Patterns of GABAergic Immunoreactivity Define Subdivisions of the
... auditory thalamic neurons are immunopositive; 3) the density of immunoreactive puncta is independent of the number of GABAergic neurons in the thalamic divisions, with the ventral division having the largest number/unit area, the medial division about 75% of this value, and the dorsal division only ...
... auditory thalamic neurons are immunopositive; 3) the density of immunoreactive puncta is independent of the number of GABAergic neurons in the thalamic divisions, with the ventral division having the largest number/unit area, the medial division about 75% of this value, and the dorsal division only ...
Glial cells modulate the synaptic transmission of NTS neurons
... There is evidence that sympathoexcitatory and respiratory responses to chemoreflex activation involve ventrolateral medulla-projecting nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons (NTS-VLM neurons) and also that ATP modulates this neurotransmission. Here, we evaluated whether or not astrocytes is the so ...
... There is evidence that sympathoexcitatory and respiratory responses to chemoreflex activation involve ventrolateral medulla-projecting nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons (NTS-VLM neurons) and also that ATP modulates this neurotransmission. Here, we evaluated whether or not astrocytes is the so ...
Response Differences in Monkey TE and Perirhinal Cortex: Stimulus
... patterns used in the DMS trials and the visual cues. Some response properties such as DMS pattern-related stimulus selectivity were similar. However, TE and perirhinal neurons also show strikingly different response properties. The latency distribution of perirhinal responses is centered 66 ms later ...
... patterns used in the DMS trials and the visual cues. Some response properties such as DMS pattern-related stimulus selectivity were similar. However, TE and perirhinal neurons also show strikingly different response properties. The latency distribution of perirhinal responses is centered 66 ms later ...
JERZY KONORSKI`S THEORY OF CONDITIONED
... Thus, 25 years after Pavlov's dislcovery of conditioned reflexes, iniolw called classical, another type of conditioned reflex, now called instrumental, was disoolvered in Warsaw. In their writtings Konorski and Miller named them "Type I1 Conditioned Reflexes", as distinguished from Type I Conditione ...
... Thus, 25 years after Pavlov's dislcovery of conditioned reflexes, iniolw called classical, another type of conditioned reflex, now called instrumental, was disoolvered in Warsaw. In their writtings Konorski and Miller named them "Type I1 Conditioned Reflexes", as distinguished from Type I Conditione ...
PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX NEURONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO
... When the global drifting directions were shifted up to 40° away from the preferred direction, their responses gradually decreased although the movements of the bar segment within the CRF were identical for different global directions (ANOVA, P⬍0.05; black curve with solid circle symbols in Fig. 2A a ...
... When the global drifting directions were shifted up to 40° away from the preferred direction, their responses gradually decreased although the movements of the bar segment within the CRF were identical for different global directions (ANOVA, P⬍0.05; black curve with solid circle symbols in Fig. 2A a ...
Information Processing at the Calyx of Held Under Natural Conditions
... Furthermore, calyx of Held synapses are chronically active emphin vivo due to spontaneous activity in the auditory brainstem. Here we test synaptic responses to complex stimulation protocols mimicking periods of low and high activity, as well as protocols derived from natural sound clips. Additional ...
... Furthermore, calyx of Held synapses are chronically active emphin vivo due to spontaneous activity in the auditory brainstem. Here we test synaptic responses to complex stimulation protocols mimicking periods of low and high activity, as well as protocols derived from natural sound clips. Additional ...
Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy With Spontaneous
... A and served as a look-up section (section B). Neurons were counted as those with nuclear profiles that were visible in section A but not in section B. Neurons were differentiated from satellite and Schwann cells based on size and the presence of Nissl substance. The next pair of sections were proce ...
... A and served as a look-up section (section B). Neurons were counted as those with nuclear profiles that were visible in section A but not in section B. Neurons were differentiated from satellite and Schwann cells based on size and the presence of Nissl substance. The next pair of sections were proce ...
Homologous Neurons and their Locomotor Functions in Nudibranch
... might underlie the evolution of species-specific behaviors. Serotonin (5-HT) immunohistochemistry in eleven nudibranch species indicated that certain groups of 5-HT-immunoreactive neurons, such as the Cerebral Serotonergic Posterior (CeSP) cluster, are present in all species. However, the locations ...
... might underlie the evolution of species-specific behaviors. Serotonin (5-HT) immunohistochemistry in eleven nudibranch species indicated that certain groups of 5-HT-immunoreactive neurons, such as the Cerebral Serotonergic Posterior (CeSP) cluster, are present in all species. However, the locations ...
