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Flow of information for emotions through temporal and orbitofrontal pathways REVIEW
Flow of information for emotions through temporal and orbitofrontal pathways REVIEW

... processing sensory areas, anterior temporal sensory and polymodal association cortices send primarily feedforward projections to posterior orbitofrontal cortex and to the amygdala originating in the supragranular layers, in pathways that may provide signals about the external environment. The amygda ...
Serotonin in the inferior colliculus fluctuates with behavioral state
Serotonin in the inferior colliculus fluctuates with behavioral state

... within the auditory system. Concentrations of extracellular 5-HT in the brain are not only region-specific but also context-specific, fluctuating in response to both behavioral state and environmental events. 5-HT-releasing neurons are themselves sensitive to changes in behavioral activation, like t ...
Cortical areas are linked through pathways which originate and
Cortical areas are linked through pathways which originate and

... when structurally distinct cortices, in general, are connected? The present study addresses these questions by focusing on connections between prefrontal cortices in the rhesus monkey. The prefrontal region is composed of structurally heterogeneous areas, ranging from agranular type areas, which hav ...
A transcription factor network controls cell migration
A transcription factor network controls cell migration

... The relative numbers of neuronal cell types produced during pineal complex development are very consistent across embryos, suggesting the existence of a robust molecular mechanism that governs cell specification in the pineal complex. Indeed, within the pineal organ, BMP and Notch activities regulat ...
Axonal wiring of guanylate cyclase-D
Axonal wiring of guanylate cyclase-D

... strategy that leaves the coding region of the Gucy2d gene intact. With these strains, the patterns of axonal projections of GC-D+ neurons to necklace glomeruli can be visualized in whole mounts. We show that deficiency of one of the neuropilin 2 ligands of the class III semaphorin family, Sema3f, bu ...
Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental
Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental

... medial prefrontal cortex as well as on GABAergic (c-aminobutyric-acid-containing) neurons in the rostromedial tegmental nucleus. These results establish that distinct VTA circuits generate reward and aversion, and thereby provide a new framework for understanding the circuit basis of adaptive and pa ...
Evidence of sympathetic ®bers in the male rat pelvic nerve
Evidence of sympathetic ®bers in the male rat pelvic nerve

... 25% the number of ®bers in the rat pelvic nerve31 . To our knowledge there is no clear demonstration of a loss of neural ®bers in the pelvic nerve following lesion of the lumbosacral spinal cord in the rat. However retrograde labelling from the pelvic nerve in this species suggests that the lumbosac ...
Olfactory pathway
Olfactory pathway

1 OSCILLATORY ENTRAINMENT OF THALAMIC NEURONS BY
1 OSCILLATORY ENTRAINMENT OF THALAMIC NEURONS BY

... they be classified as “theta” units. To prove the selectivity of AV theta cells for theta rhythm, ...
Olfaction
Olfaction

... occurred in experimental but not control groups •  This suggests that phermones in the secretions, even though the women did not report smelling them, led to the changes ...
What is the function of the claustrum? - Christof Koch
What is the function of the claustrum? - Christof Koch

... nuclei. Many of the neurons in these areas code for local aspects of any one scene, such as the orientation of an edge, or the colour and depth of a surface patch. Much of this information is ambiguous and is compatible with many different interpretations of the overall scene. In mathematical terms, ...
The neurochemistry of the GnRH pulse generator
The neurochemistry of the GnRH pulse generator

... or intact diestrous rats, and this is shown in Fig. 3. Later, we were able to demonstrate that GABA release in the MPOIAH correlated inversely with pituitary LH release. Utilizing the in vivo push-pull cannula technique, Jarry et al. (1988) demonstrated a dramatic reduction of preoptic GABA reiease ...
Cardiovascular depressor responses to stimulation of substantia
Cardiovascular depressor responses to stimulation of substantia

This article was originally published in the
This article was originally published in the

... attention. This idea is supported by the finding that blood flow to PCC increases when spatial attention is shifted contralaterally, whereas blood flow to ACC increases in a nonselective fashion. Cingulate cortex is unique among attentional control areas by virtue of its strong connections to limbic ...
Can the negative deflections found with EEG on frontocentral
Can the negative deflections found with EEG on frontocentral

