Comparison of Primate Prefrontal and Inferior Temporal
... Previous studies have suggested that both the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and inferior temporal cortex (ITC) are involved in high-level visual processing and categorization, but their respective roles are not known. To address this, we trained monkeys to categorize a continuous set of visual stimuli int ...
... Previous studies have suggested that both the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and inferior temporal cortex (ITC) are involved in high-level visual processing and categorization, but their respective roles are not known. To address this, we trained monkeys to categorize a continuous set of visual stimuli int ...
Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the control
... neurons (Georges and Aston-Jones, 2002). However, these data do not allow to conclude formally that the BST contains glutamatergic neurons. But, two converging lines of evidences support the existence of a distinct population of glutamatergic neurons in the anterolateral BST: 1) Using radioactive (F ...
... neurons (Georges and Aston-Jones, 2002). However, these data do not allow to conclude formally that the BST contains glutamatergic neurons. But, two converging lines of evidences support the existence of a distinct population of glutamatergic neurons in the anterolateral BST: 1) Using radioactive (F ...
Medial Prefrontal Cortices Are Unified by Common Connections With Superior
... lar (Barbas and Pandya, 1989; Morecraft et al., 1992). The above characteristics apply to posterior medial areas, which collectively make up the limbic component of the medial prefrontal region (Barbas and Pandya, 1989). There are several additional cortices situated anteriorly within the medial pre ...
... lar (Barbas and Pandya, 1989; Morecraft et al., 1992). The above characteristics apply to posterior medial areas, which collectively make up the limbic component of the medial prefrontal region (Barbas and Pandya, 1989). There are several additional cortices situated anteriorly within the medial pre ...
Okamoto Devel Neurbiol Review
... tion of neural circuits regulating monoaminergic systems. Fish and amphibian habenulae can be subdivided into dHb and vHb based on differences in cytoarchitecture (Braford and Northcutt, 1983; Kemali and Làzàr, 1985). The zebrafish dHb projects to the IPN (Aizawa et al., 2005; Gamse et al., 2005) a ...
... tion of neural circuits regulating monoaminergic systems. Fish and amphibian habenulae can be subdivided into dHb and vHb based on differences in cytoarchitecture (Braford and Northcutt, 1983; Kemali and Làzàr, 1985). The zebrafish dHb projects to the IPN (Aizawa et al., 2005; Gamse et al., 2005) a ...
Chemosensory Convergence on Primary Olfactory Cortex
... These complex odor stimuli were selected to maximize the likelihood of driving pPC responses (Davison and Ehlers, 2011). Odor con- Figure 1. Anatomical localization of recording sites. A, Nissl-stained brain slice revealing lesions (arrowheads) in pPC, created centration, as well as timing of odor d ...
... These complex odor stimuli were selected to maximize the likelihood of driving pPC responses (Davison and Ehlers, 2011). Odor con- Figure 1. Anatomical localization of recording sites. A, Nissl-stained brain slice revealing lesions (arrowheads) in pPC, created centration, as well as timing of odor d ...
High-frequency stimulation in Parkinson`s disease: more
... latency (w1 ms) action potentials evoked by direct stimulation of nearby cell bodies or axons. This problem is exemplified by results following intranuclear LFS. LFS is commonly used to evoke EPSPs and spikes in intracellular recordings in vitro. These evoked spikes have not been observed in extrace ...
... latency (w1 ms) action potentials evoked by direct stimulation of nearby cell bodies or axons. This problem is exemplified by results following intranuclear LFS. LFS is commonly used to evoke EPSPs and spikes in intracellular recordings in vitro. These evoked spikes have not been observed in extrace ...
Electrophysiological and Pharmacological Evidence for the Role of
... mediated in part by NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors (Uchimura et al., 1989; Pennartz et al., 1991). These excitatory responses are modulated by catecholamines, as indicated by the effects of stimulation of VTA or locus coeruleus, the major source of dopaminergic and noradrenergic inputs, respe ...
... mediated in part by NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors (Uchimura et al., 1989; Pennartz et al., 1991). These excitatory responses are modulated by catecholamines, as indicated by the effects of stimulation of VTA or locus coeruleus, the major source of dopaminergic and noradrenergic inputs, respe ...
Reference frames for representing the location of visual and tactile
... displacement as a function of eye displacement was measured by crosscorrelating pairs of RF maps obtained for different eye positions, and was quantified by a displacement index (see Methods). A displacement index of 1.0 corresponds to a one-to-one relationship between the amplitude of the RF and ey ...
