Calcium Transients in the Garter Snake Vomeronasal Organ
... FIG. 1. Ca transients in retrogradely labeled snake vomeronasal (VN) neurons. A shows a video image illustrating the selective staining of VN neurons with Ca2⫹ Green after retrograde transport of this dye from their axonal terminals in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Observe the labeling in the ...
... FIG. 1. Ca transients in retrogradely labeled snake vomeronasal (VN) neurons. A shows a video image illustrating the selective staining of VN neurons with Ca2⫹ Green after retrograde transport of this dye from their axonal terminals in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Observe the labeling in the ...
Cumming BG, Parker AJ.
... It would have been possible to manipulate the relative disparity between the foreground and background of the RDS simply by changing the disparity of the background region. However, in such an experiment, the absence of an effect of relative disparity would be hard to interpret. It is always possibl ...
... It would have been possible to manipulate the relative disparity between the foreground and background of the RDS simply by changing the disparity of the background region. However, in such an experiment, the absence of an effect of relative disparity would be hard to interpret. It is always possibl ...
The Role of Kv7 in Peripheral Neurons
... in the regulation of cellular excitability and axonal conduction. Previous studies have shown that peripheral sensory neurons express Kv7.2, Kv7.3, and Kv7.5 subunits, and that suppression of Kv7 activity with pharmacological blockers can lead to increased nociception. However, the specific localiza ...
... in the regulation of cellular excitability and axonal conduction. Previous studies have shown that peripheral sensory neurons express Kv7.2, Kv7.3, and Kv7.5 subunits, and that suppression of Kv7 activity with pharmacological blockers can lead to increased nociception. However, the specific localiza ...
Neck Muscle Responses to Stimulation of Monkey Superior
... following text) was delivered on 80 –90% of all trials between 500 and 1,000 ms after the onset of fixation. Stimulation was delivered either while the FP remained visible (fixation trials; 40 – 45% of all trials) or 200 ms after the FP was extinguished (fixation-blink trials, 40 – 45% of all trials ...
... following text) was delivered on 80 –90% of all trials between 500 and 1,000 ms after the onset of fixation. Stimulation was delivered either while the FP remained visible (fixation trials; 40 – 45% of all trials) or 200 ms after the FP was extinguished (fixation-blink trials, 40 – 45% of all trials ...
An investigation of the sensory and motor innervation of extraocular
... vertical recti, both oblique muscles have secondary functions: the SO additionally depresses and abducts the globe, the IO depresses and adducts. The primary actions of these six EOMs are similar in lateral-eyed mammals, though their secondary actions in eye movements differ from those of frontal-ey ...
... vertical recti, both oblique muscles have secondary functions: the SO additionally depresses and abducts the globe, the IO depresses and adducts. The primary actions of these six EOMs are similar in lateral-eyed mammals, though their secondary actions in eye movements differ from those of frontal-ey ...
Primary- and Secondary-Like Jaw-Muscle Spindle Afferents Have
... physiological types of spindle afferent show distinctive morphologies. Microelectrodes filled with either horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or biotinamide (Neurobiotin) were advanced into the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Vme) in anesthetized rats. Intracellular recordings then were characterized by ...
... physiological types of spindle afferent show distinctive morphologies. Microelectrodes filled with either horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or biotinamide (Neurobiotin) were advanced into the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Vme) in anesthetized rats. Intracellular recordings then were characterized by ...
What the young brain tells the spinal cord: top down modulation of
... maturation of descending control of spinal sensory circuitry in rats and hypothesise that descending serotonergic neurons in the RVM provide ongoing descending facilitation of spinal sensory networks in young animals. In chapter 2, I demonstrate that cutaneous noxious stimulation activates neurons i ...
... maturation of descending control of spinal sensory circuitry in rats and hypothesise that descending serotonergic neurons in the RVM provide ongoing descending facilitation of spinal sensory networks in young animals. In chapter 2, I demonstrate that cutaneous noxious stimulation activates neurons i ...
neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data
... mediated by neuronal reward prediction error signals which implement basic constructs of reinforcement learning theory. These signals are found in dopamine neurons, which emit a global reward signal to striatum and frontal cortex, and in specific neurons in striatum, amygdala, and frontal cortex pro ...
... mediated by neuronal reward prediction error signals which implement basic constructs of reinforcement learning theory. These signals are found in dopamine neurons, which emit a global reward signal to striatum and frontal cortex, and in specific neurons in striatum, amygdala, and frontal cortex pro ...
