A Novel Functionally Distinct Subtype of Striatal Neuropeptide Y
... We investigated the properties of neostriatal neuropeptide Y (NPY)-expressing interneurons in transgenic GFP (green fluorescent protein)-NPY reporter mice. In vitro whole-cell recordings and biocytin staining demonstrated the existence of a novel class of neostriatal NPY-expressing GABAergic interne ...
... We investigated the properties of neostriatal neuropeptide Y (NPY)-expressing interneurons in transgenic GFP (green fluorescent protein)-NPY reporter mice. In vitro whole-cell recordings and biocytin staining demonstrated the existence of a novel class of neostriatal NPY-expressing GABAergic interne ...
Effects of Residual Inhibition Phenomenon on Early Auditory Evoked
... “stays” in the peripheral auditory system, but under the dependency of other molecular pathways, (2) by passing time, tinnitus progressively recruits several anatomical structures in auditory (the peripheral and central auditory systems) and non-auditory (the limbic system and higher order brain str ...
... “stays” in the peripheral auditory system, but under the dependency of other molecular pathways, (2) by passing time, tinnitus progressively recruits several anatomical structures in auditory (the peripheral and central auditory systems) and non-auditory (the limbic system and higher order brain str ...
Orexin/Hypocretin: A Neuropeptide at the Interface of Sleep, Energy
... II. Orexin and orexin receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Identification of orexin (Hypocretin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Orex ...
... II. Orexin and orexin receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Identification of orexin (Hypocretin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Orex ...
Propagation of tau pathology in Alzheimer`s disease
... (S202/T205) and PHF1 epitopes [21]. The phosphorylation status of tau as it is released may be difficult to ascertain, however, as extracellular phosphatases may dephosphorylate tau once it is outside the cell [44]. Examination of tau released from human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells revealed that whe ...
... (S202/T205) and PHF1 epitopes [21]. The phosphorylation status of tau as it is released may be difficult to ascertain, however, as extracellular phosphatases may dephosphorylate tau once it is outside the cell [44]. Examination of tau released from human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells revealed that whe ...
Leptin Signaling in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarii
... Allyn L. Mark, Khristofor Agassandian, Donald A. Morgan, Xuebo Liu, Martin D. Cassell, Kamal Rahmouni ...
... Allyn L. Mark, Khristofor Agassandian, Donald A. Morgan, Xuebo Liu, Martin D. Cassell, Kamal Rahmouni ...
Emotional experiences of tension and suspense: psychological
... the close connection between musical tension and music-evoked emotion. A methodologically similar fMRI study investigating neural correlates of suspense evoked by a literary text found suspenseful text segments to be associated with activity in medial prefrontal, inferior frontal, as well as posteri ...
... the close connection between musical tension and music-evoked emotion. A methodologically similar fMRI study investigating neural correlates of suspense evoked by a literary text found suspenseful text segments to be associated with activity in medial prefrontal, inferior frontal, as well as posteri ...
NEURAL MECHANISMS SUPPORTING THE LEARNING
... discriminative control over the UCR (Baxter, 1966; Kimmel, 1967; Knight et al., 2010; Marcos & Redondo, 1999). Others have suggested that conscious expectations modify UCR expression (Dunsmoor et al., 2008; Knight et al., 2010; Rust, 1976). For example, greater UCR diminution has been observed when ...
... discriminative control over the UCR (Baxter, 1966; Kimmel, 1967; Knight et al., 2010; Marcos & Redondo, 1999). Others have suggested that conscious expectations modify UCR expression (Dunsmoor et al., 2008; Knight et al., 2010; Rust, 1976). For example, greater UCR diminution has been observed when ...
A network of topographic numerosity maps in human
... Sensory and motor cortices each contain multiple topographic maps with the structure of sensory organs (such as the retina or cochlea) mapped onto the cortical surface. These sensory maps are hierarchically organized. For example, visual field maps contain neurons that represent increasing large par ...
... Sensory and motor cortices each contain multiple topographic maps with the structure of sensory organs (such as the retina or cochlea) mapped onto the cortical surface. These sensory maps are hierarchically organized. For example, visual field maps contain neurons that represent increasing large par ...
Behavioural Brain Research Ventral pallidum roles in reward and
... (the extent of damage is not clear from the published report of the still-living patient). In a second recent case [80], a patient with bilateral damage to the globus pallidus (the lesion is described by the authors as perhaps extending into the ventral pallidum) reported an “inability to feel emoti ...
... (the extent of damage is not clear from the published report of the still-living patient). In a second recent case [80], a patient with bilateral damage to the globus pallidus (the lesion is described by the authors as perhaps extending into the ventral pallidum) reported an “inability to feel emoti ...
