basic mechanisms of sleep
... molecular level that has vindicated the notion that waking and REM sleep are at opposite ends of an aminergically dominant to cholinergically dominant neuromodulatory continuum, with NREM sleep holding an intermediate position (Fig. 128.1). The reciprocal interaction hypothesis (5) provided a descri ...
... molecular level that has vindicated the notion that waking and REM sleep are at opposite ends of an aminergically dominant to cholinergically dominant neuromodulatory continuum, with NREM sleep holding an intermediate position (Fig. 128.1). The reciprocal interaction hypothesis (5) provided a descri ...
Involvement of GABAergic and cholinergic medial septal neurons in
... various phenomena, including attention and acquisition of sensory information. Two types of HPC (types I and II) exist based on pharmacological, behavioral, and electrophysiological characteristics. Both types occur during locomotion, whereas only type II (atropine-sensitive) is present under ureth ...
... various phenomena, including attention and acquisition of sensory information. Two types of HPC (types I and II) exist based on pharmacological, behavioral, and electrophysiological characteristics. Both types occur during locomotion, whereas only type II (atropine-sensitive) is present under ureth ...
Neurophysiological involvement in hypervolemic hyponatremia
... of integrins-associated ECM organization has also been identified in the SON [41]. Thus, hypoosmotic challenges can directly activate TRPV channels in the osmosensory neurons through integrin signaling in the SON. Finally, relative to the pure facilitatory effect of hyperosmolality on AVP secretion, ...
... of integrins-associated ECM organization has also been identified in the SON [41]. Thus, hypoosmotic challenges can directly activate TRPV channels in the osmosensory neurons through integrin signaling in the SON. Finally, relative to the pure facilitatory effect of hyperosmolality on AVP secretion, ...
Motif distribution, dynamical properties, and computational
... somatosensory, motor and visual areas of adult rats and adult cats. It specifies connection probabilities and connection strengths of effectively established synaptic connections between excitatory and inhibitory neocortical neurons, to which we will refer as functional connectivity in this paper. Th ...
... somatosensory, motor and visual areas of adult rats and adult cats. It specifies connection probabilities and connection strengths of effectively established synaptic connections between excitatory and inhibitory neocortical neurons, to which we will refer as functional connectivity in this paper. Th ...
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis
... the information received from gustatory receptor neurons. Whereas projections from olfactory receptor neurons are clearly chemotopic, comparatively little is known on how gustatory neurons project to the central nervous system and how signals are encoded and processed by central neurons. In differen ...
... the information received from gustatory receptor neurons. Whereas projections from olfactory receptor neurons are clearly chemotopic, comparatively little is known on how gustatory neurons project to the central nervous system and how signals are encoded and processed by central neurons. In differen ...
Stochastic neural network dynamics: synchronisation and control
... from different dendritic branches almost simultaneously. Consequently, inputs must arrive within a short time period to significantly raise the electrical potential at the soma; the timing within this interval affects the magnitude of contribution from each input. When the overall electrical input f ...
... from different dendritic branches almost simultaneously. Consequently, inputs must arrive within a short time period to significantly raise the electrical potential at the soma; the timing within this interval affects the magnitude of contribution from each input. When the overall electrical input f ...
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... elegans homolog of Neurabin (NAB-1) that physically interacts with SAD-1 both in vivo and in vitro. Mammalian Neurabin (NeurabinI) and Spinophilin (NeurabinII) were first isolated as F-actin-binding proteins from the rat brain (Allen et al., 1997; Nakanishi et al., 1997; Satoh et al., 1998). They ar ...
... elegans homolog of Neurabin (NAB-1) that physically interacts with SAD-1 both in vivo and in vitro. Mammalian Neurabin (NeurabinI) and Spinophilin (NeurabinII) were first isolated as F-actin-binding proteins from the rat brain (Allen et al., 1997; Nakanishi et al., 1997; Satoh et al., 1998). They ar ...
Projection patterns from the amygdaloid nuclear complex to
... minimize leakage of the tracer along the injection pathway from the dural surface. First, pipette tip diameters were kept small (10–15 μm) so as to minimize unwanted release. Second, we injected tracer substances in small increments over 30 min, since retrograde labeling with WGA-HRP or WG is most s ...
... minimize leakage of the tracer along the injection pathway from the dural surface. First, pipette tip diameters were kept small (10–15 μm) so as to minimize unwanted release. Second, we injected tracer substances in small increments over 30 min, since retrograde labeling with WGA-HRP or WG is most s ...