... displacement as a function of eye displacement was measured by crosscorrelating pairs of RF maps obtained for different eye positions, and was quantified by a displacement index (see Methods). A displacement index of 1.0 corresponds to a one-to-one relationship between the amplitude of the RF and ey ...
Wasp Voodoo Rituals, Venom-Cocktails, and the Zombification of Cockroach Hosts SYMPOSIUM Frederic Libersat
... venom is likely to cause this grooming, as injecting a dopamine-receptor antagonist into the cockroach hemolymph prior to a wasp’s sting greatly reduced the venom-induced, excessive grooming. Conversely, injecting a dopamine-receptor agonist into the brain induces excessive grooming in normal cockro ...
... venom is likely to cause this grooming, as injecting a dopamine-receptor antagonist into the cockroach hemolymph prior to a wasp’s sting greatly reduced the venom-induced, excessive grooming. Conversely, injecting a dopamine-receptor agonist into the brain induces excessive grooming in normal cockro ...
Motor Resonance Meets Motor Performance - Unitn
... 6), the cortical portion comprised behind the arcuate sulcus and below the spur (Figure 1). The authors employed a naturalistic experimental paradigm in which the activity of single neurons was recorded during the occurrence of spontaneous movements performed by the animals. In this way they define ...
... 6), the cortical portion comprised behind the arcuate sulcus and below the spur (Figure 1). The authors employed a naturalistic experimental paradigm in which the activity of single neurons was recorded during the occurrence of spontaneous movements performed by the animals. In this way they define ...
2011-Morrison and Nakamura_review
... increasingly activated by repeated heating (14,17) and intriguingly, shows different sensitivity to the direction of temperature change, resulting in an hysteresis across thermal activation-deactivation cycles (17) that is similar to the thermosensitive responses exhibited by primary warm afferent f ...
... increasingly activated by repeated heating (14,17) and intriguingly, shows different sensitivity to the direction of temperature change, resulting in an hysteresis across thermal activation-deactivation cycles (17) that is similar to the thermosensitive responses exhibited by primary warm afferent f ...
The Motor System
... Lesion of the left corticospinal tract above the level of the brainstem. Lesion of the left corticospinal tract, prior to the decussation (corticobulbar tract): removed cortical input to cranial nerves serving the face which are crossed (hypotonia and drooping of right face with drooling). Lesion of ...
... Lesion of the left corticospinal tract above the level of the brainstem. Lesion of the left corticospinal tract, prior to the decussation (corticobulbar tract): removed cortical input to cranial nerves serving the face which are crossed (hypotonia and drooping of right face with drooling). Lesion of ...
Document
... If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________. a. resting potential b. action potential Incorrect: An action potential refers to a s ...
... If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________. a. resting potential b. action potential Incorrect: An action potential refers to a s ...
Three-dimensional organization of dendrites and local axon
... adjacent sections. After all the dendritic segments had been drawn, each drawing was adjusted in such a way that it was aligned correctly with its neighbors, and the cut ends of the dendrites drawn were connected to make the reconstruction complete. Similar procedures were used to reconstruct the en ...
... adjacent sections. After all the dendritic segments had been drawn, each drawing was adjusted in such a way that it was aligned correctly with its neighbors, and the cut ends of the dendrites drawn were connected to make the reconstruction complete. Similar procedures were used to reconstruct the en ...
Reverse pharmacology of orexin
... the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and monoaminergic neurons in the brain stem to maintain arousal. In addition, orexin neurons also appear to act on LDT/PPT cholinergic neurons, because orexin neurons project directly to the PPT/ LDT nuclei and direct injection of orexin-A into the LDT of cats ...
... the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and monoaminergic neurons in the brain stem to maintain arousal. In addition, orexin neurons also appear to act on LDT/PPT cholinergic neurons, because orexin neurons project directly to the PPT/ LDT nuclei and direct injection of orexin-A into the LDT of cats ...
CHAPTER 2
... As was just described, the striated muscles derived from dermomyotomes constitute the somatic motor structures of the body. The neurons that innervate them are called somatic motor neurons, and they send their axons out the ventral roots of spinal nerves. The visceral motor tissues of the body - smo ...
... As was just described, the striated muscles derived from dermomyotomes constitute the somatic motor structures of the body. The neurons that innervate them are called somatic motor neurons, and they send their axons out the ventral roots of spinal nerves. The visceral motor tissues of the body - smo ...
Neural Mapping of Direction and Frequency in
... Each wind-sensitive sensory neuron in the cercal system innervates a single filiform mechanoreceptive hair. The biomechanical properties of the mechanoreceptor determine how it moves in response to air currents and, in turn, determines the firing pattern of the sensory neuron. The mechanoreceptor ha ...
