The sympathetic control of blood pressure.
... are fairly uniform and have been thoroughly characterized from recordings in anaesthetized or awake animals and from numerous recordings of ganglionic neurons in awake humans19,21,23 (FIG. 2). Barosensitive efferents are subject to numerous reflex regulations that operate as either feedback or feedf ...
... are fairly uniform and have been thoroughly characterized from recordings in anaesthetized or awake animals and from numerous recordings of ganglionic neurons in awake humans19,21,23 (FIG. 2). Barosensitive efferents are subject to numerous reflex regulations that operate as either feedback or feedf ...
Respiratory-related neurons of the fastigial nucleus in response to
... reflexes. After paralysis of the animal, supplemental anesthetic was administered when irregularities were observed in ABP, heart rate, and respiratory rate and pattern. To minimize movement of brain by mechanical ventilation, a bilateral pneumothorax was created. The inlet of the ventilator was con ...
... reflexes. After paralysis of the animal, supplemental anesthetic was administered when irregularities were observed in ABP, heart rate, and respiratory rate and pattern. To minimize movement of brain by mechanical ventilation, a bilateral pneumothorax was created. The inlet of the ventilator was con ...
Different Subthreshold Mechanisms Underlie Song Selectivity in
... innervates area X, a basal ganglia homolog within the anterior forebrain pathway (AFP). The AFP, which is essential to juvenile and adult audition-dependent vocal plasticity (Bottjer et al., 1984; Scharff and Nottebohm, 1991; Brainard and Doupe, 2000) and may facilitate song perception (Scharff et a ...
... innervates area X, a basal ganglia homolog within the anterior forebrain pathway (AFP). The AFP, which is essential to juvenile and adult audition-dependent vocal plasticity (Bottjer et al., 1984; Scharff and Nottebohm, 1991; Brainard and Doupe, 2000) and may facilitate song perception (Scharff et a ...
Genetically identified spinal interneurons integrating tactile afferents
... 1988). This may be a result of suppressed sensory transmission at the level of the spinal cord, as suggested by experiments in monkeys where cutaneous sensory-evoked potentials recorded in the spinal cord were reduced during active hand movement (Seki and Fetz 2012). Hence, spinal networks likely co ...
... 1988). This may be a result of suppressed sensory transmission at the level of the spinal cord, as suggested by experiments in monkeys where cutaneous sensory-evoked potentials recorded in the spinal cord were reduced during active hand movement (Seki and Fetz 2012). Hence, spinal networks likely co ...
Structure and Function of Visual Area MT
... to the retina—its principle inputs as few as five synapses from the photoreceptors—a feature which means, among other things, that the mechanisms by which its receptive field properties arise can be profitably studied. And, although MT neurons are near enough to the inputs to be mechanistically tractab ...
... to the retina—its principle inputs as few as five synapses from the photoreceptors—a feature which means, among other things, that the mechanisms by which its receptive field properties arise can be profitably studied. And, although MT neurons are near enough to the inputs to be mechanistically tractab ...
Afferent Input to Nucleus Submedius in Rats
... medially, and laterally. The results of these injections are included for 2 main reasons.First, since our data indicate that neurons in the marginal zone of the spinal cord do not appear to project to Sm, it is possiblethat they may project to an area near Sm. Theseinjections should reveal the prese ...
... medially, and laterally. The results of these injections are included for 2 main reasons.First, since our data indicate that neurons in the marginal zone of the spinal cord do not appear to project to Sm, it is possiblethat they may project to an area near Sm. Theseinjections should reveal the prese ...
Different Stimuli, Different Spatial Codes: A Visual Map and an
... broadly responsive neurons whose firing rates vary roughly proportionately with sound azimuth. Within frontal space, maps and such rate codes involve different response patterns at the level of individual neurons. Maps consist of neurons exhibiting circumscribed receptive fields, whereas rate codes ...
... broadly responsive neurons whose firing rates vary roughly proportionately with sound azimuth. Within frontal space, maps and such rate codes involve different response patterns at the level of individual neurons. Maps consist of neurons exhibiting circumscribed receptive fields, whereas rate codes ...
Histamine neurons in the tuberomamillary nucleus: a whole center
... cortex (Passani et al., 2007; Table 1) despite the profuse histaminergic innervation of this region (Panula et al., 1989) and the presence of histaminergic receptors (Pillot et al., 2002). Spatial segregation due to probe localization does not explain the lack of response, as retrograde tracing with ...
