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Kobayashi S, Kawagoe R, Takikawa Y, Koizumi M, Sakagami M
Kobayashi S, Kawagoe R, Takikawa Y, Koizumi M, Sakagami M

... 2003). For instance, monkeys were instructed to perform a spatial response in one direction while reward was associated with a spatial response in the other direction (1-direction reward task, or 1DR; Kawagoe et al. 1998). It was found that neurons in the caudate nucleus (CD) were spatially tuned to ...
Maxillary palp glomeruli and ipsilateral projections in the antennal
Maxillary palp glomeruli and ipsilateral projections in the antennal

... ipsilateral input, with the fibres terminating in the ipsilateral AL only. Thus the antennal lobe of Drosophila has a glomerular organization which is apportioned into antennal, maxillary, saccular and ipsilateral glomeruli. Previous studies reported that sensory projection from the maxillary palp i ...
Contrast-dependence of surround suppression in
Contrast-dependence of surround suppression in

... and surround of a typical V1 neuron: (i) the high-contrast summation RF (sRFhigh; white area inside dashed circle), and (ii) the low-contrast summation RF (sRFlow; area inside solid black circle) are measured by presenting high- or low-contrast grating patches, respectively, of increasing radius, an ...
After all, it`s still replication: A reply to Jacob on simulation and mirror
After all, it`s still replication: A reply to Jacob on simulation and mirror

A role for subplate neurons in the patterning of
A role for subplate neurons in the patterning of

... Subplate neurons can be deleted by injections of kainic acid into the subplate at E43. The vast majority of later-generated neurons of the cortical plate remain intact (Chun and Shatz, 1988b), presumably because at these early ages they are sufficiently immature to be insensitive to kainate neurotox ...
Mechanisms of developmental neurite pruning
Mechanisms of developmental neurite pruning

i BASAL GANGLIA PATHWAYS: BEYOND THE CLOSED
i BASAL GANGLIA PATHWAYS: BEYOND THE CLOSED

Distinct Roles for Somatically and Dendritically Synthesized Brain
Distinct Roles for Somatically and Dendritically Synthesized Brain

... antibody to GFP at DIV14, DIV21, DIV28, DIV35, and DIV42, as described above. All dendritic spines on one entire main dendrite per neuron (⬎180 ␮m in length) were traced directly under a Nikon Eclipse E800 microscope with an oil-immersion lens (Nikon; Plan APO 60⫻/NA 1.40) using Neurolucida software ...
Structure and Function of the Brain Serotonin System
Structure and Function of the Brain Serotonin System

... nearly every area of the brain. In this section, we review the location of the cell bodies both of the superior (ascending) and inferior (descending) groups of serotonergic neurons. The afferents to these cells are described both anatomically and neurochemically. Associations between serotonergic ne ...
The Relation between Dendritic Geometry
The Relation between Dendritic Geometry

... We recorded basic parameters describing the electrical excitability of the neurons that have been typically used in the literature. A sequence of depolarizing 500-ms-long rectangular current pulses of varying amplitudes was applied, and the action potential (AP) sequences were recorded. For analysis ...
Theta phase shift in spike timing and modulation of gamma oscillation
Theta phase shift in spike timing and modulation of gamma oscillation

... Fig. 1. Memory-guided spatial alternation and fixation-specific hippocampal activity (see also Takahashi et al. 2009a, 2009b). A: circular representation of the task events in the nose-poke paradigm. The sequence starting from the top represents a LEFT-TO-RIGHT (LR) trial [starting from the bottom: ...
Mismatch Negativity: Different Water in the Same River
Mismatch Negativity: Different Water in the Same River

... (third waveform in fig. 1). Lavikainen et al. [1995] found two sources for the magnetic N1 response to such a change in frequency and suggested that these represented the normal N1 and an MMN, with the MMN occurring earlier than it would have if the frequency change had been part of a separate devia ...
HCN channels are a novel therapeutic target for cognitive
HCN channels are a novel therapeutic target for cognitive

