studies on the development and organisation of the nervous system
... The building of a nervous system during development can be divided into three phases: the generation of the correct cells in the correct places, the outgrowth of nerve processes, and the formation of synapses. All of these phases show a high degree of specificity, which means that a large amount of ...
... The building of a nervous system during development can be divided into three phases: the generation of the correct cells in the correct places, the outgrowth of nerve processes, and the formation of synapses. All of these phases show a high degree of specificity, which means that a large amount of ...
Downloadable Full Text - DSpace@MIT
... (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which play important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviors and neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. Although DA neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction error (i.e. the difference between expected and actual rewards) these cells also can signal ...
... (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which play important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviors and neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. Although DA neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction error (i.e. the difference between expected and actual rewards) these cells also can signal ...
Tsutsui (2004) Neural mechanisms of three
... eye corresponds to a white dot in the right eye. The acRDS normally does not cause any depth perception. It was found that V1 neurons are sensitive to the acRDS and show inverted disparity tuning (Cumming and Parker, 1997), suggesting that these neurons are involved in low-level disparity detection ...
... eye corresponds to a white dot in the right eye. The acRDS normally does not cause any depth perception. It was found that V1 neurons are sensitive to the acRDS and show inverted disparity tuning (Cumming and Parker, 1997), suggesting that these neurons are involved in low-level disparity detection ...
Propagation of cortical synfire activity: survival probability in single
... If all neurons in the ®rst group are activated synchronously, they will cause the neurons of the second group to ®re synchronously and so on. Thus, each activated group will pass a spike volley on to the next group. This process will continue, until either the chain comes to an end, or other (e.g. i ...
... If all neurons in the ®rst group are activated synchronously, they will cause the neurons of the second group to ®re synchronously and so on. Thus, each activated group will pass a spike volley on to the next group. This process will continue, until either the chain comes to an end, or other (e.g. i ...
An Analysis of Free-Will - ScholarWorks at WMU
... which were subject to causal laws and nothing else. So begins what is likely the most challenging aspect of the debate on free-will: reconciliation with determinism. The form of the debate between free-will and determinism is typically contingent upon two things: the precise definition of free-will ...
... which were subject to causal laws and nothing else. So begins what is likely the most challenging aspect of the debate on free-will: reconciliation with determinism. The form of the debate between free-will and determinism is typically contingent upon two things: the precise definition of free-will ...
Saccade Target Selection in the Superior - Smith
... McPeek, Robert M., and Edward L. Keller. Saccade target selection in the superior colliculus during a visual search task. J Neurophysiol 88: 2019 –2034, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00181.2002. Because realworld scenes typically contain many different potential objects of interest, selecting one goal from many ...
... McPeek, Robert M., and Edward L. Keller. Saccade target selection in the superior colliculus during a visual search task. J Neurophysiol 88: 2019 –2034, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00181.2002. Because realworld scenes typically contain many different potential objects of interest, selecting one goal from many ...
cortical input to the basal forebrain
... *Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, U.S.A. †Department of Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ‡University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, U.S.A. §Department of Basic Health Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee ...
... *Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, U.S.A. †Department of Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ‡University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, U.S.A. §Department of Basic Health Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee ...
Spontaneous persistent activity in entorhinal cortex modulates
... Taken together, their results suggest a region-specific pattern of cortico-hippocampal interactions, whereby MECIII neurons produce a partial decoupling of the CA1 activity from neocortical UDS via their markedly delayed Down transitions and persistent Up states. Notably, the authors found that the ...
... Taken together, their results suggest a region-specific pattern of cortico-hippocampal interactions, whereby MECIII neurons produce a partial decoupling of the CA1 activity from neocortical UDS via their markedly delayed Down transitions and persistent Up states. Notably, the authors found that the ...
The Structure and Plasticity of the Proximal Axon of Hippocampal
... Dendrites are one of two types of neuronal processes which emerge from the soma. Dendrites receive chemical signals from other neurons through neurotransmitter receptors. In response to afferent information, they integrate the synaptic inputs and generate electrical signals. As far as morphology is ...
... Dendrites are one of two types of neuronal processes which emerge from the soma. Dendrites receive chemical signals from other neurons through neurotransmitter receptors. In response to afferent information, they integrate the synaptic inputs and generate electrical signals. As far as morphology is ...
