Glutamate Receptors Form Hot Spots on Apical Dendrites of
... from the somata of layer V pyramidal neurons in neocortical slices, the recording chamber was perfused with solution containing 1 mM caged glutamate (Wieboldt et al. 1994). With apparatus developed for infrared-guided laser photostimulation (Fig. 1, A and B), we were able to visually direct a 1-m s ...
... from the somata of layer V pyramidal neurons in neocortical slices, the recording chamber was perfused with solution containing 1 mM caged glutamate (Wieboldt et al. 1994). With apparatus developed for infrared-guided laser photostimulation (Fig. 1, A and B), we were able to visually direct a 1-m s ...
Impaired Cl Extrusion in Layer V Pyramidal Neurons of Chronically
... analysis. Single slices were transferred to a recording chamber where they were minimally submerged and maintained at 32 ⫾ 1°C. Patchclamp recordings were made from visually identified layer V pyramidal cells in undercut cortex or the same region in control slices, using infrared video microscopy an ...
... analysis. Single slices were transferred to a recording chamber where they were minimally submerged and maintained at 32 ⫾ 1°C. Patchclamp recordings were made from visually identified layer V pyramidal cells in undercut cortex or the same region in control slices, using infrared video microscopy an ...
The role of nitric oxide in the hypothalamic control of LHRH and
... nitric oxide synthase [15, 18, 133, 140] and estrogen receptors [90]. In the ventrolateral aspect of the nucleus, the estrogen receptors have been found to be expressed in numerous NADPH-d-positive neurons (Fig. 10) [18, 97] indicating a potential role of NO in sexual behavior. The biological signif ...
... nitric oxide synthase [15, 18, 133, 140] and estrogen receptors [90]. In the ventrolateral aspect of the nucleus, the estrogen receptors have been found to be expressed in numerous NADPH-d-positive neurons (Fig. 10) [18, 97] indicating a potential role of NO in sexual behavior. The biological signif ...
Introduction
... sympathetic neurons14, we anticipated that p53 deficient neurons might be resistant to apoptosis at multiple points in the apoptotic pathway. Consistent with this known premitochondrial function of p53 in neurons, while the majority of wildtype neurons had released cytochrome c by 36 hours of etopos ...
... sympathetic neurons14, we anticipated that p53 deficient neurons might be resistant to apoptosis at multiple points in the apoptotic pathway. Consistent with this known premitochondrial function of p53 in neurons, while the majority of wildtype neurons had released cytochrome c by 36 hours of etopos ...
mechanisms and biological role of thalamocortical oscillations
... Progressive increase in the intensity of the depolarizing current leads to the generation of action potentials followed by increase in their discharge frequency (Fig. 2, left). The enhancement of depolarization in TC neurons over the stimulus duration is probably generated by persistent Na+ current, ...
... Progressive increase in the intensity of the depolarizing current leads to the generation of action potentials followed by increase in their discharge frequency (Fig. 2, left). The enhancement of depolarization in TC neurons over the stimulus duration is probably generated by persistent Na+ current, ...
Impact of correlated inputs to neurons
... network simulations (Kremkow et al. 2010). Modulation of the activity level of a neuron by background synaptic noise statistics has been demonstrated in in vitro experiments (Sceniak and Sabo 2010). Here, we studied the interplay of multiple potential rate modulating factors observed in experiments, ...
... network simulations (Kremkow et al. 2010). Modulation of the activity level of a neuron by background synaptic noise statistics has been demonstrated in in vitro experiments (Sceniak and Sabo 2010). Here, we studied the interplay of multiple potential rate modulating factors observed in experiments, ...
REVIEW
... of the sensory control of reproduction. Neurons containing GnRH are located along the nervus terminalis within the brain and in the nasal cavity. Those in the nasal cavity appear to be activated during reproductively appropriate times12 and could modulate chemosensory reception of pheromones and oth ...
... of the sensory control of reproduction. Neurons containing GnRH are located along the nervus terminalis within the brain and in the nasal cavity. Those in the nasal cavity appear to be activated during reproductively appropriate times12 and could modulate chemosensory reception of pheromones and oth ...
Same Spinal Interneurons Mediate Reflex Actions of Group Ib and
... find out whether RS and commissural neurons act by premotor interneurons mediating reflex actions from group Ib tendon organ afferents (“Ib interneurons”) and group II muscle spindle afferents (“group II interneurons”), in which both Ib and group II reflex pathways play an important role in shaping ...
... find out whether RS and commissural neurons act by premotor interneurons mediating reflex actions from group Ib tendon organ afferents (“Ib interneurons”) and group II muscle spindle afferents (“group II interneurons”), in which both Ib and group II reflex pathways play an important role in shaping ...