Trigeminal, Gustatory, and Visceral Sensory Systems
... 1. Spinal trigeminal nucleus. Small diameter afferent fibers, which mediate pain and temperature senses, enter the pons and descend in the spinal trigeminal tract. (Where are the cell bodies of the primary afferent fibers located?) These afferents synapse on second-order neurons in the spinal trigem ...
... 1. Spinal trigeminal nucleus. Small diameter afferent fibers, which mediate pain and temperature senses, enter the pons and descend in the spinal trigeminal tract. (Where are the cell bodies of the primary afferent fibers located?) These afferents synapse on second-order neurons in the spinal trigem ...
The Diversity of Cortical Interneurons
... morphological, physiological and molecular characteristics, even though they are a minor population (~20%) in the cortex. Although interneurons are a heterogeneous group of neuronal cells, they often have common features that distinguish them from excitatory pyramidal neurons. These include aspiny d ...
... morphological, physiological and molecular characteristics, even though they are a minor population (~20%) in the cortex. Although interneurons are a heterogeneous group of neuronal cells, they often have common features that distinguish them from excitatory pyramidal neurons. These include aspiny d ...
Pyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration
... suggesting that spines and synapses might respond dynamically to changes in circulating hormones. b | A dendrite that has been labelled for microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2; red) and actin (green). MAP2 is concentrated in the dendritic shafts. Actin filaments in the spine head mediate spine mo ...
... suggesting that spines and synapses might respond dynamically to changes in circulating hormones. b | A dendrite that has been labelled for microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2; red) and actin (green). MAP2 is concentrated in the dendritic shafts. Actin filaments in the spine head mediate spine mo ...
THE PEDUNCULOPONTINE NUCLEUS: Towards a Functional
... varies according to the frequency of stimulation (from no response to a prolonged response), even when the duration of the stimulus remained constant (Garcia-Rill et al., 2001). These variable responses may relate to variations in the co-release of neurotransmitters from PPN terminals. In addition t ...
... varies according to the frequency of stimulation (from no response to a prolonged response), even when the duration of the stimulus remained constant (Garcia-Rill et al., 2001). These variable responses may relate to variations in the co-release of neurotransmitters from PPN terminals. In addition t ...
Neuronal innervation of the exocrine defence glands in stick insects
... They increase the potential for survival and thus contribute to the individual fitness of an organism. Two modes of defence are commonly distinguished: primary defence mechanisms (avoiding detection or contact, e. g. by crypsis) and secondary defence mechanisms (defence elicited only after detection ...
... They increase the potential for survival and thus contribute to the individual fitness of an organism. Two modes of defence are commonly distinguished: primary defence mechanisms (avoiding detection or contact, e. g. by crypsis) and secondary defence mechanisms (defence elicited only after detection ...
Behavioural Brain Research Learning processing in the basal ganglia
... innervations dispersed within a vast area of the striatum, similar to the matrisomes. The same pattern of multiple focal cortical projections with widespread terminal fields in the striatum have also been reported by other investigators [22,72]. In addition to these patchy corticostriatal projections ...
... innervations dispersed within a vast area of the striatum, similar to the matrisomes. The same pattern of multiple focal cortical projections with widespread terminal fields in the striatum have also been reported by other investigators [22,72]. In addition to these patchy corticostriatal projections ...
UNC-119 suppresses axon branching
... stable but the molecular mechanisms that are required for stabilization are unknown. We characterized the gene unc-119 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and demonstrate that it is required to stabilize the differentiated structure of the nervous system. In unc-119 mutants, motor neuron commissu ...
... stable but the molecular mechanisms that are required for stabilization are unknown. We characterized the gene unc-119 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and demonstrate that it is required to stabilize the differentiated structure of the nervous system. In unc-119 mutants, motor neuron commissu ...
Distinct roles of transcription factors EGL-46 and DAF
... al., 2001), and osm-6 has been shown to be regulated by a RFX transcription factor DAF-19, which plays a critical role in general sensory cilium differentiation (Swoboda et al., 2000; Haycraft et al., 2001). We report the isolation of an allele of egl-46, a putative zincfinger transcription factor, ...
... al., 2001), and osm-6 has been shown to be regulated by a RFX transcription factor DAF-19, which plays a critical role in general sensory cilium differentiation (Swoboda et al., 2000; Haycraft et al., 2001). We report the isolation of an allele of egl-46, a putative zincfinger transcription factor, ...
3-Morpholinylsydnonimine Inhibits Glutamatergic Transmission in
... their amplitude of distribution. Pretreatment with N-type Ca2⫹channel blocker -conotoxin GVIA selectively blocked SIN-1– induced inhibition of EPSCs. These results suggest that a higher dose of SIN-1 acts presynaptically to elicit a synaptic depression on the RVLM neurons through an inhibition of p ...