... cortex (Passani et al., 2007; Table 1) despite the profuse histaminergic innervation of this region (Panula et al., 1989) and the presence of histaminergic receptors (Pillot et al., 2002). Spatial segregation due to probe localization does not explain the lack of response, as retrograde tracing with ...
Sound processing by local neural populations in the
... Information processing in the cortex is believed to be facilitated by the interaction of large numbers of synaptically connected neurons. The combination of the computation individual neurons perform on their input with the pattern of flow of activation between the neurons create population activati ...
... Information processing in the cortex is believed to be facilitated by the interaction of large numbers of synaptically connected neurons. The combination of the computation individual neurons perform on their input with the pattern of flow of activation between the neurons create population activati ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... this inhibition are still largely unknown. Notably, whether such an inhibition of nociception occurs at the cortical level has not been investigated at all. Many previous studies have considered the dorsal horn of the spinal cord as an important site for this phenomenon where large myelinated fiber i ...
... this inhibition are still largely unknown. Notably, whether such an inhibition of nociception occurs at the cortical level has not been investigated at all. Many previous studies have considered the dorsal horn of the spinal cord as an important site for this phenomenon where large myelinated fiber i ...
Climbing Neuronal Activity as an Event
... For simplicity we assume that only inhibitory cells undergo slow adaptation ( y ⫽ Inh). This is justified if inhibitory cells receive relatively strong inputs and therefore show stronger firing rate adaptation. Slow firing rate adaptation also can be more prominent in inhibitory than in excitatory c ...
... For simplicity we assume that only inhibitory cells undergo slow adaptation ( y ⫽ Inh). This is justified if inhibitory cells receive relatively strong inputs and therefore show stronger firing rate adaptation. Slow firing rate adaptation also can be more prominent in inhibitory than in excitatory c ...
the medial division of the medial geniculate body of the cat
... extrinsic axons are described, including two kinds of thin axons with collateral systems, thick fibers with restricted branches, and large axons with elaborate, serpentine collaterals. Compared to the dorsal and ventral divisions of the medial geniculate body, where, respectively, radiate and tufted ...
... extrinsic axons are described, including two kinds of thin axons with collateral systems, thick fibers with restricted branches, and large axons with elaborate, serpentine collaterals. Compared to the dorsal and ventral divisions of the medial geniculate body, where, respectively, radiate and tufted ...
of 17 Keywords A-waves Sometimes called Axon
... A filter that eliminates or attenuates (reduces) unwanted high (fast) frequencies. ...
... A filter that eliminates or attenuates (reduces) unwanted high (fast) frequencies. ...
MIrror neuRons based RObot Recognition - LIRA-Lab
... The MIRROR project had two interrelated goals: (i) advancing the understanding of the mechanisms used by the brain to learn and represent gestures and, inter-alia, (ii) building an artificial system that learns to communicate by means of body gestures. We adopted a three-pronged approach based on th ...
... The MIRROR project had two interrelated goals: (i) advancing the understanding of the mechanisms used by the brain to learn and represent gestures and, inter-alia, (ii) building an artificial system that learns to communicate by means of body gestures. We adopted a three-pronged approach based on th ...
The Neurons of the Medial Geniculate Body in the Mustached Bat
... mustached bats (Pteronotus parnellii). Their somatic and dendritic configurations were compared with those of cells in other, nonecholocating mammals. A second goal was to use the thalamic nuclear subdivisions derived from Golgi material to integrate the findings in parallel studies of cytoarchitect ...
... mustached bats (Pteronotus parnellii). Their somatic and dendritic configurations were compared with those of cells in other, nonecholocating mammals. A second goal was to use the thalamic nuclear subdivisions derived from Golgi material to integrate the findings in parallel studies of cytoarchitect ...
Excitatory Cerebellar Nucleocortical Circuit Provides Internal
... Table S3). Prolonged depolarization induced only a short burst of action potential firing and a subsequent steady depolarization block. Interestingly, we observed tonic spontaneous action potential firing in 4 out of 19 recorded MF rosettes (Figure 4C; Table S3). This activity probably reflects an i ...
... Table S3). Prolonged depolarization induced only a short burst of action potential firing and a subsequent steady depolarization block. Interestingly, we observed tonic spontaneous action potential firing in 4 out of 19 recorded MF rosettes (Figure 4C; Table S3). This activity probably reflects an i ...
Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system
... some unique characteristics of motor cortex, such as its agranular cytoarchitecture, which remain unexplained. We propose that these features of motor projections are consistent with recent formulations of motor control in terms of active inference. In brief, we suggest that if sensory systems perfo ...
