Subcortical loops through the basal ganglia
... colliculus [23,25,26,52,53,58], where the majority of colliculothalamic neurons reside (Figure 3), have been described in detail. Thus, in summary, there appear to be at least two, and possibly three, presumably closed subcortical looped systems through the basal ganglia arising from, and returning ...
... colliculus [23,25,26,52,53,58], where the majority of colliculothalamic neurons reside (Figure 3), have been described in detail. Thus, in summary, there appear to be at least two, and possibly three, presumably closed subcortical looped systems through the basal ganglia arising from, and returning ...
Alterations to multisensory and unisensory integration by stimulus
... by subtracting, at each moment in time, the number of impulses expected based on the mean spontaneous firing rate calculated in the 500-ms window preceding the stimulus. Changes in the slope of the Qsum indicated changes in the underlying instantaneous firing rate. Response latency was calculated us ...
... by subtracting, at each moment in time, the number of impulses expected based on the mean spontaneous firing rate calculated in the 500-ms window preceding the stimulus. Changes in the slope of the Qsum indicated changes in the underlying instantaneous firing rate. Response latency was calculated us ...
Relationship of Prefrontal Connections to Inhibitory Systems in Superior Temporal
... innervate pyramidal cell bodies, proximal dendrites and axon initial segments (DeFelipe et al., 1989b; Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1997; Shao and Burkhalter, 1999). On the other hand, CB is expressed in inhibitory double bouquet cells in the cortex, which innervate distal dendrites and spines of other ne ...
... innervate pyramidal cell bodies, proximal dendrites and axon initial segments (DeFelipe et al., 1989b; Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1997; Shao and Burkhalter, 1999). On the other hand, CB is expressed in inhibitory double bouquet cells in the cortex, which innervate distal dendrites and spines of other ne ...
Frequency-Dependent Recruitment of Fast Amino Acid and Slow
... Figure 1. Angled, parahorizontal brain slices containing the AVPV projection to GnRH neurons. A, Drawing showing the angle control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perime ...
... Figure 1. Angled, parahorizontal brain slices containing the AVPV projection to GnRH neurons. A, Drawing showing the angle control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perime ...
No Slide Title
... – all nerve fibers in a given tract have a similar origin, destination, and function ...
... – all nerve fibers in a given tract have a similar origin, destination, and function ...
chapt13_lecture
... – all nerve fibers in a given tract have a similar origin, destination, and function ...
... – all nerve fibers in a given tract have a similar origin, destination, and function ...
Differential innervation of superficial versus deep - HAL
... Convergent data showed that bulbo-spinal serotonergic projections exert complex modulatory influences on nociceptive signaling within the dorsal horn. These neurons are located in the B3 area which comprises the median raphe magnus (RMg) and the lateral paragigantocellular reticular (LPGi) nuclei. Be ...
... Convergent data showed that bulbo-spinal serotonergic projections exert complex modulatory influences on nociceptive signaling within the dorsal horn. These neurons are located in the B3 area which comprises the median raphe magnus (RMg) and the lateral paragigantocellular reticular (LPGi) nuclei. Be ...
Development of the Nervous System of Carinina ochracea
... proboscis housed in a fluid-filled secondary body cavity (the rhynchocoel), and a ring-shaped brain, encircling the proboscis insertion instead of the mouth opening [10,11]. Currenly available immunohistochemical observations on nervous system development in Nemertea draw a heterogeneous and still f ...
... proboscis housed in a fluid-filled secondary body cavity (the rhynchocoel), and a ring-shaped brain, encircling the proboscis insertion instead of the mouth opening [10,11]. Currenly available immunohistochemical observations on nervous system development in Nemertea draw a heterogeneous and still f ...
The Cellular Basis of a Corollary Discharge
... neurons, both with bilateral outputs, the persisting inhibition was most likely due to spikes in CDI_s contralateral partner cell. However, we could not rule out the possibility of parallel inhibitory neurons. To examine whether the CDIs are the only neurons mediating the inhibition of the auditory ...
... neurons, both with bilateral outputs, the persisting inhibition was most likely due to spikes in CDI_s contralateral partner cell. However, we could not rule out the possibility of parallel inhibitory neurons. To examine whether the CDIs are the only neurons mediating the inhibition of the auditory ...
Kazumi TAKAHASHI†*, Jian-Sheng LIN† and Kazuya - HAL
... head with a head holder, and preventing large body movements with a cotton-coated plastic covering. The head was covered to reduce visual stimuli and a clean part of the cotton sheet was kept in contact with the mouse by sliding the sheet, if necessary, during the experiment. Under these conditions, ...
