Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials Trigger a Plateau Potential in Rat
... (Nakanishi et al. 1987; Overton and Greenfield 1995). But it is not known whether plateau potentials can be triggered by synaptic potentials. In the present study, we therefore tested whether activation of excitatory synaptic inputs to STN neurons can trigger a plateau potential and if so, how the p ...
... (Nakanishi et al. 1987; Overton and Greenfield 1995). But it is not known whether plateau potentials can be triggered by synaptic potentials. In the present study, we therefore tested whether activation of excitatory synaptic inputs to STN neurons can trigger a plateau potential and if so, how the p ...
Delineation of motoneuron subgroups supplying
... muscles participating in upgaze (SR, IO and LP). The CCN contained LP motoneurons, and nIV those of SO. This study provides a map of the individual subgroups of motoneurons in human nIII for the first time, and suggests that NP may contain upgaze motoneurons. Surprisingly, a strong GABAergic input t ...
... muscles participating in upgaze (SR, IO and LP). The CCN contained LP motoneurons, and nIV those of SO. This study provides a map of the individual subgroups of motoneurons in human nIII for the first time, and suggests that NP may contain upgaze motoneurons. Surprisingly, a strong GABAergic input t ...
the effects of microstimulation and microlesions in the ventral and
... the units on a second electrode (if there was one in a region of interest) to a variety of stimulus variables were recorded. Subsequent to this procedure, if the electrode tip was in the middle of the dorsoventral extent of respiration-modulated units in a given penetration, a small lesion was made ...
... the units on a second electrode (if there was one in a region of interest) to a variety of stimulus variables were recorded. Subsequent to this procedure, if the electrode tip was in the middle of the dorsoventral extent of respiration-modulated units in a given penetration, a small lesion was made ...
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Transection Eliminates
... To objectively quantif y the spatial distribution of FLI neurons within each coronal section, we parceled the traced gNST in each section into six “subfields” based on its dimensions (Fig. 1a). The gNST was first divided into three equal segments by drawing two lines perpendicular to the long axis o ...
... To objectively quantif y the spatial distribution of FLI neurons within each coronal section, we parceled the traced gNST in each section into six “subfields” based on its dimensions (Fig. 1a). The gNST was first divided into three equal segments by drawing two lines perpendicular to the long axis o ...
Dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum form an
... processing capacity) large file sizes of ~20Tb per brain. We applied multiple segmentation algorithms to this data to classify each pixel as “cell” or “non-cell” (Figure 2D; see Materials and Methods). Quality of segmentation was consistent across many regions and imaging depths, including cortex (F ...
... processing capacity) large file sizes of ~20Tb per brain. We applied multiple segmentation algorithms to this data to classify each pixel as “cell” or “non-cell” (Figure 2D; see Materials and Methods). Quality of segmentation was consistent across many regions and imaging depths, including cortex (F ...
The Role of Mirror Neurons in Movement
... performing a similar action. Some premotor (F5) mirror neurons have also been shown to be corticospinal neurons, meaning that spinal targets are also influenced during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the act ...
... performing a similar action. Some premotor (F5) mirror neurons have also been shown to be corticospinal neurons, meaning that spinal targets are also influenced during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the act ...
Genetic Ablation of Orexin Neurons in Mice Results in Narcolepsy
... limb. An infrared video study of progeny derived from three independent transgenic lines confirmed that this behavior occurred with 100% penetrance in orexin/ ataxin-3 mice (n ⫽ 6 for each line). 12-week-old transgenic mice had from 10 to 30 episodes during the 4 hr filming period (group average 20 ...
... limb. An infrared video study of progeny derived from three independent transgenic lines confirmed that this behavior occurred with 100% penetrance in orexin/ ataxin-3 mice (n ⫽ 6 for each line). 12-week-old transgenic mice had from 10 to 30 episodes during the 4 hr filming period (group average 20 ...
University of Groningen Gustatory neural processing in the
... the frequency of occurrence of specific taste cells) remained virtually unchanged between the CT and the NTS neurons . Norgren and Nakamura also showed 114 that taste neurons in behaving animals responded differently from those in anesthetized preparations. In awake animals NTS neurons responded mor ...
... the frequency of occurrence of specific taste cells) remained virtually unchanged between the CT and the NTS neurons . Norgren and Nakamura also showed 114 that taste neurons in behaving animals responded differently from those in anesthetized preparations. In awake animals NTS neurons responded mor ...
