Apparent Loss and Hypertrophy of Interneurons in a Mouse Model
... We used the autofluorescent properties of the accumulated lipopigment to produce spatial and temporal maps of affected cells in the mnd/mnd mouse brain. Using conventional fluorescence microscopy, we examined unstained coronal sections throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the CNS of control and mnd ...
... We used the autofluorescent properties of the accumulated lipopigment to produce spatial and temporal maps of affected cells in the mnd/mnd mouse brain. Using conventional fluorescence microscopy, we examined unstained coronal sections throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the CNS of control and mnd ...
Topographic Organization of Connections Between the Hypothalamus and
... were counted by outlining the area of interest (e.g., one nucleus) by moving the X and Y axes of the stage of the microscope. The number of labeled neurons within the enclosed area was calculated by an algorithm written for this purpose. Because many hypothalamic nuclei are small, it was necessary t ...
... were counted by outlining the area of interest (e.g., one nucleus) by moving the X and Y axes of the stage of the microscope. The number of labeled neurons within the enclosed area was calculated by an algorithm written for this purpose. Because many hypothalamic nuclei are small, it was necessary t ...
Full Article
... for new synapses between descending somatomotor and spinal sympathetic neurons has not been investigated. We studied rats with intact spinal cords and rats after a chronic, bilateral, dorsal spinal hemisection. We identified sympathetically related spinal neurons by transynaptic, retrograde transpor ...
... for new synapses between descending somatomotor and spinal sympathetic neurons has not been investigated. We studied rats with intact spinal cords and rats after a chronic, bilateral, dorsal spinal hemisection. We identified sympathetically related spinal neurons by transynaptic, retrograde transpor ...
... associated with long-term memory and emotional memory, 22,133 target robustly caudal medial and orbitofrontal cortices. 4,15,16,27,85,95 However, lateral prefrontal cortices, which are associated with working memory (for reviews see Refs 38, 39, 49 and 94), have few, if any, connections with the hip ...
Transitional Probabilities Are Prioritized over Stimulus/Pattern
... surements), were extracted from the continuous sinusoidal tones (white rectangle). Left, The same tone pattern was presented to both ears in the binaural condition. The EEG and separately averaged for each condition two variants are depicted separately at the top and the bottom. Right, Different pat ...
... surements), were extracted from the continuous sinusoidal tones (white rectangle). Left, The same tone pattern was presented to both ears in the binaural condition. The EEG and separately averaged for each condition two variants are depicted separately at the top and the bottom. Right, Different pat ...
Bipolar Cell
... neurons that detect a variety of physical events. (Do not confuse sensory receptors with receptors for neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and hormones.) • Sensory receptors are specialized neurons, and the other types of receptors are specialized proteins that bind with certain molecules.) • Stimul ...
... neurons that detect a variety of physical events. (Do not confuse sensory receptors with receptors for neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and hormones.) • Sensory receptors are specialized neurons, and the other types of receptors are specialized proteins that bind with certain molecules.) • Stimul ...
the human entorhinal cortex
... The human entorhinal cortex is located in the ventromedial portion of the temporal lobe and consists of eight subfields. It has reciprocal connections with the hippocampus and various other cortical and subcortical structures, and thus forms an integral component of the medial temporal lobe memory s ...
... The human entorhinal cortex is located in the ventromedial portion of the temporal lobe and consists of eight subfields. It has reciprocal connections with the hippocampus and various other cortical and subcortical structures, and thus forms an integral component of the medial temporal lobe memory s ...
Postnatal Development of the Corticospinal Tract in the Reeler Mouse
... Corticospinal tract (CST) neurons are located in layer V of the motor cortex, and send their axons to the spinal motoneurons, directly (5, 23) or indirectly (2, 35). The CST forms the longest axonal projection in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The development of CST axons is the latest ...
... Corticospinal tract (CST) neurons are located in layer V of the motor cortex, and send their axons to the spinal motoneurons, directly (5, 23) or indirectly (2, 35). The CST forms the longest axonal projection in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The development of CST axons is the latest ...
Imaging Auditory Representations of Song and Syllables in
... was visualized under 2p imaging. Different HVC cell types were identified based on the presence of retrograde labeling and/or their intrinsic electrophysiological properties for in vitro and in vivo experiments and, for in vivo experiments, by their song-evoked electrophysiological properties (Dutar ...
... was visualized under 2p imaging. Different HVC cell types were identified based on the presence of retrograde labeling and/or their intrinsic electrophysiological properties for in vitro and in vivo experiments and, for in vivo experiments, by their song-evoked electrophysiological properties (Dutar ...
Coordinate Roles for LIM Homeobox Genes in Directing the
... introduced an IRES-taulacZ (tlz) cassette (Mombaerts et al., 1996) into the mouse Lim1 locus by homologous recombination in ES cells. The targeting construct was designed to remove Lim1 coding sequences and thus to inactivate Lim1 function (Figure 1B). Lim1tlz/⫹ mice were viable and fertile whereas ...
... introduced an IRES-taulacZ (tlz) cassette (Mombaerts et al., 1996) into the mouse Lim1 locus by homologous recombination in ES cells. The targeting construct was designed to remove Lim1 coding sequences and thus to inactivate Lim1 function (Figure 1B). Lim1tlz/⫹ mice were viable and fertile whereas ...
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... this treatment partly restores the reduced grain density that occurs after peripheral nerve section (Verge et al., 1992). In MAH cells, a retrovirally immortalised sympathoadrenal progenitor cell line, trkA mRNA is induced by depolarising levels of KCl but not by NGF (Birren et al., 1992). To ascert ...