... their amplitude of distribution. Pretreatment with N-type Ca2⫹channel blocker -conotoxin GVIA selectively blocked SIN-1– induced inhibition of EPSCs. These results suggest that a higher dose of SIN-1 acts presynaptically to elicit a synaptic depression on the RVLM neurons through an inhibition of p ...
Critical Time Window of Neuronal Cholesterol Synthesis during
... Conditional SQS/CaMKII-cre mutants were born at the expected mendelian ratio, were viable and fertile, and had a normal life span. Mutants could not be distinguished from littermate controls by physical examination and lacked neurological defects such as clasping, tremor, or convulsions. Nevertheles ...
... Conditional SQS/CaMKII-cre mutants were born at the expected mendelian ratio, were viable and fertile, and had a normal life span. Mutants could not be distinguished from littermate controls by physical examination and lacked neurological defects such as clasping, tremor, or convulsions. Nevertheles ...
Kv2 Channels Form Delayed-Rectifier Potassium Channels In Situ
... immature and mature times did not vary (40 and 36%, respectively), the inferred proportions of Kv2 channels are similar. The mutant subunit may have produced this effect by decreasing either the number of functional channels, the single-channel conductance, or Popen. These results suggest that funct ...
... immature and mature times did not vary (40 and 36%, respectively), the inferred proportions of Kv2 channels are similar. The mutant subunit may have produced this effect by decreasing either the number of functional channels, the single-channel conductance, or Popen. These results suggest that funct ...
Rhythms for Cognition: Communication through
... Imagine a model of the human brain that is both, complete to the point of producing behavior that is indistinguishable from human behavior, and detailed to the point of atomistic resolution. This hypothetical model would be an invaluable tool in place of imperfect experimental recordings from living ...
... Imagine a model of the human brain that is both, complete to the point of producing behavior that is indistinguishable from human behavior, and detailed to the point of atomistic resolution. This hypothetical model would be an invaluable tool in place of imperfect experimental recordings from living ...
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... al. (26) have demonstrated that complete lesioning of the globus pallidus causes a slight increase in the firing rate of subthalamic neurons, which is far less pronounced than the increase observed in animals with nigrostriatal damage. These data suggest that an additional, if not alternative, expla ...
... al. (26) have demonstrated that complete lesioning of the globus pallidus causes a slight increase in the firing rate of subthalamic neurons, which is far less pronounced than the increase observed in animals with nigrostriatal damage. These data suggest that an additional, if not alternative, expla ...
Co-activation of VTA DA and GABA neurons mediates nicotine
... 0.127 mm; Figure 4a) is inserted into the VTA and held in a fixed position by means of a small connector. The tip of the injection cannula projects beyond the guide cannula by 1.5 mm (Figure 4a). It is connected by flexible polyethylene tubing to the microinjection system, which houses a 5-ml Hamilton ...
... 0.127 mm; Figure 4a) is inserted into the VTA and held in a fixed position by means of a small connector. The tip of the injection cannula projects beyond the guide cannula by 1.5 mm (Figure 4a). It is connected by flexible polyethylene tubing to the microinjection system, which houses a 5-ml Hamilton ...
Principles of Neural Science - Weizmann Institute of Science
... computed error immediately produces a compensatory change in output. Because the system forms a closed loop, the output of the feedback system itself can be altered by changing the reference signal. For example, in automatic regulation of room temperature a gauge monitors the ambient temperature and ...
... computed error immediately produces a compensatory change in output. Because the system forms a closed loop, the output of the feedback system itself can be altered by changing the reference signal. For example, in automatic regulation of room temperature a gauge monitors the ambient temperature and ...
Contextual Modulation of Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Neurons
... performing a movement. To begin to test the hypothesis that, like the caudate and the SNc, the SNr carries contextually modulated signals associated with the reward that an animal can expect to realize for producing a movement, we examined the responses of nigral neurons during saccades made in thre ...
... performing a movement. To begin to test the hypothesis that, like the caudate and the SNc, the SNr carries contextually modulated signals associated with the reward that an animal can expect to realize for producing a movement, we examined the responses of nigral neurons during saccades made in thre ...
Modulation of premotor circuits controlling locomotor activity by
... effortless to the point that many movements are almost executed unconsciously. Indeed, the generation of sophisticated motor behaviors relies on the complex interplay between supraspinal brain structures and circuits in the spinal cord. Understanding how the central nervous system generates a large ...
... effortless to the point that many movements are almost executed unconsciously. Indeed, the generation of sophisticated motor behaviors relies on the complex interplay between supraspinal brain structures and circuits in the spinal cord. Understanding how the central nervous system generates a large ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.