... some unique characteristics of motor cortex, such as its agranular cytoarchitecture, which remain unexplained. We propose that these features of motor projections are consistent with recent formulations of motor control in terms of active inference. In brief, we suggest that if sensory systems perfo ...
c-Jun Expression in Adult Rat Dorsal Root
... which enable these proteins to form hetero- and homodimers, known as transcription factor AP-1, which binds to the activation site in target genes (49). Because dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons can be axotomized peripherally or centrally, these neurons provide a useful model for comparing the even ...
... which enable these proteins to form hetero- and homodimers, known as transcription factor AP-1, which binds to the activation site in target genes (49). Because dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons can be axotomized peripherally or centrally, these neurons provide a useful model for comparing the even ...
Lateral Hypothalamus Contains Two Types of Palatability
... Recording sessions typically lasted less than an hour and consisted of 15–20 repeats of each of the five taste stimuli, for a total of 75–100 separate taste deliveries. We have previously shown that palatability and neural responses are stable across this length of session and volume of fluid consum ...
... Recording sessions typically lasted less than an hour and consisted of 15–20 repeats of each of the five taste stimuli, for a total of 75–100 separate taste deliveries. We have previously shown that palatability and neural responses are stable across this length of session and volume of fluid consum ...
Production and Survival of Projection Neurons in a Forebrain Vocal
... Data collection for birds injected with fluorescent beads was similar to that for fluorogold-injected birds. Twelve sections through HVC were completely scanned for 3H-labeled neurons. The number of such cells that were also retrogradely labeled with beads was divided by the volume sampled to genera ...
... Data collection for birds injected with fluorescent beads was similar to that for fluorogold-injected birds. Twelve sections through HVC were completely scanned for 3H-labeled neurons. The number of such cells that were also retrogradely labeled with beads was divided by the volume sampled to genera ...
Columnar Organization of Dendrites and Axons of Single and
... barrel field was visualized at low magnification under bright-field illumination and can be identified in layer 4 as evenly spaced dark structures. Barrel structures are present in five to six slices but a continuous band of barrels is visible only in two to three slices just above the hippocampus, ...
... barrel field was visualized at low magnification under bright-field illumination and can be identified in layer 4 as evenly spaced dark structures. Barrel structures are present in five to six slices but a continuous band of barrels is visible only in two to three slices just above the hippocampus, ...
Choice Coding in Frontal Cortex during Stimulus
... associated with the stimulus, and then use this information to guide their choice. However, with repeated presentation of these choices, the animal may learn to make a specific response when a specific pair of pictures is presented (a stimulus–response association). Reward-predictive neural activity ...
... associated with the stimulus, and then use this information to guide their choice. However, with repeated presentation of these choices, the animal may learn to make a specific response when a specific pair of pictures is presented (a stimulus–response association). Reward-predictive neural activity ...
Facial whisker pattern is not sufficient to instruct a
... To investigate the spatial arrangement of whisker-specific central collateral targeting, we simultaneously labelled distinct anteroposterior whisker follicle positions in different rows of E14.5 and E17.5 whisker pads (Fig. S2F-I). The insertion of NeuroVue filters at single follicles allowed target ...
... To investigate the spatial arrangement of whisker-specific central collateral targeting, we simultaneously labelled distinct anteroposterior whisker follicle positions in different rows of E14.5 and E17.5 whisker pads (Fig. S2F-I). The insertion of NeuroVue filters at single follicles allowed target ...
Fig. - Development - The Company of Biologists
... To investigate the spatial arrangement of whisker-specific central collateral targeting, we simultaneously labelled distinct anteroposterior whisker follicle positions in different rows of E14.5 and E17.5 whisker pads (Fig. S2F-I). The insertion of NeuroVue filters at single follicles allowed target ...
... To investigate the spatial arrangement of whisker-specific central collateral targeting, we simultaneously labelled distinct anteroposterior whisker follicle positions in different rows of E14.5 and E17.5 whisker pads (Fig. S2F-I). The insertion of NeuroVue filters at single follicles allowed target ...
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... To explore further the biological functions of proNGF in the developing PNS, we studied the effects of a cleavage-resistant form of proNGF on two well-characterised populations of NGFdependent neurons cultured at stages throughout late fetal and early postnatal development. The neurons of the trigem ...
... To explore further the biological functions of proNGF in the developing PNS, we studied the effects of a cleavage-resistant form of proNGF on two well-characterised populations of NGFdependent neurons cultured at stages throughout late fetal and early postnatal development. The neurons of the trigem ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.