... Each wind-sensitive sensory neuron in the cercal system innervates a single filiform mechanoreceptive hair. The biomechanical properties of the mechanoreceptor determine how it moves in response to air currents and, in turn, determines the firing pattern of the sensory neuron. The mechanoreceptor ha ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
... Neurons that utilize the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) appear to play an important role in generating many of the receptive field properties that distinguish neurons in the striate cortex from those in the lateral geniculate nucleus. When the inhibitory effects of GABA are blocked by t ...
... Neurons that utilize the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) appear to play an important role in generating many of the receptive field properties that distinguish neurons in the striate cortex from those in the lateral geniculate nucleus. When the inhibitory effects of GABA are blocked by t ...
The dorsal raphe nucleus—From silver stainings to a role in
... In their studies on the rat DRN, Dahlström and Fuxe used formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF), which had been developed by Falck et al. (1962) for visualization of monoamines. The FIF-technique soon became the most popular tool for visualizing serotonergic neurons in the DRN and elsewhere. A majo ...
... In their studies on the rat DRN, Dahlström and Fuxe used formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF), which had been developed by Falck et al. (1962) for visualization of monoamines. The FIF-technique soon became the most popular tool for visualizing serotonergic neurons in the DRN and elsewhere. A majo ...
ORGANIZATION OF NEUROPIL
... cell bodies into the neuropil, from the neuropil to the origin of peripheral nerves, and from neuropil to neuropil as connectives or commissures. The fibers of the tracts are either axons or extended, unbranched portions of the dendritic arborizations. 4) The fourth and final division is the central ...
... cell bodies into the neuropil, from the neuropil to the origin of peripheral nerves, and from neuropil to neuropil as connectives or commissures. The fibers of the tracts are either axons or extended, unbranched portions of the dendritic arborizations. 4) The fourth and final division is the central ...
PDF
... The first injections were given to 6-day embryos; one or two injections were given on subsequent days. After 1-4 days of treatment, three ganglia from the thoracic region with attached spinal cord were dissected from each embryo, fixed in formol-saline and prepared for histological examination. In a ...
... The first injections were given to 6-day embryos; one or two injections were given on subsequent days. After 1-4 days of treatment, three ganglia from the thoracic region with attached spinal cord were dissected from each embryo, fixed in formol-saline and prepared for histological examination. In a ...
Can mechanistic explanation be reconciled with
... research is extremely valuable in revealing components that account for the phenomenon of interest to a first approximation. Once an account that sufficiently approximates the phenomenon is developed, then expanding the time-window can allow for incorporation of more effects, leading to improved app ...
... research is extremely valuable in revealing components that account for the phenomenon of interest to a first approximation. Once an account that sufficiently approximates the phenomenon is developed, then expanding the time-window can allow for incorporation of more effects, leading to improved app ...
Multiple hypothalamic circuits sense and regulate glucose levels
... 109). Interestingly, recent studies also suggest that underactivity and overactivity of the orexin/hypocretin system could be linked to depression and anxiety, respectively (16, 17, 47, 98). Whole animal studies looking at genetic markers of neuronal activation and orexin/hypocretin mRNA expression ...
... 109). Interestingly, recent studies also suggest that underactivity and overactivity of the orexin/hypocretin system could be linked to depression and anxiety, respectively (16, 17, 47, 98). Whole animal studies looking at genetic markers of neuronal activation and orexin/hypocretin mRNA expression ...
Applying Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation to the Study of Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity in Neural Networks
... physiologically accurate than the similar, but more complex, Hodgkin Huxley model, the FN model’s simplicity to implement and accurate mimicking of general neural spiking behavior make it an ideal first choice for the purposes of generating a neural micro-network. The specific FN model used here was ...
... physiologically accurate than the similar, but more complex, Hodgkin Huxley model, the FN model’s simplicity to implement and accurate mimicking of general neural spiking behavior make it an ideal first choice for the purposes of generating a neural micro-network. The specific FN model used here was ...
stimulus conditions area MT of the macaque monkey under matched
... Recording), inserted at an angle of 20 deg from horizontal and positioned roughly 16 mm lateral to the midline and 8 mm posterior to the lunate sulcus. V1 and MT recordings were performed in separate animals. Neuronal responses that exceeded a user-defined voltage threshold were digitized at 30 or 4 ...
... Recording), inserted at an angle of 20 deg from horizontal and positioned roughly 16 mm lateral to the midline and 8 mm posterior to the lunate sulcus. V1 and MT recordings were performed in separate animals. Neuronal responses that exceeded a user-defined voltage threshold were digitized at 30 or 4 ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.