The Role of Kisspeptin Signaling in Reproduction
... kisspeptin neurons in the AVPV are activated as indicated by induction of c-fos (13). Inhibition of kisspeptin action in the POA by local injection of a monoclonal antibody abolishes the proestrous LH surge and inhibits estrous cyclicity in rats (1, 54). In the absence of either GPR54/KISS1R or kiss ...
... kisspeptin neurons in the AVPV are activated as indicated by induction of c-fos (13). Inhibition of kisspeptin action in the POA by local injection of a monoclonal antibody abolishes the proestrous LH surge and inhibits estrous cyclicity in rats (1, 54). In the absence of either GPR54/KISS1R or kiss ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... have already seen that some SNS activities, such as swinging the arms while walking, occur at the subconscious level.) By contrast, ANS functions are involuntary, and we are usually unaware of them. For example, we are oblivious to the muscular actions of the stomach during digestion or changes in b ...
... have already seen that some SNS activities, such as swinging the arms while walking, occur at the subconscious level.) By contrast, ANS functions are involuntary, and we are usually unaware of them. For example, we are oblivious to the muscular actions of the stomach during digestion or changes in b ...
melanogaster
... Activity-dependent modulation of sensory systems has been documented in many organisms, and is likely to be essential for appropriate processing of information during dierent behavioral states. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena, and often their functional consequences, remain poorl ...
... Activity-dependent modulation of sensory systems has been documented in many organisms, and is likely to be essential for appropriate processing of information during dierent behavioral states. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena, and often their functional consequences, remain poorl ...
View/Open - DukeSpace
... corresponds roughly to a zone (F7) delineated by Matelli, Luppino, and Rizzolatti using cytoarchitectonics, ...
... corresponds roughly to a zone (F7) delineated by Matelli, Luppino, and Rizzolatti using cytoarchitectonics, ...
Cerebellar control of visceral responses–possible mechanisms
... active, they are subject to fastigial suppression leading to motility increases. If, however, no such spinal sympathetic reflex activity is going on, the same fastigial stimulation may now depress motility by enhancing the inhibitory adrenergic discharge. Hence, when the cerebellar influence on auto ...
... active, they are subject to fastigial suppression leading to motility increases. If, however, no such spinal sympathetic reflex activity is going on, the same fastigial stimulation may now depress motility by enhancing the inhibitory adrenergic discharge. Hence, when the cerebellar influence on auto ...
Learning-related postburst afterhyperpolarization reduction in CA1
... in neurons from both trained and control rats was reduced by &50% with 0.2 "M Indo, as previously described by Wheal and colleagues (21) (see Fig. 4). Notably, 1 "M Iso reduced the slow AHP in neurons from control rats by 40% (see Fig. 3). The similar slow AHP reduction by both compounds in neurons ...
... in neurons from both trained and control rats was reduced by &50% with 0.2 "M Indo, as previously described by Wheal and colleagues (21) (see Fig. 4). Notably, 1 "M Iso reduced the slow AHP in neurons from control rats by 40% (see Fig. 3). The similar slow AHP reduction by both compounds in neurons ...
Prelimbic to Accumbens Core Pathway Is Recruited in a Dopamine
... with DPX (Sigma). Fos and CTb quantification. Mounted tissue sections were photographed using Leica microscopes and Stereoinvestigator (MBF Bioscience) or OpenLab (Improvision) software. CTb injection sites in the NAcC and NAcSh were photographed using a 5⫻ objective and compared with rat brain atla ...
... with DPX (Sigma). Fos and CTb quantification. Mounted tissue sections were photographed using Leica microscopes and Stereoinvestigator (MBF Bioscience) or OpenLab (Improvision) software. CTb injection sites in the NAcC and NAcSh were photographed using a 5⫻ objective and compared with rat brain atla ...
Kisspeptin Signaling Is Required for the Luteinizing Introduction of Males
... The introduction of a novel male stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of female sheep during seasonal anestrus, leading to the resumption of follicle maturation and ovulation. How this pheromone cue activates pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)/luteinizing horm ...
... The introduction of a novel male stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of female sheep during seasonal anestrus, leading to the resumption of follicle maturation and ovulation. How this pheromone cue activates pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)/luteinizing horm ...