Rapid Translocation of Zn 2+ from Nerve Terminals
... placement of the stimulation electrodes. Scale bars are 100 m. A3: hilus (H) of the hippocampus. o, region where images were acquired. 夹, the placement of electrode. DG, dentate gyrus. B: electrical stimulation (100 Hz for 5 s) evoked rapid release of Zn2⫹ from neuronal terminals measured by change ...
... placement of the stimulation electrodes. Scale bars are 100 m. A3: hilus (H) of the hippocampus. o, region where images were acquired. 夹, the placement of electrode. DG, dentate gyrus. B: electrical stimulation (100 Hz for 5 s) evoked rapid release of Zn2⫹ from neuronal terminals measured by change ...
The Locus Ceruleus Responds to Signaling Molecules Obtained
... of ⬃1550 chick embryos of both sexes were used. All experimental procedures were approved by the local animal care committee and were conducted in compliance with the Policy on the Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research (Society for Neuroscience). Materials. Murine NGF was from Alomone Labs or Prom ...
... of ⬃1550 chick embryos of both sexes were used. All experimental procedures were approved by the local animal care committee and were conducted in compliance with the Policy on the Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research (Society for Neuroscience). Materials. Murine NGF was from Alomone Labs or Prom ...
Anatomy & Physiology I
... لرزه، فشار، تماس: احساس تماسی گرمی، سردی: احساس حرارتی احساس درد احساس داخلی) احساس حرکی (حرکات اعضا و راس احساس حشوی معلومات درباره حاالت اعضای داخلی تهیه می کند ...
... لرزه، فشار، تماس: احساس تماسی گرمی، سردی: احساس حرارتی احساس درد احساس داخلی) احساس حرکی (حرکات اعضا و راس احساس حشوی معلومات درباره حاالت اعضای داخلی تهیه می کند ...
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation
... during adult stages28. In precoccial mammals (those born mature, e.g., cow, guinea pig, horse) the REM sleep percentage at the time of birth and during development is low as compared to the altricial mammals 28. The altricial mammals show a progressive reduction in the amount of REM sleep with age 2 ...
... during adult stages28. In precoccial mammals (those born mature, e.g., cow, guinea pig, horse) the REM sleep percentage at the time of birth and during development is low as compared to the altricial mammals 28. The altricial mammals show a progressive reduction in the amount of REM sleep with age 2 ...
Intrinsic Connections of Macaque of Cells Outside Lamina 4c` Striate
... The projections from lamina 3B/4A to 2/3A and to 5A are apparent with retrograde transport as well. Microinjections into lamina 2/3A lead to the scattered labeling of neurons in lamina 3B/4A (Fig. 6) a result that reinforces the observation, described above, that the spreading component of the 2/3A ...
... The projections from lamina 3B/4A to 2/3A and to 5A are apparent with retrograde transport as well. Microinjections into lamina 2/3A lead to the scattered labeling of neurons in lamina 3B/4A (Fig. 6) a result that reinforces the observation, described above, that the spreading component of the 2/3A ...
A role for subplate neurons in the patterning of
... two to four weeks post-lesion, times when LGN axons would have normally invaded the cortical plate, the axons remained below the cortical plate and grew past their appropriate cortical target in an anomalous pathway. Moreover, examination of LGN axons at one week post-lesion, a time when they would ...
... two to four weeks post-lesion, times when LGN axons would have normally invaded the cortical plate, the axons remained below the cortical plate and grew past their appropriate cortical target in an anomalous pathway. Moreover, examination of LGN axons at one week post-lesion, a time when they would ...
Neurodynamical theory of decision confidence Andrea Insabato TESI DOCTORAL UPF / 2014
... we do not have yet a thorough understanding of its neurophysiological and computational substrate. There are mainly two experimental paradigms to measure decision confidence in animals: post-decision wagering and uncertain option. In this thesis we explore and try to shed light on the computational ...
... we do not have yet a thorough understanding of its neurophysiological and computational substrate. There are mainly two experimental paradigms to measure decision confidence in animals: post-decision wagering and uncertain option. In this thesis we explore and try to shed light on the computational ...
A Novel Functionally Distinct Subtype of Striatal Neuropeptide Y
... different from those of previously described NPY-containing, plateau-depolarization low-threshold spike (NPY–PLTS) interneurons. The novel NPY interneuron type (NPY–neurogliaform) differed from previously described NPY–PLTS interneurons by exhibiting a significantly lower input resistance and hyperp ...