13-1 CHAPTER 13 SYNAPSES The nervous system consists of
... often an accumulation of some electrondense (appears dark in electron micrographs) material near the thickened membrane. On the presynaptic side, there is normally an accumulation of mitochondria in the bouton and, in electron micrographs, a large number of spherical or irregularly shaped structure ...
... often an accumulation of some electrondense (appears dark in electron micrographs) material near the thickened membrane. On the presynaptic side, there is normally an accumulation of mitochondria in the bouton and, in electron micrographs, a large number of spherical or irregularly shaped structure ...
Pansynaptic Enlargement at Adult Cortical
... enables the effects of either experience-dependent plasticity or perceptual learning (Guic-Robles et al. 1989; Harris et al. 1999) on the structure–function relationship at synapses to be studied in SI after altering whisker sensory input. Trimming a subset of the whiskers of mature rats for weeks r ...
... enables the effects of either experience-dependent plasticity or perceptual learning (Guic-Robles et al. 1989; Harris et al. 1999) on the structure–function relationship at synapses to be studied in SI after altering whisker sensory input. Trimming a subset of the whiskers of mature rats for weeks r ...
Functional territories in primate substantia nigra pars reticulata
... Identification of CD-SNr and SNr-SC connections. To test if an SNr neuron receives the direct input from CD, we electrically stimulated CD(T) and CD(H) on the same side. We adjusted the positions of the CD electrodes, first by recording neuronal activity through them until neurons responding to visu ...
... Identification of CD-SNr and SNr-SC connections. To test if an SNr neuron receives the direct input from CD, we electrically stimulated CD(T) and CD(H) on the same side. We adjusted the positions of the CD electrodes, first by recording neuronal activity through them until neurons responding to visu ...
The Prefrontal Cortex and Flexible Behavior
... There is a great deal of information on the responses of neurons to a stimulus or during specific phases of a behavioral task (Funahashi and Kubota 1994; Fuster 1989; Goldman-Rakic 1988). But choosing the right stimuli for a task is not enough, as it appears to be necessary to actively suppress irre ...
... There is a great deal of information on the responses of neurons to a stimulus or during specific phases of a behavioral task (Funahashi and Kubota 1994; Fuster 1989; Goldman-Rakic 1988). But choosing the right stimuli for a task is not enough, as it appears to be necessary to actively suppress irre ...
Alexander et al., 2009
... neuron populations of interest and achieving Cre-dependent DREADD expression (Ferguson et al., 2011). Selective expression can be achieved using Cre-driven transgenic or knock-in animal lines, or through the administration of a second virus-driving expression of Cre-recombinase. This Cre-recombinati ...
... neuron populations of interest and achieving Cre-dependent DREADD expression (Ferguson et al., 2011). Selective expression can be achieved using Cre-driven transgenic or knock-in animal lines, or through the administration of a second virus-driving expression of Cre-recombinase. This Cre-recombinati ...
Saccade-Related Spread of Activity Across Superior Colliculus May
... error of the ongoing saccade. However, it is still possible that the SC receives input signals that are saccade related, but are not used to compute saccadic error. For example, the end of the SC burst is tightly correlated with the end of the saccade (Waitzman et al. 1991) and interruption of a sac ...
... error of the ongoing saccade. However, it is still possible that the SC receives input signals that are saccade related, but are not used to compute saccadic error. For example, the end of the SC burst is tightly correlated with the end of the saccade (Waitzman et al. 1991) and interruption of a sac ...
Saccade-Related Spread of Activity Across
... error of the ongoing saccade. However, it is still possible that the SC receives input signals that are saccade related, but are not used to compute saccadic error. For example, the end of the SC burst is tightly correlated with the end of the saccade (Waitzman et al. 1991) and interruption of a sac ...
... error of the ongoing saccade. However, it is still possible that the SC receives input signals that are saccade related, but are not used to compute saccadic error. For example, the end of the SC burst is tightly correlated with the end of the saccade (Waitzman et al. 1991) and interruption of a sac ...
Dopamine-Independent Locomotion Following Blockade of N
... cortex. Also consistent with a lack of dopamine involvement, repeated administration of NMDA antagonist into the ventral tegmental area did not produce behavioral sensitization. These data identify a mechanism to elicit a motor stimulant response from the ventral tegmental area that does not involve ...