... The water maze task was performed as previously described.27 Before performing the water maze task, the mice were handled for a week. For initial characterization of Nf19a–/9a–mice, training consisted of 4 trials per day, divided in two sessions of two trials with a 1 h interval (Figure 1) or two tr ...
Sensors for impossible stimuli may solve the stereo correspondence
Sensors for impossible stimuli may solve the stereo correspondence

... in the arrangement of their ON and OFF regions, but not in retinal position, and position disparity (Fig. 1b), in which left and right-eye receptive fields differ in their position on the retina, but not in their profile2. Several recent studies in V13–6 have concluded that most disparity-selective ...
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses

... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses

... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
Pallidal Discharge Related to the Kinematics of Reaching
Pallidal Discharge Related to the Kinematics of Reaching

... Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Rehabilitation Medicine, and Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 Turner, Robert S. and Marjorie E. Anderson. Pallidal discharge related to the kinematics of reaching movements in two dimensions. J. Neurophysi ...
Presynaptic Inhibition of Exteroceptive Afferents by Proprioceptive
Presynaptic Inhibition of Exteroceptive Afferents by Proprioceptive

... These hairs can detect wind or sound over a range of frequencies (Bentley 1975; Nicklaus 1965; Orida and Josephson 1978; Plummer and Camhi 1981; Shimozawa and Kanou 1984). Large depolarizations occur in the central terminals of these wind-sensitive hairs in the locust when a sensory neuron, thought ...
Development of the brain stem in the rat. V. Thymidine‐radiographic
Development of the brain stem in the rat. V. Thymidine‐radiographic

... 3H-thymidinefrom gestational day E l 2 and 13 (El2+ 13)until the day before parturition (E21+ 22) in order to label in their embryos the proliferating precursors of neurons. At 60 days of age the proportion of neurons generated (nolonger labeled) on specific embryonic days was determined quantitativ ...
Sleep Neurobiology from a Clinical Perspective
Sleep Neurobiology from a Clinical Perspective

... activity is too low, distractible and anxious if LC activity is too high, but optimally attentive and aroused with intermediate levels of activity. NE tone is clearly linked to cognition as LC neurons in monkeys fire phasically in response to a salient stimulus that signals a reward such as food, bu ...
Abstract of “Primate frontal eye fields mediate spatial attention in
Abstract of “Primate frontal eye fields mediate spatial attention in

... functionally different types of neurons have been identified in FEF. Movement neurons begin to fire approximately 50ms before the initiation of a saccadic eye movement (Bruce and Goldberg, 1985; Thompson et al., 1996). These neurons are thought to influence eye movements through projections to the s ...
Afferent Fiber Remodeling in the Somatosensory Thalamus of Mice
Afferent Fiber Remodeling in the Somatosensory Thalamus of Mice

The Reorganization of Primary Auditory Cortex by Invasion of
The Reorganization of Primary Auditory Cortex by Invasion of

... remaining afferents to the deafferented brain area is a way to compensate for the loss of excitatory drive. Sprouting can come from the perilesional area, ipsilateral subcortical or cortical areas, and/or contralateral areas. Chronic peripheral nerve injuries can cause central somatosensory neurons ...
Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and
Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and

... aggregation whose neurons are slightly larger and more darkly stained than those in the adjacent preoptic region but smaller and less darkly stained than those in supraoptic neurons. However, in lesioned animals these distinctions can be difficult. Furthermore, the V L PO is surrounded by other Niss ...
Plasticity of Binocularity and Visual Acuity Are Differentially Limited
Plasticity of Binocularity and Visual Acuity Are Differentially Limited

... established once a mouse exhibited a consistent pattern of performance. Acuity thresholds were estimated as the spatial frequency average from three or more failures at adjacent spatial frequencies. Throughout the testing phase, any mouse that failed to find the hidden platform on the first try repe ...
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Neural coding

Neural coding is a neuroscience-related field concerned with characterizing the relationship between the stimulus and the individual or ensemble neuronal responses and the relationship among the electrical activity of the neurons in the ensemble. Based on the theory thatsensory and other information is represented in the brain by networks of neurons, it is thought that neurons can encode both digital and analog information.
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