A Novel Functionally Distinct Subtype of Striatal Neuropeptide Y
... Statistical analysis. Input resistance was calculated from the slope of the current–voltage relationship using three points centered around zero current (⫾10 pA for Type I interneurons and ⫾160 pA for Type II interneurons). All action potential parameters were measured from spontaneous spikes if the ...
... Statistical analysis. Input resistance was calculated from the slope of the current–voltage relationship using three points centered around zero current (⫾10 pA for Type I interneurons and ⫾160 pA for Type II interneurons). All action potential parameters were measured from spontaneous spikes if the ...
A tale of two stories: astrocyte regulation of
... Mechanisms of short-term presynaptic plasticity Despite its apparent simplicity, the Tsodyks-Markram (TM) model (equations 1-2) can generate surprisingly complex synaptic dynamics including multiple mechanisms of short-term plasticity among which are facilitation and depression. Nonetheless, the occ ...
... Mechanisms of short-term presynaptic plasticity Despite its apparent simplicity, the Tsodyks-Markram (TM) model (equations 1-2) can generate surprisingly complex synaptic dynamics including multiple mechanisms of short-term plasticity among which are facilitation and depression. Nonetheless, the occ ...
Calcium Transients in the Garter Snake Vomeronasal Organ
... patterns of activity displayed a scattered appearance with a heterogeneous organization in which it was possible to find nonuniform foci of activity distributed in multiple epithelial regions separated by silent sectors. Within each lamina there were important variations in the amplitude and time co ...
... patterns of activity displayed a scattered appearance with a heterogeneous organization in which it was possible to find nonuniform foci of activity distributed in multiple epithelial regions separated by silent sectors. Within each lamina there were important variations in the amplitude and time co ...
The Role of Kv7 in Peripheral Neurons
... functional role of each Kv7 subunits within the peripheral sensory system have not been fully elucidated. In this thesis, I first investigate the expression pattern of Kv7.5 with immunohistochemical techniques, which allow me to show that Kv7.5 is localized in the axons of the Remak bundles (unmyeli ...
... functional role of each Kv7 subunits within the peripheral sensory system have not been fully elucidated. In this thesis, I first investigate the expression pattern of Kv7.5 with immunohistochemical techniques, which allow me to show that Kv7.5 is localized in the axons of the Remak bundles (unmyeli ...
Cholinergic Cells and Pathways
... with projection and augmenting activity as they pointed out that ACh-sensitive cortical cells respond to thalamic or peripheral sensory stimulation with repetitive after-discharges and changes in the EEG. These notions were supported by the finding of Frank (Hank) MacIntosh and Paul Oborin (1953) of ...
... with projection and augmenting activity as they pointed out that ACh-sensitive cortical cells respond to thalamic or peripheral sensory stimulation with repetitive after-discharges and changes in the EEG. These notions were supported by the finding of Frank (Hank) MacIntosh and Paul Oborin (1953) of ...
Anatomy & Physiology I
... – No structural specialization microscopically – Pain, thermal, tickle, itch, some touch Encapsulated nerve endings – Dendrites are enclosed in a connective tissue capsule – Capsule enhances sensitivity or specificity of the receptor – Pressure and vibration (lamellated), touch (Meisner) Separat ...
... – No structural specialization microscopically – Pain, thermal, tickle, itch, some touch Encapsulated nerve endings – Dendrites are enclosed in a connective tissue capsule – Capsule enhances sensitivity or specificity of the receptor – Pressure and vibration (lamellated), touch (Meisner) Separat ...
What the young brain tells the spinal cord: top down modulation of
... control of pain behaviours. In neonates, balanced descending control of processing of dorsal horn activity is immature. Here, I examine the anatomical and functional maturation of descending control of spinal sensory circuitry in rats and hypothesise that descending serotonergic neurons in the RVM p ...
... control of pain behaviours. In neonates, balanced descending control of processing of dorsal horn activity is immature. Here, I examine the anatomical and functional maturation of descending control of spinal sensory circuitry in rats and hypothesise that descending serotonergic neurons in the RVM p ...