... head with a head holder, and preventing large body movements with a cotton-coated plastic covering. The head was covered to reduce visual stimuli and a clean part of the cotton sheet was kept in contact with the mouse by sliding the sheet, if necessary, during the experiment. Under these conditions, ...
Functional Properties of Parietal Visual Neurons: Mechanisms of
... suppression, projection/manipulation, oculomotor, and visual neurons. These classes were described and their encounter rates given in earlier studies (Mountcastle et al., 1975; Lynch et al., 1977). Neurons responsive to visual stimuli during attentive fixation were identified in 141 of the 282 micro ...
... suppression, projection/manipulation, oculomotor, and visual neurons. These classes were described and their encounter rates given in earlier studies (Mountcastle et al., 1975; Lynch et al., 1977). Neurons responsive to visual stimuli during attentive fixation were identified in 141 of the 282 micro ...
Smelling on the fly: sensory cues and strategies for olfactory
... be easily depleted [31]. In addition, high odor concentrations tend to drive more activity in GABAergic interneurons [35], which further decreases the gain of ORNto-PN synapses [36,37]. GABAergic inhibition tends to prevent saturation of PN firing rates, and helps ensure that even intense stimuli re ...
... be easily depleted [31]. In addition, high odor concentrations tend to drive more activity in GABAergic interneurons [35], which further decreases the gain of ORNto-PN synapses [36,37]. GABAergic inhibition tends to prevent saturation of PN firing rates, and helps ensure that even intense stimuli re ...
Hypothalamic Regulation of Sleep
... were lesioned and the rats had sleep fragmentation, excessive sleepiness, increase in REM sleep, and sleep onset REM sleep periods (SOREMPs), symptoms which are characteristic of narcolepsy in humans, dogs and hypocretin null mice. The hypersomnia and SOREMPs were negatively correlated with the loss ...
... were lesioned and the rats had sleep fragmentation, excessive sleepiness, increase in REM sleep, and sleep onset REM sleep periods (SOREMPs), symptoms which are characteristic of narcolepsy in humans, dogs and hypocretin null mice. The hypersomnia and SOREMPs were negatively correlated with the loss ...
A Review of Cell Assemblies by Huyck and
... Since the Cell Assembly (CA) was hypothesised, it has gained substantial support and it is increasingly believed to be the neural basis of psychological concepts. A CA is a relatively small set of connected neurons, that through neural firing can sustain activation without stimulus from outside the ...
... Since the Cell Assembly (CA) was hypothesised, it has gained substantial support and it is increasingly believed to be the neural basis of psychological concepts. A CA is a relatively small set of connected neurons, that through neural firing can sustain activation without stimulus from outside the ...
Differential Temporal Storage Capacity in the Baseline Activity of
... Because the monkeys were required to keep their gaze directed toward the central spot on the display during this period and they had no information about the forthcoming array, baseline activity was virtually free of any specific eye movements and visual stimulus. This allowed us to examine temporal ...
... Because the monkeys were required to keep their gaze directed toward the central spot on the display during this period and they had no information about the forthcoming array, baseline activity was virtually free of any specific eye movements and visual stimulus. This allowed us to examine temporal ...
Reflex Testing in The Laboratory
... signals are sent out (motor or efferent; EE fair unt) to the effector organ. In simple stretch reflexes, only two neurons are involved: sensory and motor, graphic, above. In this figure, a stretch reflex is illustrated. The way it works is in this manner: 1) a tendon is stimulated (in this illustra ...
... signals are sent out (motor or efferent; EE fair unt) to the effector organ. In simple stretch reflexes, only two neurons are involved: sensory and motor, graphic, above. In this figure, a stretch reflex is illustrated. The way it works is in this manner: 1) a tendon is stimulated (in this illustra ...
Dual inhibition of the dactyl opener muscle in lobster
... stimulation of the axons of these motoneurons is illustrated by numbered arrows. (1) The axon of OE is stimulated by an electrode placed on the nerve running between the stretcher and opener muscle; this nerve contains the axon of OE (black line) as well as CI (see Results). (2) The axon of OI is st ...
... stimulation of the axons of these motoneurons is illustrated by numbered arrows. (1) The axon of OE is stimulated by an electrode placed on the nerve running between the stretcher and opener muscle; this nerve contains the axon of OE (black line) as well as CI (see Results). (2) The axon of OI is st ...