Autonomous and nonautonomous functions for Hox/Pbx in
... anterior/posterior axis, and presumptive facial motor neurons are still located in r4, having failed to migrate from their birthplace into more posterior rhombomeres, as late as 6 –7 days postfertilization (dpf) when the embryos die of multiple defects (data not shown). Cell bodies in r4 migrate lat ...
... anterior/posterior axis, and presumptive facial motor neurons are still located in r4, having failed to migrate from their birthplace into more posterior rhombomeres, as late as 6 –7 days postfertilization (dpf) when the embryos die of multiple defects (data not shown). Cell bodies in r4 migrate lat ...
here - University of California San Diego
... Studies show that limited functional recovery can be achieved by plasticity and adaptation of the remaining circuitry in partial injuries in the central nervous system, although the new circuits that arise in these contexts have not been clearly identified or characterized. We show here that synaptic ...
... Studies show that limited functional recovery can be achieved by plasticity and adaptation of the remaining circuitry in partial injuries in the central nervous system, although the new circuits that arise in these contexts have not been clearly identified or characterized. We show here that synaptic ...
Chapter 15: Special Senses
... – vision, hearing, equilibrium and taste receptors produce receptor potentials – receptor cells release neurotransmitter molecules on firstorder neurons producing postsynaptic potentials – PSP may trigger a nerve impulse ...
... – vision, hearing, equilibrium and taste receptors produce receptor potentials – receptor cells release neurotransmitter molecules on firstorder neurons producing postsynaptic potentials – PSP may trigger a nerve impulse ...
Sensitization of the Trigeminal Sensory System During Different
... interval were silent. For neurons that had baseline activity the firing range was between 0.1 and 15 spikes per second. Following application of capsaicin there was an increase in the firing during the peristimulus interval, but this increase was not statistically significant from baseline in any of ...
... interval were silent. For neurons that had baseline activity the firing range was between 0.1 and 15 spikes per second. Following application of capsaicin there was an increase in the firing during the peristimulus interval, but this increase was not statistically significant from baseline in any of ...
The role of mirror neurons in cognition
... With this thesis I strive to open the debate and point the reader towards a critical reconsideration of what we currently know and think about the mirror neurons. I commence my efforts by providing a thorough introduction to the neurobiological background of the primate action observation–execution ...
... With this thesis I strive to open the debate and point the reader towards a critical reconsideration of what we currently know and think about the mirror neurons. I commence my efforts by providing a thorough introduction to the neurobiological background of the primate action observation–execution ...
Similar Inhibitory Processes Dominate the Responses of Cat Lateral
... were investigated. Regardless of stimulation site, responses consisted of an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP ) that either preceded and was truncated by an inhibitory postsynaptic potential ( IPSP) or occurred just after the IPSP onset. IPSPs were monophasic, lasted hundreds of milliseconds, ...
... were investigated. Regardless of stimulation site, responses consisted of an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP ) that either preceded and was truncated by an inhibitory postsynaptic potential ( IPSP) or occurred just after the IPSP onset. IPSPs were monophasic, lasted hundreds of milliseconds, ...
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VISUAL AREA MT
... to the retina—its principle inputs as few as five synapses from the photoreceptors—a feature which means, among other things, that the mechanisms by which its receptive field properties arise can be profitably studied. And, although MT neurons are near enough to the inputs to be mechanistically tractab ...
... to the retina—its principle inputs as few as five synapses from the photoreceptors—a feature which means, among other things, that the mechanisms by which its receptive field properties arise can be profitably studied. And, although MT neurons are near enough to the inputs to be mechanistically tractab ...
specification of synaptic connections mediating the simple stretch
... different types of motoneurones. Groups of functionally unrelated motoneurones are often adjacent to each other in the spinal cord and can have overlapping dendritic arborizations (Lichtman et al. 1984). For the stretch reflex to function appropriately, spindle afferent fibres must be capable of dis ...
... different types of motoneurones. Groups of functionally unrelated motoneurones are often adjacent to each other in the spinal cord and can have overlapping dendritic arborizations (Lichtman et al. 1984). For the stretch reflex to function appropriately, spindle afferent fibres must be capable of dis ...
Hunger Modulates the Responses to Gustatory Stimuli
... secondary cortical gustatory area) is influenced by hunger, the activity evoked by prototypical taste stimuli (glucose, NaCI, HCI, and quinine hydrochloride) and fruit juice was recorded in single neurons in this cortical area before, while, and after cynomolgous macaque monkeys were fed to satiety ...