... this treatment partly restores the reduced grain density that occurs after peripheral nerve section (Verge et al., 1992). In MAH cells, a retrovirally immortalised sympathoadrenal progenitor cell line, trkA mRNA is induced by depolarising levels of KCl but not by NGF (Birren et al., 1992). To ascert ...
Sub-exemplar Shape Tuning in Human Face
... face selectivity is coded by the relative activation of broadly tuned neurons. In this study, we set to parametrically examine the shape and selectivity profile of face-related visual areas. To that end, we applied the functional magnetic resonance (fMR)-adaptation paradigm. Unfamiliar face stimuli ...
... face selectivity is coded by the relative activation of broadly tuned neurons. In this study, we set to parametrically examine the shape and selectivity profile of face-related visual areas. To that end, we applied the functional magnetic resonance (fMR)-adaptation paradigm. Unfamiliar face stimuli ...
Modulation of premotor circuits controlling locomotor activity by
... Locomotion is one of the most vivid expressions of the central nervous system in action. Looking at people walking in the street or the ballet dancer on the stage, motion seems effortless to the point that many movements are almost executed unconsciously. Indeed, the generation of sophisticated moto ...
... Locomotion is one of the most vivid expressions of the central nervous system in action. Looking at people walking in the street or the ballet dancer on the stage, motion seems effortless to the point that many movements are almost executed unconsciously. Indeed, the generation of sophisticated moto ...
Understanding the process of multisensory integration
... place when cross-modal signals are being synthesized. Consequently, while they are useful as general heuristics, they do not provide a way of quantitatively predicting what multisensory product will be elicited by any particular cross-modal pair. More recently we came to the realization that in orde ...
... place when cross-modal signals are being synthesized. Consequently, while they are useful as general heuristics, they do not provide a way of quantitatively predicting what multisensory product will be elicited by any particular cross-modal pair. More recently we came to the realization that in orde ...
Axon Physiology - Physiological Reviews
... pyramidal neurons. A: changes in intracellular Na⫹ during action potentials are largest in the AIS. A L5 pyramidal neuron was filled with the Na⫹-sensitive dye SBFI and the variations in fluorescence measured at different distances from the axon hillock. The signal is larger in the AIS (25 m) and r ...
... pyramidal neurons. A: changes in intracellular Na⫹ during action potentials are largest in the AIS. A L5 pyramidal neuron was filled with the Na⫹-sensitive dye SBFI and the variations in fluorescence measured at different distances from the axon hillock. The signal is larger in the AIS (25 m) and r ...
Rationalizing Context-Dependent Preferences: Divisive
... This places a limit on both the total number of neurons in the brain, and the number that can be allocated to any given task (since neurons are not perfectly substitutable). This basic capacity constraint on information processing has two implications that will be particularly relevant for choice be ...
... This places a limit on both the total number of neurons in the brain, and the number that can be allocated to any given task (since neurons are not perfectly substitutable). This basic capacity constraint on information processing has two implications that will be particularly relevant for choice be ...
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... spikes in B21 are only transmitted to one follower if they are “gated in” by depolarization. During ingestive programs B21 is centrally depolarized during closing/retraction, but it is not depolarized during opening/protraction. We sought to determine whether there are other followers that receive B ...
... spikes in B21 are only transmitted to one follower if they are “gated in” by depolarization. During ingestive programs B21 is centrally depolarized during closing/retraction, but it is not depolarized during opening/protraction. We sought to determine whether there are other followers that receive B ...
The Optic Tectum in Fishes
... In the foregoing observations, the cell types being recorded from were unidentified. A few studies recording with intracellular micropipettes have allowed the tectal cells to be stained for identification, but only the simplest characterizations of visual trigger properties have been made, adding li ...
... In the foregoing observations, the cell types being recorded from were unidentified. A few studies recording with intracellular micropipettes have allowed the tectal cells to be stained for identification, but only the simplest characterizations of visual trigger properties have been made, adding li ...
The Role of Kisspeptin Signaling in Reproduction
... (spermatogenesis in males and oogenesis in females). The gonads produce sex steroids (testosterone in males and estrogen and progesterone in females), which are required for gametogenesis, for maturation of accessory sex organs, and to provide hormonal feedback loops that regulate GnRH and gonadotro ...
... (spermatogenesis in males and oogenesis in females). The gonads produce sex steroids (testosterone in males and estrogen and progesterone in females), which are required for gametogenesis, for maturation of accessory sex organs, and to provide hormonal feedback loops that regulate GnRH and gonadotro ...
The effect of selective attention on auditory frequency
... was to explore these underlying short-term neural mechanisms that can sharpen the frequency selectivity at AC under selective attention. The topic was investigated by a psychophysical experiment where parametric changes in attention and background noise were used to bias the cortical responses. In t ...
... was to explore these underlying short-term neural mechanisms that can sharpen the frequency selectivity at AC under selective attention. The topic was investigated by a psychophysical experiment where parametric changes in attention and background noise were used to bias the cortical responses. In t ...
mGluR-dependent persistent firing in entorhinal cortex layer III neurons SYNAPTIC MECHANISMS Motoharu Yoshida,
... Persistent firing is believed to be a crucial mechanism for memory function including working memory. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings suggest an involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in persistent firing. Using whole-cell patch-recording techniques in a rat entorhinal cortex ...
... Persistent firing is believed to be a crucial mechanism for memory function including working memory. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings suggest an involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in persistent firing. Using whole-cell patch-recording techniques in a rat entorhinal cortex ...