Cell-intrinsic drivers of dendrite morphogenesis
... neurons of the Drosophila antennal lobe are crucial for olfactory processing. They receive excitatory input from olfactory receptor neurons in glomeruli and transmit signals to the mushroom body and lateral horn. Cerebellar granule neurons. The most numerous neurons of the brain, these offer an idea ...
... neurons of the Drosophila antennal lobe are crucial for olfactory processing. They receive excitatory input from olfactory receptor neurons in glomeruli and transmit signals to the mushroom body and lateral horn. Cerebellar granule neurons. The most numerous neurons of the brain, these offer an idea ...
Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and
... wakefulness, are particularly numerous in the VLPO (Alam et al., 1995; Szymusiak et al., 1998). The sleep-positive neurons in the VLPO innervate the histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) (Sherin et al., 1996). These projections originate from a dense cluster of VLPO neurons jus ...
... wakefulness, are particularly numerous in the VLPO (Alam et al., 1995; Szymusiak et al., 1998). The sleep-positive neurons in the VLPO innervate the histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) (Sherin et al., 1996). These projections originate from a dense cluster of VLPO neurons jus ...
Response Properties of Neighboring Neurons in the
... activity will get so large that we would no longer be able to discriminate individual action potentials, and we would simply record a gross potential resulting from the summed, synchronized activity of all the cells surrounding the recording site. Therefore, we assume that if we can discriminate act ...
... activity will get so large that we would no longer be able to discriminate individual action potentials, and we would simply record a gross potential resulting from the summed, synchronized activity of all the cells surrounding the recording site. Therefore, we assume that if we can discriminate act ...
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... of these genes is regulated at different stages of neuronal development, it is essential to study a well-characterised population of neurons that is accessible from the earliest stages of its development. For this reason, we studied the mouse embryo trigeminal ganglion, a population of NGFdependent ...
... of these genes is regulated at different stages of neuronal development, it is essential to study a well-characterised population of neurons that is accessible from the earliest stages of its development. For this reason, we studied the mouse embryo trigeminal ganglion, a population of NGFdependent ...
Expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating
... pregnancy and are regulated, in part, by estrogen. These neuropep- tides act as transmitters both in the spinal cord and cervix. The present study was under- taken to determine the expression pattern of the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) in the cervix and its ner ...
... pregnancy and are regulated, in part, by estrogen. These neuropep- tides act as transmitters both in the spinal cord and cervix. The present study was under- taken to determine the expression pattern of the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) in the cervix and its ner ...
Distribution of Agrin mRNAs in the Chick Embryo Nervous System
... motor axon that induces the formation of the postsynaptic apparatus at both the developing and the regenerating neuromuscular junction. Agrin is synthesized in motor neurons, is transported down their axons, and becomes associated with the synaptic basal lamina at the neuromuscular junction (Reist e ...
... motor axon that induces the formation of the postsynaptic apparatus at both the developing and the regenerating neuromuscular junction. Agrin is synthesized in motor neurons, is transported down their axons, and becomes associated with the synaptic basal lamina at the neuromuscular junction (Reist e ...
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Aplysia californica and Molecular
... iGluR are divided into three subtypes; N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), kainate, and α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), based on selective agonists. The latter two subtypes are known as non-NMDA receptors (nonNMDAR). Overall amino acid identity of iGluR subunits across the thre ...
... iGluR are divided into three subtypes; N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), kainate, and α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), based on selective agonists. The latter two subtypes are known as non-NMDA receptors (nonNMDAR). Overall amino acid identity of iGluR subunits across the thre ...
Vol 431 No 7010 pp723-882
... reinforcement learning. These more abstract approaches have now been applied to describe the biological algorithms at play in our brains when we form value judgements and make choices. The application of such quantitative models has opened up new fields, ripe for attack by young synthesizers and the ...
... reinforcement learning. These more abstract approaches have now been applied to describe the biological algorithms at play in our brains when we form value judgements and make choices. The application of such quantitative models has opened up new fields, ripe for attack by young synthesizers and the ...
Background - Harvard University
... Is it the seeing of an apple, its taste on the tongue, the swallowing of a bite of it, the feeling of its going down the throat, or the rise in blood sugar subsequent to its digestion that makes it a reward and has one come back for more? Which of these events constitutes the primary rewarding effec ...
... Is it the seeing of an apple, its taste on the tongue, the swallowing of a bite of it, the feeling of its going down the throat, or the rise in blood sugar subsequent to its digestion that makes it a reward and has one come back for more? Which of these events constitutes the primary rewarding effec ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.