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Disease Modeling Using Embryonic Stem Cells
Disease Modeling Using Embryonic Stem Cells

Individual olfactory sensory neurons project into more than one
Individual olfactory sensory neurons project into more than one

Dendritic Signal Integration
Dendritic Signal Integration

... Each granule cell receives on average only four excitatory inputs, each made onto a very short dendrite. Because the dendrites are so short, their influence on synaptic integration is minimal. This also offers technical advantages for studying synaptic physiology with patch-clamp recordings from the ...
Topographic Organization of Sensory Projection to the Olfactory Bulb
Topographic Organization of Sensory Projection to the Olfactory Bulb

... meruli are bilaterally symmetric. In situ hybridization with the F5 probe, which anneals with a subfamily of 11 receptor genes, identifies about seven positive glomeruli (Figures 4A and 4D). The F6 subfamily includes three genes, and F6 probes identify three glomeruli within the right and left olfac ...
Genetic Ablation of Orexin Neurons in Mice Results in Narcolepsy
Genetic Ablation of Orexin Neurons in Mice Results in Narcolepsy

... Typical hypnograms, graphic representations of sleepwaking states over time, for an orexin/ataxin-3 mouse and a wild-type littermate for the 12 hr dark period (active phase) are shown in Figure 5A. The hypnogram for the transgenic mouse is characterized by the appearance of direct transitions from w ...
hypothalamus, pit..
hypothalamus, pit..

Neurophysiological involvement in hypervolemic hyponatremia
Neurophysiological involvement in hypervolemic hyponatremia

... mechanoreceptors and glial modulation. In neurons, osmosensing mechanoreceptors were initially identified as stretch-modulated cation channels [25] and now are associated to the transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid (V) family cation channel proteins. The osmosensory ability of SON neurons is ...
Somatodendritic dopamine release - Philosophical Transactions of
Somatodendritic dopamine release - Philosophical Transactions of

Binary neurons and networks
Binary neurons and networks

... Not compatible with biology ...
Traveling Theta Waves along the Entire
Traveling Theta Waves along the Entire

... (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral (temporal) sites (Figures 3F, 3G, and S4). Theta oscillations were less regular, lower in amplitude, and more intermittent ...
THE AMYGDALA AND REWARD
THE AMYGDALA AND REWARD

... general, but they do indicate that its involvement is much more selective than was previously believed. The crux of the problem is that stimulus–reward learning is far from a unitary process, and neither reinforcement nor reward is an uncomplicated concept. Naturally occurring rewards include food, ...
Biophysics of Extracellular Action Potentials
Biophysics of Extracellular Action Potentials

... I compared constraining a compartmental model to fit the EAP with matching the intracellular action potential (IAP). I find that the IAP method underconstrains the parameters. The distinguishing characteristics of the EAP constrain the parameters and are fairly invariant to electrode position and ce ...
A Weighted and Directed Interareal Connectivity
A Weighted and Directed Interareal Connectivity

... interareal connection weights. Likewise, there has been little quantitative data on the weight consistency of any given pathway. A seminal paper analyzed data across studies and concluded that between-animal variability of a given pathway can exceed 2 orders of magnitude (Scannell et al. 2000). In c ...
Resonance properties of different neuronal populations in the
Resonance properties of different neuronal populations in the

... Oscillatory activity patterns contribute to the sensory perception in brain. Sensory periphery input is detected and selected basing on single neuron intrinsic resonance frequency characteristics. Input frequency preference can be dynamically tuned by biasing the membrane conductance and potential. ...
Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area
Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area

... We found that both of these cortical areas are the targets of disynaptic projections from the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum and from the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi). On average, the number of pallidal neurons that project to the SMA and pre-SMA is approximately three to four ti ...
the effects of microstimulation and microlesions in the ventral and
the effects of microstimulation and microlesions in the ventral and

Auditory working memory: contributions of lateral prefrontal cortex
Auditory working memory: contributions of lateral prefrontal cortex

... of research has found the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) to be involved. This dissertation used auditory cues and found similar patterns of activity for processing auditory working memory information within a task compared to visual working memory processes. The first two experimental chapters ...
Delineation of a frequency-organized region isolated from the
Delineation of a frequency-organized region isolated from the

... right auditory cortex were incised. A piece of metal was attached to the skull with dental resin, and the head was fixed by screwing the metal piece onto a manipulator. The skull over the auditory cortex was removed in mice used for some experiments (see Figs. 2B, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 13) to compare ...
Synchronization of Fast (30-40 Hz)
Synchronization of Fast (30-40 Hz)

... identified formally as reciprocally linked through monosynaptic projections. The results of those experiments essentially showed (1) strong synchronization of fast oscillations (mainly 30-40 Hz) between the surface-EEG, depth-EEG, and intracellularly recorded cortical neurons and (2) strong synchron ...
Kisspeptin Signaling Is Required for the Luteinizing Introduction of Males
Kisspeptin Signaling Is Required for the Luteinizing Introduction of Males

... mice [12]. The product of the Kiss1 gene, kisspeptin, is one neuropeptide that may provide a link between the olfactory system and GnRH neurons. Kisspeptin signaling is essential for GnRH secretion and reproduction [13,14]. In humans and mice, loss of function mutations in the kisspeptin receptor (K ...
themes - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
themes - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology

... from the DMN. Swallow-induced peristalsis is termed primary peristalsis to distinguish it from the so-called secondary peristalsis that is produced by local reflexes. Primary peristalsis is abolished by bilateral vagotomy. Vagal preganglionic efferents stimulate peristalsis by activating and modifyi ...
Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse Huazheng
Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse Huazheng

... identified at 10× magnification. Each labeled cell was marked by a dot on the drawing. Labeled cells were identified on the basis that they contained a nucleus. In many cases a nucleolus was seen, but no attempt was make to ensure that each counted cell contained a nucleolus. For this reason, the co ...
Carlsson J Neurosci 2007 (pdf 2,2 MB)
Carlsson J Neurosci 2007 (pdf 2,2 MB)

Time Course and Time–Distance Relationships for Surround
Time Course and Time–Distance Relationships for Surround

... Results). We tested both latency methods on PSTHs for simulated Poisson spike trains in which the firing rate changed at a fixed time from an initial level to a final level in 20 msec (which was typical for our data). As expected, the 5% latency method was substantially less dependent on the final r ...
Playing the electric light orchestra—how electrical stimulation of
Playing the electric light orchestra—how electrical stimulation of

... such as amblyopia, blindness and visual hallucinations. Prominent methods currently used to investigate the function of visual cortex are often correlational and include neuroimaging, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and electrophysiological techniques, such as single cell neuro ...
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Neural coding

Neural coding is a neuroscience-related field concerned with characterizing the relationship between the stimulus and the individual or ensemble neuronal responses and the relationship among the electrical activity of the neurons in the ensemble. Based on the theory thatsensory and other information is represented in the brain by networks of neurons, it is thought that neurons can encode both digital and analog information.
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