... secondary cortical gustatory area) is influenced by hunger, the activity evoked by prototypical taste stimuli (glucose, NaCI, HCI, and quinine hydrochloride) and fruit juice was recorded in single neurons in this cortical area before, while, and after cynomolgous macaque monkeys were fed to satiety ...
Electronic Realization of Human Brain`s Neo
... neurons are composed of four major parts: soma, dendrite, axon and synapse. The main part of the neuron that contains the nucleus is the soma. Also called the cell body, the soma contains all other necessary components of the cell such as ribosome and mitochondria which are in charge of building pro ...
... neurons are composed of four major parts: soma, dendrite, axon and synapse. The main part of the neuron that contains the nucleus is the soma. Also called the cell body, the soma contains all other necessary components of the cell such as ribosome and mitochondria which are in charge of building pro ...
How Do Short-Term Changes at Synapses Fine
... bursts depends on the presence of facilitation/augmentation and is not present in high-release probability, depressing synapses. Instead, depressing synapses are predicted to optimally transmit information for single spikes rather than bursts. Klyachko and Stevens (2006) confirmed this prediction us ...
... bursts depends on the presence of facilitation/augmentation and is not present in high-release probability, depressing synapses. Instead, depressing synapses are predicted to optimally transmit information for single spikes rather than bursts. Klyachko and Stevens (2006) confirmed this prediction us ...
multiple reward signals in the brain
... Given the dynamic nature of the interactions between complex organisms and the environment, it is not surprising that specific neural mechanisms have evolved that not only detect the presence of rewarding stimuli but also predict their occurrence on the basis of representations formed by past experi ...
... Given the dynamic nature of the interactions between complex organisms and the environment, it is not surprising that specific neural mechanisms have evolved that not only detect the presence of rewarding stimuli but also predict their occurrence on the basis of representations formed by past experi ...
Circadian clocks in crustaceans: identified neuronal and cellular systems
... 2.3. Pacemakers in crustacean circadian systems True endogenous rhythmicity, in general, persists free-running even in absence of entraining environmental cues. It is controlled by internal pacemakers, or clocks, which autonomously control cellular activity levels and thereby regulate physiological ...
... 2.3. Pacemakers in crustacean circadian systems True endogenous rhythmicity, in general, persists free-running even in absence of entraining environmental cues. It is controlled by internal pacemakers, or clocks, which autonomously control cellular activity levels and thereby regulate physiological ...
How Does the Brain Produce Movement?
... performed as motor sequences, with one sequence being held in readiness while an produced as a unit. ongoing sequence was being completed. According to this view, all complex behaviors, including playing the piano, painting pictures, and playing basketball, would require the selection and execution ...
... performed as motor sequences, with one sequence being held in readiness while an produced as a unit. ongoing sequence was being completed. According to this view, all complex behaviors, including playing the piano, painting pictures, and playing basketball, would require the selection and execution ...
Full version (PDF file)
... Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and all efforts were made to minimize the rats’ suffering and the number of rats used. NAc slice preparation Rat NAc slices were prepared as follows. Rats were anaesthetized with diethyl ether and decapitated, and the brain was quickly transferred to cold (0- ...
... Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and all efforts were made to minimize the rats’ suffering and the number of rats used. NAc slice preparation Rat NAc slices were prepared as follows. Rats were anaesthetized with diethyl ether and decapitated, and the brain was quickly transferred to cold (0- ...
Spinal cord and simple reflex arc
... – Central canal, continuous caudally with 4th ventricle (see Fig 3-9 in book) Note on illustration: – Spinal nerves emerge laterally from each spinal cord segment, pass through meninges, then exit spinal column between vertebrae – Many spinal nerves descend in subarachnoid space before exit from spi ...
... – Central canal, continuous caudally with 4th ventricle (see Fig 3-9 in book) Note on illustration: – Spinal nerves emerge laterally from each spinal cord segment, pass through meninges, then exit spinal column between vertebrae – Many spinal nerves descend in subarachnoid space before exit from spi ...
Respiratory-related neurons of the fastigial nucleus in response to
... reflexes. After paralysis of the animal, supplemental anesthetic was administered when irregularities were observed in ABP, heart rate, and respiratory rate and pattern. To minimize movement of brain by mechanical ventilation, a bilateral pneumothorax was created. The inlet of the ventilator was con ...
... reflexes. After paralysis of the animal, supplemental anesthetic was administered when irregularities were observed in ABP, heart rate, and respiratory rate and pattern. To minimize movement of brain by mechanical ventilation, a bilateral pneumothorax was created. The inlet of the ventilator was con ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.