results in tissue targeted longstanding mitochondrial pathology. Mitochondriopathy is a final pathway for much of the chronic effects of Aspartame. Also, iNOS, Induce Nitric Oxide Synthase enzymatic induction and production of Hydroperoxyl Free Radical ...
... enzymatic induction and peroxynitrate radicals, results in tissue targeted longstanding mitochondrial pathology. Mitochondriopathy is a final pathway for much of the chronic effects of Aspartame. Also, iNOS, Induce Nitric Oxide Synthase enzymatic induction and production of Hydroperoxyl Free Radical ...
Contribution of 13C-NMR spectroscopy to the elucidation of
... from lactate in the rumen. On the average Megasphaera contributed for about 75% to the fermentation of lactate, but this contribution largely depended on the diet. The fermentation of ethanol (+CO2 ) to acetate and propionate by Desulfobulbus propionicus and in Pelobacter propionicus were studied (S ...
... from lactate in the rumen. On the average Megasphaera contributed for about 75% to the fermentation of lactate, but this contribution largely depended on the diet. The fermentation of ethanol (+CO2 ) to acetate and propionate by Desulfobulbus propionicus and in Pelobacter propionicus were studied (S ...
Understanding the process of multisensory integration
... Understanding the principles by which the brain combines information from different senses provides us with insight into the computational strategies used to maximize their utility. Prior studies of the superior colliculus (SC) neuron as a model suggest that the relative timing with which sensory cu ...
... Understanding the principles by which the brain combines information from different senses provides us with insight into the computational strategies used to maximize their utility. Prior studies of the superior colliculus (SC) neuron as a model suggest that the relative timing with which sensory cu ...
Myelin and White Matter
... From both X-ray diffraction and electron microscope data it can be seen that the smallest radial subunit that can be called myelin is a five-layered structure of protein-lipid-protein-lipid-protein (Fig. 1.6). The repeat distance is 160–180 Å. The dark lines seen in electron microscopic studies repr ...
... From both X-ray diffraction and electron microscope data it can be seen that the smallest radial subunit that can be called myelin is a five-layered structure of protein-lipid-protein-lipid-protein (Fig. 1.6). The repeat distance is 160–180 Å. The dark lines seen in electron microscopic studies repr ...
Structure and Function of Thymosin β4
... residue in actin. Moreover, when 18K was replaced with glutamate, a strong repulsive effect was observed, which further confirms that 18K forms electrostatic contact with actin.5 ...
... residue in actin. Moreover, when 18K was replaced with glutamate, a strong repulsive effect was observed, which further confirms that 18K forms electrostatic contact with actin.5 ...
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Reelin Signaling in the Adult
... The study of Reelin signaling and its role in cortical development is responsible for the large preponderance of known signaling mechanism. For that reason, section one will consist of an overview of cortical development followed by a more specific discussion of major and aspiring players in the Re ...
... The study of Reelin signaling and its role in cortical development is responsible for the large preponderance of known signaling mechanism. For that reason, section one will consist of an overview of cortical development followed by a more specific discussion of major and aspiring players in the Re ...
Clinical neurochemistry
Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans. While neurochemistry is mostly associated with the effects of neurotransmitters and similarly-functioning chemicals on neurons themselves, clinical neurochemistry relates these phenomena to system-wide symptoms. Clinical neurochemistry is related to neurogenesis, neuromodulation, neuroplasticity, neuroendocrinology, and neuroimmunology in the context of associating neurological findings at both lower and higher level organismal functions.