Versican Expression During Embryonic Development in the Mouse
... Versican and other proteoglycans are degraded by a family of A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin motifs (ADAMTS) proteinases [43],[44],[45]. Cleavage of V1 versican by ADAMTS-1, -4, -5, and -9 results in an approximately 70 kilodalton fragment containing the neoepitope sequence D ...
... Versican and other proteoglycans are degraded by a family of A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin motifs (ADAMTS) proteinases [43],[44],[45]. Cleavage of V1 versican by ADAMTS-1, -4, -5, and -9 results in an approximately 70 kilodalton fragment containing the neoepitope sequence D ...
Implication of novel neurotransmitter systems in the regulation of
... environmental toxins, stressful stimuli, malnutrition or the overfed status of the animal. These factors modify the spontaneous electrical (4) and secretory activities (5, 6) of GnRH neurons either via direct actions or via the regulation of neuronal inputs from various neurotransmitter systems, whi ...
... environmental toxins, stressful stimuli, malnutrition or the overfed status of the animal. These factors modify the spontaneous electrical (4) and secretory activities (5, 6) of GnRH neurons either via direct actions or via the regulation of neuronal inputs from various neurotransmitter systems, whi ...
Interaction of the Frontal Eye Field and Superior Colliculus for
... functional interactions between these areas. One of the systems that is close to meeting these demanding criteria is that for the visual guidance of rapid or saccadic eye movements, a system that extends from cerebral cortex through the superior colliculus (SC) to the midbrain and pons (for reviews ...
... functional interactions between these areas. One of the systems that is close to meeting these demanding criteria is that for the visual guidance of rapid or saccadic eye movements, a system that extends from cerebral cortex through the superior colliculus (SC) to the midbrain and pons (for reviews ...
Protracted Synaptogenesis after Activity
... than one spine, suggesting that LTP is associated with the formation of new synapses (Toni et al., 1999). Although there is a broad consensus that spines that form as a result of neuronal activity are likely to become part of synapses, important details about the temporal and spatial dynamics of spi ...
... than one spine, suggesting that LTP is associated with the formation of new synapses (Toni et al., 1999). Although there is a broad consensus that spines that form as a result of neuronal activity are likely to become part of synapses, important details about the temporal and spatial dynamics of spi ...
Structure and dynamics of the corticothalamic driver pathway in the
... necessarily need to understand the neuronal substrate of perception, cognition and behavior. It is still not clear how the brain generates a percept of the environment from spatially and temporally distributed receptor activations on a neuronal basis. For example, how can I come to the conclusion th ...
... necessarily need to understand the neuronal substrate of perception, cognition and behavior. It is still not clear how the brain generates a percept of the environment from spatially and temporally distributed receptor activations on a neuronal basis. For example, how can I come to the conclusion th ...
Descending motor pathways and the spinal
... The axial musculature, innervated by motoneurons in the medial motor column, consists of epaxial and hypaxial muscles. The epaxial muscles are innervated by branches of the dorsal rami of a spinal nerve and the hypaxial muscles by branches of the ventral rami. In the ventral hom, motoneurons innerva ...
... The axial musculature, innervated by motoneurons in the medial motor column, consists of epaxial and hypaxial muscles. The epaxial muscles are innervated by branches of the dorsal rami of a spinal nerve and the hypaxial muscles by branches of the ventral rami. In the ventral hom, motoneurons innerva ...
Histamine in the Nervous System
... traction of smooth muscles in the gut and vasodilatation (130). The stimulation of acid secretion in the stomach (582) was also recognized early. Feldberg (172) demonstrated histamine release from mast cells in the lungs during anaphylactic shock causing constriction of the bronchi. The presence of ...
... traction of smooth muscles in the gut and vasodilatation (130). The stimulation of acid secretion in the stomach (582) was also recognized early. Feldberg (172) demonstrated histamine release from mast cells in the lungs during anaphylactic shock causing constriction of the bronchi. The presence of ...
Examination of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
... considered a thyroid hormone inactivating enzyme in euthyroid conditions by producing inactive rT3 or T2 [14]. The liver and kidney, where D1 participates in the clearance of TH derivatives, contains a relatively large concentration of this enzyme, but D1 is also present in the anterior pituitary, i ...
... considered a thyroid hormone inactivating enzyme in euthyroid conditions by producing inactive rT3 or T2 [14]. The liver and kidney, where D1 participates in the clearance of TH derivatives, contains a relatively large concentration of this enzyme, but D1 is also present in the anterior pituitary, i ...
stimulant treatment history predicts frontal-striatal
... generally well tolerated and adverse events are rare (e.g. Barbaresi et al., 2006; Storebo et al., 2016; Wilens et al., 2006). Perhaps not surprisingly, treatment with stimulants has become increasingly customary in recent years, resulting ...