Higginbotham H, Eom TY, Mariani LE, Bachleda A, Hirt J, Gukassyan V, Cusack CL, Lai C, Caspary T, Anton ES. Developmental Cell. 2012, Nov 13 23(5):925-38. Arl13b in primary cilia regulates the migration and placement of interneurons in the developing cerebral cortex.
... of cilia function for cortical development and function is evident in various developmental brain disorders, such as Joubert, Meckel-Gruber, Orofaciodigital, and Bardet-Biedl syndromes (commonly referred to as ciliopathies), where disrupted cilia function and the resultant changes in cortical format ...
... of cilia function for cortical development and function is evident in various developmental brain disorders, such as Joubert, Meckel-Gruber, Orofaciodigital, and Bardet-Biedl syndromes (commonly referred to as ciliopathies), where disrupted cilia function and the resultant changes in cortical format ...
Fluctuations in Perceptual Decisions Panagiota Theodoni
... sensory stimulation from the conscious visual perception, and therefore providing a gateway to consciousness. How does the brain work when it deals with such ambiguous sensory stimuli? We addressed this question theoretically by employing a biophysically realistic attractor network, by consistently ...
... sensory stimulation from the conscious visual perception, and therefore providing a gateway to consciousness. How does the brain work when it deals with such ambiguous sensory stimuli? We addressed this question theoretically by employing a biophysically realistic attractor network, by consistently ...
Dopamine in Schizophrenia
... Initially, the focus was on hyperdopaminergia in the mesostriatal DA system [DA projections from the substantia nigra pars compacta, retrorubral area and ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the neostriatum), because the neostriatum has the highest concentration of D2 receptors in the brain, and because ...
... Initially, the focus was on hyperdopaminergia in the mesostriatal DA system [DA projections from the substantia nigra pars compacta, retrorubral area and ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the neostriatum), because the neostriatum has the highest concentration of D2 receptors in the brain, and because ...
Relative Contributions of Specific Activity Histories and
... to represent a major mechanism for modifying the functional properties of neuronal networks. Indeed, overwhelming experimental evidence supports the idea that synaptic properties are affected by the history of their activation. What is less established and often ignored is the "flip side" of synapti ...
... to represent a major mechanism for modifying the functional properties of neuronal networks. Indeed, overwhelming experimental evidence supports the idea that synaptic properties are affected by the history of their activation. What is less established and often ignored is the "flip side" of synapti ...
Maxillary palp glomeruli and ipsilateral projections in the antennal
... (figure 2b). It is therefore necessary to establish the identity of an olfactory glomerulus by verifying the innervation. The schematic illustration provided in figure 3, summarises the projections of the maxillary palp projections. The present study has revealed 7 glomeruli to be targets of maxilla ...
... (figure 2b). It is therefore necessary to establish the identity of an olfactory glomerulus by verifying the innervation. The schematic illustration provided in figure 3, summarises the projections of the maxillary palp projections. The present study has revealed 7 glomeruli to be targets of maxilla ...
Identification of key signaling molecules involved - diss.fu
... nervous system for all homothermic animals to obtain an optimal thermal environment. The thermoregulatory center of homothermic animals is located in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, which not only receives the temperature input from the peripheral thermosensors, but also detects the local bra ...
... nervous system for all homothermic animals to obtain an optimal thermal environment. The thermoregulatory center of homothermic animals is located in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, which not only receives the temperature input from the peripheral thermosensors, but also detects the local bra ...
Document
... Sensory Pathways Posterior Column Pathway Sensory homunculus Functional map of the primary sensory cortex Distortions occur because area of sensory cortex devoted to particular body region is not proportional to region’s size, but to number of sensory receptors it contains ...
... Sensory Pathways Posterior Column Pathway Sensory homunculus Functional map of the primary sensory cortex Distortions occur because area of sensory cortex devoted to particular body region is not proportional to region’s size, but to number of sensory receptors it contains ...
Word doc - Center for Neural Science
... tones in anesthetized rats. Frequency receptive fields derived from excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and LFPs from the same location resembled each other in terms of characteristic frequency (CF) and breadth of tuning, suggesting that LFPs reflect local synaptic (including subthreshold) ac ...
... tones in anesthetized rats. Frequency receptive fields derived from excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and LFPs from the same location resembled each other in terms of characteristic frequency (CF) and breadth of tuning, suggesting that LFPs reflect local synaptic (including subthreshold) ac ...
Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous
... along the axon of a sensory neuron The frequency and pattern of action potentials contain information about the strength, duration, and variation of the stimulus Your perception of the nature of that stimulus depends on the path it takes inside the CNS ...