1 - Test Bank
... 39. Recent evidence suggests that glial cells and astrocytes may play an important role in ________. a. learning and memory b. endocrine functioning c. maturation and aging d. growth and metabolic regulation Answer: a Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 43 Topic: Neurons: The Messengers Skill: F ...
... 39. Recent evidence suggests that glial cells and astrocytes may play an important role in ________. a. learning and memory b. endocrine functioning c. maturation and aging d. growth and metabolic regulation Answer: a Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 43 Topic: Neurons: The Messengers Skill: F ...
The Locus Ceruleus Responds to Signaling Molecules Obtained
... Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, and 0.05% TWEEN 20), and incubated with rabbit polyclonal NGF antibody (1:500). The secondary antibody was goat-anti-rabbit AP conjugated (1:2000), and blots were visualized with Bio-Rad AP conjugate substrate kit. NGF immunofluorescence. Chicken brain sections of 12 ...
... Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, and 0.05% TWEEN 20), and incubated with rabbit polyclonal NGF antibody (1:500). The secondary antibody was goat-anti-rabbit AP conjugated (1:2000), and blots were visualized with Bio-Rad AP conjugate substrate kit. NGF immunofluorescence. Chicken brain sections of 12 ...
Local Field Potentials Related to Bimanual Movements in the
... potentials in motor cortex has focused on the relationship of synchronous oscillations to movement and to single unit activity (Sanes and Donoghue, 1993;Eckhorn and Obermueller, 1993;Murthy and Fetz, 1996a;Baker et al., 1999), but the character of the evoked potential in this area and its relationsh ...
... potentials in motor cortex has focused on the relationship of synchronous oscillations to movement and to single unit activity (Sanes and Donoghue, 1993;Eckhorn and Obermueller, 1993;Murthy and Fetz, 1996a;Baker et al., 1999), but the character of the evoked potential in this area and its relationsh ...
The Formation of Specific Synaptic Connections Between Muscle
... A convenient experimental system for studying, in the vertebrate CNS, this third aspect of neural development, i.e., the actual formation of specific synaptic connections, is the set of monosynaptic excitatory connections between muscle spindle afferent fibers and motoneurons projecting to limb musc ...
... A convenient experimental system for studying, in the vertebrate CNS, this third aspect of neural development, i.e., the actual formation of specific synaptic connections, is the set of monosynaptic excitatory connections between muscle spindle afferent fibers and motoneurons projecting to limb musc ...
Neural representation of olfactory mixtures in the honeybee
... stimuli were given at the 15th frame for 1 s. Pixel image size corresponded to 5 · 5 lm after 4 · 4 binning on chip. Monochromatic excitation light at 475 nm was applied using a monochromator (T.I.L.L Polychrom IV). The filter set on the microscope was composed of a 505-nm dichroic filter and a long ...
... stimuli were given at the 15th frame for 1 s. Pixel image size corresponded to 5 · 5 lm after 4 · 4 binning on chip. Monochromatic excitation light at 475 nm was applied using a monochromator (T.I.L.L Polychrom IV). The filter set on the microscope was composed of a 505-nm dichroic filter and a long ...
Different Orientation Tuning of Near- and Far
... Lennie. Spikes were displayed on a monitor, and templates for discriminating spikes were constructed by averaging multiple traces. The timing of waveforms that matched the templates was recorded with an accuracy of 0.1 ms. Visual stimuli. Sinusoidal gratings of the same mean luminance as the backgro ...
... Lennie. Spikes were displayed on a monitor, and templates for discriminating spikes were constructed by averaging multiple traces. The timing of waveforms that matched the templates was recorded with an accuracy of 0.1 ms. Visual stimuli. Sinusoidal gratings of the same mean luminance as the backgro ...
to eat or to sleep? orexin in the regulation of feeding and wakefulness
... The regulation of sleep-wakefulness cycling within the context of circadian and environmental influences is critical for the efficient maintenance of energy homeostasis. In mammals, the sleep-wakefulness cycle can be divided into periods of waking, non-rapid-eye-movement (non-REM), and rapid-eye-mov ...