... Acknowledgements ...
Contact guidance of CNS neurites on grooved quartz: influence of
Contact guidance of CNS neurites on grooved quartz: influence of

... Fig. 1. (A) Scanning electron micrograph of a quartz microscope slide with grooves 520 nm deep and 2 µm wide. Note that the grooves have approximately right angled sides, sharp corners and are evenly spaced. The lower photo is a magnified view of the boxed region. (B) Angle measurement protocol for ...
Goodwin S.F., Taylor, B.J., Villella, A., Foss, M., Ryner, L. C., Baker, B. S., and Hall, J. C.
Goodwin S.F., Taylor, B.J., Villella, A., Foss, M., Ryner, L. C., Baker, B. S., and Hall, J. C.

... and the most severely affected fru-mutant types display virtually no courtship, the question arises whether fruitless may only be necessary for an initial step in the courtship sequence. Evidence that the latter interpretation is incorrect, and that instead fru is essential for a number of individua ...
View Full Page PDF
View Full Page PDF

... When analyzing architectonic organization in the PFC, Barbas and Pandya (21) found two distinct trends in gradual changes in laminar characteristics that can be traced from the limbic periallocortex toward the isocortical areas. Based on cytoarchitectonic and myeloarchitectonic analysis, they observ ...
Dendritic Spine Density Varies Between Unisensory
Dendritic Spine Density Varies Between Unisensory

... multisensory area is that of the superior temporal sulcal cortex in primates (Benevento et al., 1977) or the anterior ectosylvian sulcal area of cats (Meredith, 2004). In the ferret brain, the lateral rostral area of the suprasylvian sulcal cortex, (LRSS; Keniston et al., 2008), and the rostral post ...
Antinociceptive Action of Nitrous Oxide Is Mediated
Antinociceptive Action of Nitrous Oxide Is Mediated

... exposure nociceptive threshold test. During the 30 min exposure to N2O, both rats and mice exhibited increased motor activity. This made tail-flick testing more difficult during N2O exposure, but using patience and care to calm the animals before testing we could confirm that the animals were withdr ...
Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization
Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization

... the area (its dendritic field) that encompasses its sensory and/or synaptic inputs16,17. Second, the branching pattern and density of dendrites must be suitable for sampling and processing the signals that converge onto the dendritic field18,19. Third, dendrites need to have the flexibility for adju ...
Critical role of extracellularly secreted neuronal pentraxin 1 in
Critical role of extracellularly secreted neuronal pentraxin 1 in

... Statistics were performed using GraphPad Prism software, Version 5.01. For one experimental and one control group, two-tailed Student? s t-test was used to determine if differences exist between means. Comparisons involving multiple groups were done by ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni/ Dunn post-hoc te ...
Cystatin C prevents degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons
Cystatin C prevents degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons

... specific receptor trkB) and members of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family (Hida et al., 2003; Numan and Seroogy, 1997; Zhou et al., 1996, 2000). Consistent with these changes, it was shown that the striatal extracts from patients with Parkinson’s disease promotes growth of DA neurons ...
Different adrenal sympathetic preganglionic
Different adrenal sympathetic preganglionic

... (800 mg/kg) and ␣-chloralose (70 mg/kg). The trachea, femoral vein, and femoral artery were cannulated for artificial ventilation, drug administration, and measurement of arterial pressure, respectively. Rectal temperature was maintained at 37°C with a thermostatically controlled heating lamp and ta ...
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis

... the information received from gustatory receptor neurons. Whereas projections from olfactory receptor neurons are clearly chemotopic, comparatively little is known on how gustatory neurons project to the central nervous system and how signals are encoded and processed by central neurons. In differen ...
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Neural coding

Neural coding is a neuroscience-related field concerned with characterizing the relationship between the stimulus and the individual or ensemble neuronal responses and the relationship among the electrical activity of the neurons in the ensemble. Based on the theory thatsensory and other information is represented in the brain by networks of neurons, it is thought that neurons can encode both digital and analog information.
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