... cortex. Also consistent with a lack of dopamine involvement, repeated administration of NMDA antagonist into the ventral tegmental area did not produce behavioral sensitization. These data identify a mechanism to elicit a motor stimulant response from the ventral tegmental area that does not involve ...
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B
... mechanism that does not require dopamine. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the non-dopaminergic VTA circuitry supporting MOP positive reinforcement is currently extremely limited. Dopamine neuron firing can encode positive outcomes and produce positive reinforcement Although some pharmacological man ...
... mechanism that does not require dopamine. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the non-dopaminergic VTA circuitry supporting MOP positive reinforcement is currently extremely limited. Dopamine neuron firing can encode positive outcomes and produce positive reinforcement Although some pharmacological man ...
On real-world temporal pattern recognition using Liquid State
... Adaptive Intelligence Laboratory at Utrecht University and the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the University of Zurich. I would like to thank the many people that contributed either directly or indirectly to this project sincerely and wholeheartly for helping in making it a success. First of ...
... Adaptive Intelligence Laboratory at Utrecht University and the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the University of Zurich. I would like to thank the many people that contributed either directly or indirectly to this project sincerely and wholeheartly for helping in making it a success. First of ...
the phase-space dynamics of systems of spiking neurons
... surely (with probability 1) unstable, those in the region corresponding to “seizure-like conditions” in the neocortex are almost surely stable, and trajectories in the region of the phase-space corresponding to “normal operational conditions” in the neocortex are almost surely sensitive to initial c ...
... surely (with probability 1) unstable, those in the region corresponding to “seizure-like conditions” in the neocortex are almost surely stable, and trajectories in the region of the phase-space corresponding to “normal operational conditions” in the neocortex are almost surely sensitive to initial c ...
Serotonin modulates responses to species
... best frequency or to linear FM sweeps. First, the average effect of serotonin on spike count for the first three neurons recorded after surgery were compared with the average effect of serotonin on spike count for later neurons. There was no significant difference in the average effect of serotonin on the ...
... best frequency or to linear FM sweeps. First, the average effect of serotonin on spike count for the first three neurons recorded after surgery were compared with the average effect of serotonin on spike count for later neurons. There was no significant difference in the average effect of serotonin on the ...
Functional Properties of Corticotectal Neurons in the Monkey`s
... that electrical stimulation of the monkey’s prearcuate frontal cortex produced conjugate eye movements, it has been postulated that this region participates in the voluntary control of gaze. However, a number of experiments have raised questions about the exact role of the frontal eye field in eyemo ...
... that electrical stimulation of the monkey’s prearcuate frontal cortex produced conjugate eye movements, it has been postulated that this region participates in the voluntary control of gaze. However, a number of experiments have raised questions about the exact role of the frontal eye field in eyemo ...
cerebellar projections to the superior colliculus in the cat1
... Angaut and Bowsher, 1970). However, Edwards et al. cerebellocollicular projections, as was affirmed by Ed(1979), using HRP, attribute these projections to the wards et al. (1979), nor, at least in the superior colliculus, rostral part of this nucleus. In contrast to this, in all of are the terminal ...
... Angaut and Bowsher, 1970). However, Edwards et al. cerebellocollicular projections, as was affirmed by Ed(1979), using HRP, attribute these projections to the wards et al. (1979), nor, at least in the superior colliculus, rostral part of this nucleus. In contrast to this, in all of are the terminal ...
Circuits through prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and ventral anterior
... c New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Accepted 22 March 2004 ...
... c New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Accepted 22 March 2004 ...
Sustained conditioned responses in prelimbic prefrontal neurons are
... (for review, see Quirk et al., 2006; Quirk and Mueller, 2008). Multichannel unit recordings and unit analyses. Extracellular waveFailure to recall extinction results from deficient IL activity forms exceeding a voltage threshold were digitized at 40 kHz and stored (Herry and Garcia, 2002; Milad and ...
... (for review, see Quirk et al., 2006; Quirk and Mueller, 2008). Multichannel unit recordings and unit analyses. Extracellular waveFailure to recall extinction results from deficient IL activity forms exceeding a voltage threshold were digitized at 40 kHz and stored (Herry and Garcia, 2002; Milad and ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.