Experience-dependent corticofugal adjustment
... acoustic parameter and a widespread lateral inhibition to ‘‘unmatched’’ subcortical neurons. This cortical function for the adjustment and improvement of subcortical information processing is called egocentric selection. Egocentric selection enhances the neural representation of frequently occurring ...
... acoustic parameter and a widespread lateral inhibition to ‘‘unmatched’’ subcortical neurons. This cortical function for the adjustment and improvement of subcortical information processing is called egocentric selection. Egocentric selection enhances the neural representation of frequently occurring ...
Selectivity and Tolerance - Penn Arts and Sciences
... 1a, 2). Both monkeys were trained to initiate each trial by fixating a central red point (0.15°) within a square fixation window that ranged from "0.9° to "1.1° for up to 4 s. Across the repeated presentations of a stimulus recorded from a neuron, deviation of the eye position (measured relative to ...
... 1a, 2). Both monkeys were trained to initiate each trial by fixating a central red point (0.15°) within a square fixation window that ranged from "0.9° to "1.1° for up to 4 s. Across the repeated presentations of a stimulus recorded from a neuron, deviation of the eye position (measured relative to ...
Selectivity and Tolerance - Center for Neural Science
... 1a, 2). Both monkeys were trained to initiate each trial by fixating a central red point (0.15°) within a square fixation window that ranged from ⫾0.9° to ⫾1.1° for up to 4 s. Across the repeated presentations of a stimulus recorded from a neuron, deviation of the eye position (measured relative to ...
... 1a, 2). Both monkeys were trained to initiate each trial by fixating a central red point (0.15°) within a square fixation window that ranged from ⫾0.9° to ⫾1.1° for up to 4 s. Across the repeated presentations of a stimulus recorded from a neuron, deviation of the eye position (measured relative to ...
Brain asymmetry is encoded at the level of axon terminal morphology
... well as having important consequences for social behaviors within populations and for interactions between species [4]. At the neuroanatomical level, asymmetries have been described in the shape and size of comparible regions on the R and L sides of the brain, in subnuclear and cytoarchitectonic org ...
... well as having important consequences for social behaviors within populations and for interactions between species [4]. At the neuroanatomical level, asymmetries have been described in the shape and size of comparible regions on the R and L sides of the brain, in subnuclear and cytoarchitectonic org ...
166 - UCSF Physiology - University of California, San Francisco
... monophasic 200 s pulses of constant current delivered by stimulus isolation units. Basal synaptic transmission was monitored by alternating, low-frequency stimulation (LFS) (every 30 s) of two separate pathways via two stimulating electrodes (S1 and S2) positioned on both sides of the recording. On ...
... monophasic 200 s pulses of constant current delivered by stimulus isolation units. Basal synaptic transmission was monitored by alternating, low-frequency stimulation (LFS) (every 30 s) of two separate pathways via two stimulating electrodes (S1 and S2) positioned on both sides of the recording. On ...
Preserving information in neural transmission - CNL
... The last variant of the equation for the overall information carried by the arrival times of single spikes is very similar to the expression for the information with respect to stimulus components along dimension v. The only difference is that instead of the full, unreduced stimulus s, we take stimu ...
... The last variant of the equation for the overall information carried by the arrival times of single spikes is very similar to the expression for the information with respect to stimulus components along dimension v. The only difference is that instead of the full, unreduced stimulus s, we take stimu ...
Coordinated Interaction between Hippocampal Sharp
... that greater amplitudes of ripple events predict greater postripple firing rates of type I neurons (Fig. 4C), we found that ACC type I neurons did not always increase their firing rates after ripple events. Individual type I neurons had a postripple activation probability of 23% on average (ranging ...
... that greater amplitudes of ripple events predict greater postripple firing rates of type I neurons (Fig. 4C), we found that ACC type I neurons did not always increase their firing rates after ripple events. Individual type I neurons had a postripple activation probability of 23% on average (ranging ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Coding of Object Location in
... homogenous, and did not overlap with other units or noise, and if the units exhibited refractory periods of >1 ms in autocorrelation histograms. Artifacts produced by electrical stimulation were isolated by the online spike-sorter and removed from unit recordings. Experimental Paradigms and Histolog ...
... homogenous, and did not overlap with other units or noise, and if the units exhibited refractory periods of >1 ms in autocorrelation histograms. Artifacts produced by electrical stimulation were isolated by the online spike-sorter and removed from unit recordings. Experimental Paradigms and Histolog ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.