... different from those of previously described NPY-containing, plateau-depolarization low-threshold spike (NPY–PLTS) interneurons. The novel NPY interneuron type (NPY–neurogliaform) differed from previously described NPY–PLTS interneurons by exhibiting a significantly lower input resistance and hyperp ...
Structure and dynamics of the corticothalamic driver pathway in the
... beginning of trying to understand how it works. The standard building elements giving rise to brain function are neurons, whose defining characteristics are active electric signal propagation by action potentials and integration of synaptic inputs (Kandel et al. 2013). Their sheer number (humans: >8 ...
... beginning of trying to understand how it works. The standard building elements giving rise to brain function are neurons, whose defining characteristics are active electric signal propagation by action potentials and integration of synaptic inputs (Kandel et al. 2013). Their sheer number (humans: >8 ...
Anatomy and physiology of the esophageal body
... Secondary peristalsis in the striated muscle esophagus is regulated by similar central mechanism as primary peristalsis.22 The control of secondary peristalsis in the smooth muscle part of the esophagus is a local reflex without demonstrated deglutitive inhibition.23 In secondary peristalsis, mechan ...
... Secondary peristalsis in the striated muscle esophagus is regulated by similar central mechanism as primary peristalsis.22 The control of secondary peristalsis in the smooth muscle part of the esophagus is a local reflex without demonstrated deglutitive inhibition.23 In secondary peristalsis, mechan ...
By ON THE ROLE OF THE SUPERIOR COLLICULUS IN THE CONTROL... VISUALLY-GUIDED SACCADES
... Abstract The ability to safely react to dangerous situations, or exploit opportunities within a dynamically changing world is fundamental for our survival. In order to respond to such changes in the environment, sensory information must first be received and processed by the nervous system before a ...
... Abstract The ability to safely react to dangerous situations, or exploit opportunities within a dynamically changing world is fundamental for our survival. In order to respond to such changes in the environment, sensory information must first be received and processed by the nervous system before a ...
The Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) in Parkinson`s Disease
... atypical parkinsonism • Cells in PPN were more bursty, less oscillatory and had a lower firing rate than cells dorsal to it • Responses to passive movement and eye opening, dorsal to, ventral to, and within PPN • Describe LFP recordings in one patient above and within PPN – LFP spectrum chan ...
... atypical parkinsonism • Cells in PPN were more bursty, less oscillatory and had a lower firing rate than cells dorsal to it • Responses to passive movement and eye opening, dorsal to, ventral to, and within PPN • Describe LFP recordings in one patient above and within PPN – LFP spectrum chan ...
Understanding the process of multisensory integration
... Understanding the principles by which the brain combines information from different senses provides us with insight into the computational strategies used to maximize their utility. Prior studies of the superior colliculus (SC) neuron as a model suggest that the relative timing with which sensory cu ...
... Understanding the principles by which the brain combines information from different senses provides us with insight into the computational strategies used to maximize their utility. Prior studies of the superior colliculus (SC) neuron as a model suggest that the relative timing with which sensory cu ...
The basal forebrain cholinergic projection system in mice. In
... Cholinergic neurons are located in other parts of the rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neuron ...
... Cholinergic neurons are located in other parts of the rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neuron ...
The Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Projection
... Cholinergic neurons are located in other parts of the rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neuron ...
... Cholinergic neurons are located in other parts of the rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neuron ...
FLRT proteins act as guidance cues for migrating cortical interneurons
... 5.1 Effects of FLRT2 and FLRT3 ablation in the cortical interneurons migration through the SP stream ...................................................................................... 148 5.2 Regulation of the interneurons migration through the SP stream .............. 152 5.3 Late developomenta ...
... 5.1 Effects of FLRT2 and FLRT3 ablation in the cortical interneurons migration through the SP stream ...................................................................................... 148 5.2 Regulation of the interneurons migration through the SP stream .............. 152 5.3 Late developomenta ...
Relating normalization to neuronal populations across cortical areas
... hypothesized to arise from interactions between neuronal populations, either in the same or different brain areas (Heeger, 1992; Carandini et al., 1997; Carandini and Heeger, 2012; Busse et al., 2009; Chance et al., 2002; Rubin et al., 2013; Rust et al., 2006; Sit et al., 2009), but current models o ...
... hypothesized to arise from interactions between neuronal populations, either in the same or different brain areas (Heeger, 1992; Carandini et al., 1997; Carandini and Heeger, 2012; Busse et al., 2009; Chance et al., 2002; Rubin et al., 2013; Rust et al., 2006; Sit et al., 2009), but current models o ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.