... generally well tolerated and adverse events are rare (e.g. Barbaresi et al., 2006; Storebo et al., 2016; Wilens et al., 2006). Perhaps not surprisingly, treatment with stimulants has become increasingly customary in recent years, resulting ...
- Wiley Online Library
... reticular formation located roughly below the facial motor nucleus (Fig. 1A) which contains neurons with axonal projections to more caudal regions of the ventrolateral medulla (Smith et al. 1989). It is also used to describe a subset of neurons defined by their genetic lineage and located in the sam ...
... reticular formation located roughly below the facial motor nucleus (Fig. 1A) which contains neurons with axonal projections to more caudal regions of the ventrolateral medulla (Smith et al. 1989). It is also used to describe a subset of neurons defined by their genetic lineage and located in the sam ...
Selective stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson`s
... the cortico-basal ganglia thalamo-cortical circuit, the STN plays an important role in not only motor, but also in cognitive and limbic processes. Classically the STN is divided into three subregions: a motor, limbic and associative part (Hamani, et al., 2004, Temel, et al., 2005). The STN neuronal ...
... the cortico-basal ganglia thalamo-cortical circuit, the STN plays an important role in not only motor, but also in cognitive and limbic processes. Classically the STN is divided into three subregions: a motor, limbic and associative part (Hamani, et al., 2004, Temel, et al., 2005). The STN neuronal ...
Functional Microarchitecture of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... from a large neural population that probably extends over larger distances than the average distance of neurons recorded simultaneously. Comparisons of signal-to-noise ratios showed that single neurons are much more informative than any features of the LFP. The firing rate of single neurons was abou ...
... from a large neural population that probably extends over larger distances than the average distance of neurons recorded simultaneously. Comparisons of signal-to-noise ratios showed that single neurons are much more informative than any features of the LFP. The firing rate of single neurons was abou ...
The Olfactory System - Tim J. van Hartevelt
... In addition to its role in food, sex, and pleasure, olfactory cues have a remarkable ability to evoke extremely vivid memories, as noted for example by Proust in his novel À la recherche du temps perdu. Taken together, the weight of the evidence shows that olfaction is a very important sensory syst ...
... In addition to its role in food, sex, and pleasure, olfactory cues have a remarkable ability to evoke extremely vivid memories, as noted for example by Proust in his novel À la recherche du temps perdu. Taken together, the weight of the evidence shows that olfaction is a very important sensory syst ...
Might the olfactory bulb be an origin of olfactory auras in focal
... Synaptic glomeruli exhibit less synaptophysin expression at 16 weeks than at older gestational ages; all are reactive by term. Calretinin, by contrast, is not yet expressed in most of the synaptic glomeruli at mid-gestation, but is strong in the primary olfactory nerve axons forming layer 1 (Sarnat ...
... Synaptic glomeruli exhibit less synaptophysin expression at 16 weeks than at older gestational ages; all are reactive by term. Calretinin, by contrast, is not yet expressed in most of the synaptic glomeruli at mid-gestation, but is strong in the primary olfactory nerve axons forming layer 1 (Sarnat ...
The Locus Ceruleus Responds to Signaling Molecules Obtained
... and trkA receptors. The NGF extracted by tanycytes from the CSF has physiological effects on LoC neurons, as evidenced by significantly altered nuclear diameters in both gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments. Quantification of NGF extraction shows that, compared with multisynaptic axonal ...
... and trkA receptors. The NGF extracted by tanycytes from the CSF has physiological effects on LoC neurons, as evidenced by significantly altered nuclear diameters in both gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments. Quantification of NGF extraction shows that, compared with multisynaptic axonal ...
frontal functions, connectivity and neural efficiency underpinning
... Neurophysiological fractionation of processes, to include possible inhibition, has been demonstrated between error detection processes and error evaluation processes and with the apparent inhibition or uncoupling of the latter, both of which are processes emanating from the anterior cingulate. These ...
... Neurophysiological fractionation of processes, to include possible inhibition, has been demonstrated between error detection processes and error evaluation processes and with the apparent inhibition or uncoupling of the latter, both of which are processes emanating from the anterior cingulate. These ...
Connectome
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its ""wiring diagram"". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term ""connectome"" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.Research has successfully constructed the full connectome of one animal: the roundworm C. elegans (White et al., 1986, Varshney et al., 2011). Partial connectomes of a mouse retina and mouse primary visual cortex have also been successfully constructed. Bock et al.'s complete 12TB data set is publicly available at Open Connectome Project.The ultimate goal of connectomics is to map the human brain. This effort is pursued by the Human Connectome Project, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, whose focus is to build a network map of the human brain in healthy, living adults.