... The regulation of sleep-wakefulness cycling within the context of circadian and environmental influences is critical for the efficient maintenance of energy homeostasis. In mammals, the sleep-wakefulness cycle can be divided into periods of waking, non-rapid-eye-movement (non-REM), and rapid-eye-mov ...
Sequence of information processing for emotions based on the
... posterior medial cortices, and the sparsest in anterior lateral prefrontal areas, especially area 10. Prefrontal projection neurons directed to the amygdala originated in layer 5, but significant numbers were also found in layers 2 and 3 in posterior medial and orbitofrontal cortices. Amygdalar axon ...
... posterior medial cortices, and the sparsest in anterior lateral prefrontal areas, especially area 10. Prefrontal projection neurons directed to the amygdala originated in layer 5, but significant numbers were also found in layers 2 and 3 in posterior medial and orbitofrontal cortices. Amygdalar axon ...
Limbic structures, emotion, and memory
... Tier 2 is that any learning in Tier 2 of the value of an object or face seen in one location on the retina, size, and view will generalize to other views etc. In rodents, there is no such clear separation of “what” from “value” representations. For example, in the taste system, satiety influences tas ...
... Tier 2 is that any learning in Tier 2 of the value of an object or face seen in one location on the retina, size, and view will generalize to other views etc. In rodents, there is no such clear separation of “what” from “value” representations. For example, in the taste system, satiety influences tas ...
Cumming BG, Parker AJ.
... in the vicinity of the receptive field. The results for these four neurons closely resembled those for the rest of the population. It would have been possible to manipulate the relative disparity between the foreground and background of the RDS simply by changing the disparity of the background regi ...
... in the vicinity of the receptive field. The results for these four neurons closely resembled those for the rest of the population. It would have been possible to manipulate the relative disparity between the foreground and background of the RDS simply by changing the disparity of the background regi ...
Intrinsic Connections of Macaque of Cells Outside Lamina 4c` Striate
... 5B. In many cases, we find it possible to trace the flow of visual information through several “circuits” in striate cortex that have, as their output, projections to extrastriate cortex or to the brainstem. Our results offer additional insights in this regard since we are able, in many cases, to co ...
... 5B. In many cases, we find it possible to trace the flow of visual information through several “circuits” in striate cortex that have, as their output, projections to extrastriate cortex or to the brainstem. Our results offer additional insights in this regard since we are able, in many cases, to co ...
Potential switch from eupnea to fictive gasping after blockade of
... The changes in the characteristics of phrenic activity with the alteration from eupnea to gasping are shown in Fig. 1. With the onset of ischemia, peak phrenic activity initially rose and was then succeeded by a period of variable duration in which the period between phrenic bursts was prolonged. Th ...
... The changes in the characteristics of phrenic activity with the alteration from eupnea to gasping are shown in Fig. 1. With the onset of ischemia, peak phrenic activity initially rose and was then succeeded by a period of variable duration in which the period between phrenic bursts was prolonged. Th ...
Prefrontal Projections to the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... rate, muscle tone, respiration, and pupillary dilatation were closely monitored. The monkeys were placed in a stereotaxic apparatus, and a small region of the cortex was exposed. Injection of neural tracers. In an effort to minimize animal numbers, injections of distinct neural tracers were made in ...
... rate, muscle tone, respiration, and pupillary dilatation were closely monitored. The monkeys were placed in a stereotaxic apparatus, and a small region of the cortex was exposed. Injection of neural tracers. In an effort to minimize animal numbers, injections of distinct neural tracers were made in ...
Longtin - noise in neural systems
... reflex (Chapter 9). Such methods are especially useful for stiff stochastic problems, such as the Hodgkin–Huxley or FitzHugh–Nagumo equations with stochastic forcing, where one usually uses an adaptive method in the noiseless case, but is confined to a fixed step method with noise. Stochastic simulation ...
... reflex (Chapter 9). Such methods are especially useful for stiff stochastic problems, such as the Hodgkin–Huxley or FitzHugh–Nagumo equations with stochastic forcing, where one usually uses an adaptive method in the noiseless case, but is confined to a fixed step method with noise. Stochastic simulation ...