... along the axon of a sensory neuron The frequency and pattern of action potentials contain information about the strength, duration, and variation of the stimulus Your perception of the nature of that stimulus depends on the path it takes inside the CNS ...
Magel2 Is Required for Leptin-Mediated Depolarization of POMC
... suggestive of hypothalamic deficiency. We demonstrate Magel2-null mice are insensitive to the anorexic effect of peripherally administered leptin. Although their excessive adiposity and hyperleptinemia likely contribute to this physiological leptin resistance, we hypothesized that Magel2 may also ha ...
... suggestive of hypothalamic deficiency. We demonstrate Magel2-null mice are insensitive to the anorexic effect of peripherally administered leptin. Although their excessive adiposity and hyperleptinemia likely contribute to this physiological leptin resistance, we hypothesized that Magel2 may also ha ...
The Switch of Subthalamic Neurons From an Irregular to a Bursting
... antagonist, 5 mM, pH 4), baclofen (GABAB agonist, 50 mM, pH 4), and phaclofen (GABAB antagonist, 50 mM, pH 4). All drugs were purchased from Sigma (L’Isle d’Abeau Chesnes, France), except gabazine (SR- 95531; a gift from Sanofi Research, Montpellier, France), and were dissolved in distilled water. T ...
... antagonist, 5 mM, pH 4), baclofen (GABAB agonist, 50 mM, pH 4), and phaclofen (GABAB antagonist, 50 mM, pH 4). All drugs were purchased from Sigma (L’Isle d’Abeau Chesnes, France), except gabazine (SR- 95531; a gift from Sanofi Research, Montpellier, France), and were dissolved in distilled water. T ...
A transcription factor network controls cell migration
... post fertilization (hpf), resulting in large deficits in all subtypes of pineal cells (Masai et al., 1997); despite the loss of these cells, the parapineal organ can still form in Flh mutants (Snelson et al., 2008a). In contrast, parapineal development is dramatically affected in Tbx2b mutants, whic ...
... post fertilization (hpf), resulting in large deficits in all subtypes of pineal cells (Masai et al., 1997); despite the loss of these cells, the parapineal organ can still form in Flh mutants (Snelson et al., 2008a). In contrast, parapineal development is dramatically affected in Tbx2b mutants, whic ...
Cardiovascular depressor responses to stimulation of substantia
... dopamine; arterial pressure; central cardiovascular pathways ...
... dopamine; arterial pressure; central cardiovascular pathways ...
Review Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward
... A crucial feature of dopamine responses is their dependency on event unpredictability. The activations following rewards do not occur when food or liquid rewards are preceded by phasic stimuli that have been conditioned to predict such rewards (Romo and Schultz, 1990; Ljungberg et al., 1992; Mirenow ...
... A crucial feature of dopamine responses is their dependency on event unpredictability. The activations following rewards do not occur when food or liquid rewards are preceded by phasic stimuli that have been conditioned to predict such rewards (Romo and Schultz, 1990; Ljungberg et al., 1992; Mirenow ...
Rearrangement of microtubule polarity orientation during conversion
... mid-region (Figs. 4E and 4G; Table 1). These observations suggest that the change in microtubule polarity orientation propagated proximally between *11 and 72 h of culture. To exclude the possibility that our culture conditions were not sufficient for dendrites to maintain nonuniform polarity orienta ...
... mid-region (Figs. 4E and 4G; Table 1). These observations suggest that the change in microtubule polarity orientation propagated proximally between *11 and 72 h of culture. To exclude the possibility that our culture conditions were not sufficient for dendrites to maintain nonuniform polarity orienta ...
A Neural Theory of Visual Attention
... object. Because more processing resources are devoted to behaviorally important objects than to less important ones, the important objects are more likely to become encoded into visual short-term memory (VSTM). The VSTM system is conceived as a (Kwinners-take-all) feedback mechanism that sustains ac ...
... object. Because more processing resources are devoted to behaviorally important objects than to less important ones, the important objects are more likely to become encoded into visual short-term memory (VSTM). The VSTM system is conceived as a (Kwinners-take-all) feedback mechanism that sustains ac ...
Control of breathing by interacting pontine and
... 1990, for review). The NTS is the major integrative site of these afferent inputs. The present study focuses on the mechanoreceptor feedback mediated by pulmonary stretch receptors (PSRs). These mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical deformations of the lungs, trachea, and bronchi, and produce a bur ...
... 1990, for review). The NTS is the major integrative site of these afferent inputs. The present study focuses on the mechanoreceptor feedback mediated by pulmonary stretch receptors (PSRs). These mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical deformations of the lungs, trachea, and bronchi, and produce a bur ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.