Modulation of premotor circuits controlling locomotor activity by
... effortless to the point that many movements are almost executed unconsciously. Indeed, the generation of sophisticated motor behaviors relies on the complex interplay between supraspinal brain structures and circuits in the spinal cord. Understanding how the central nervous system generates a large ...
... effortless to the point that many movements are almost executed unconsciously. Indeed, the generation of sophisticated motor behaviors relies on the complex interplay between supraspinal brain structures and circuits in the spinal cord. Understanding how the central nervous system generates a large ...
Dendritic Signal Integration
... the dendrites and the soma, inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) generated in the dendrites will be smaller and slower in the soma. However, the mechanism of action of most inhibitory synapses is activation of Cl" channels (e.g., GABAA receptors). In most cells, the reversal potential of synap ...
... the dendrites and the soma, inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) generated in the dendrites will be smaller and slower in the soma. However, the mechanism of action of most inhibitory synapses is activation of Cl" channels (e.g., GABAA receptors). In most cells, the reversal potential of synap ...
Cauda Equina Syndrome and Nitric Oxide Synthase
... The development of the cauda equina syndrome in the dog and the involvement of spinal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity (NOS-IR) and catalytic nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) activity were studied in a pain model caused by multiple cauda equina constrictions. Increased NOS-IR was found two days po ...
... The development of the cauda equina syndrome in the dog and the involvement of spinal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity (NOS-IR) and catalytic nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) activity were studied in a pain model caused by multiple cauda equina constrictions. Increased NOS-IR was found two days po ...
The Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
... thalamocoical systems is considered to be associated with increased motor or cognitive/ behavioral output of the brain, we can conclude ...
... thalamocoical systems is considered to be associated with increased motor or cognitive/ behavioral output of the brain, we can conclude ...
SAD Kinases Sculpt Axonal Arbors of Sensory Neurons through
... Thus, in brainstem as in spinal cord, IaPSNs axons grow to the vicinity of their target, but fail to form terminal branches. Second, we used DiI to label central projections of trigeminal sensory neurons that innervate whiskers. These axons grow to the brainstem where they arborize in nuclei of the ...
... Thus, in brainstem as in spinal cord, IaPSNs axons grow to the vicinity of their target, but fail to form terminal branches. Second, we used DiI to label central projections of trigeminal sensory neurons that innervate whiskers. These axons grow to the brainstem where they arborize in nuclei of the ...
Receptive fields and suppressive fields in the
... V1 neurons (Albrecht and Geisler, 1991; Carandini et al., 1999; Cavanaugh et al., 2002a; Chen et al., 2001; Heeger, 1992; Sceniak et al., 2001). We have recently advocated a model of LGN responses that joins these disparate elements: receptive field, suppressive field, and divisive gain control (Bon ...
... V1 neurons (Albrecht and Geisler, 1991; Carandini et al., 1999; Cavanaugh et al., 2002a; Chen et al., 2001; Heeger, 1992; Sceniak et al., 2001). We have recently advocated a model of LGN responses that joins these disparate elements: receptive field, suppressive field, and divisive gain control (Bon ...
Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system
... (Fig. 2); in addition, immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that many POMC cell bodies are contacted by terminals containing both GABA and NPY37. In addition to characterization of leptin action, this preparation was also used to demonstrate that MC3R is an inhibitory autoreceptor on the POMC circ ...
... (Fig. 2); in addition, immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that many POMC cell bodies are contacted by terminals containing both GABA and NPY37. In addition to characterization of leptin action, this preparation was also used to demonstrate that MC3R is an inhibitory autoreceptor on the POMC circ ...
Axonal Dopamine Receptors Activate Peripheral Spike
... In P. interruptus, the application of dopamine in preparations with the stn blocked does not elicit extraburst spikes, but does have effects on the frequency of the pyloric rhythm (Flamm and Harris-Warrick, 1986a; Ayali and Harris-Warrick, 1999). Figure 2 shows clearly that there were dramatic incre ...
... In P. interruptus, the application of dopamine in preparations with the stn blocked does not elicit extraburst spikes, but does have effects on the frequency of the pyloric rhythm (Flamm and Harris-Warrick, 1986a; Ayali and Harris-Warrick, 1999). Figure 2 shows clearly that there were dramatic incre ...
Ulanovsky et al., 2003
... Key words: forward suppression, adaptation, spectrotemporal context, cortex, interneurons Abstract Cortical responses to repeated stimuli are highly dynamic and rapidly adaptive. Such rapid changes are prominent in all sensory cortices, across which many aspects of circuitry are conserved. As an exa ...
... Key words: forward suppression, adaptation, spectrotemporal context, cortex, interneurons Abstract Cortical responses to repeated stimuli are highly dynamic and rapidly adaptive. Such rapid changes are prominent in all sensory cortices, across which many aspects of circuitry are conserved. As an exa ...
Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area
... Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area: Targets of Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Output Dalila Akkal,2 Richard P. Dum,2 and Peter L. Strick1,2,3 1Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition and Department of Neurobiology, and 3Department of ...
... Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area: Targets of Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Output Dalila Akkal,2 Richard P. Dum,2 and Peter L. Strick1,2,3 1Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition and Department of Neurobiology, and 3Department of ...
Relationship of Activity in the Subthalamic Nucleus–Globus Pallidus
... was defined as bursty when the BI was $0.5 and the spike train contained “bursts” (a burst was defined as a period that contained three or more spikes and the number of spikes was significantly greater than in other periods in the spike train). “Regular” (tonic) neurons fired no bursts, had a BI ,0. ...
... was defined as bursty when the BI was $0.5 and the spike train contained “bursts” (a burst was defined as a period that contained three or more spikes and the number of spikes was significantly greater than in other periods in the spike train). “Regular” (tonic) neurons fired no bursts, had a BI ,0. ...
Intelligent agents capable of developing memory of their environment
... Parisi and Nolfi argued that, if neural networks are viewed in the biological context of artificial life, they should be accompanied by genotypes which are part of a population and inherited from parents to offspring [Parisi, 1997], [Parisi and Nolfi, 2001]. In their work they used a growing encodin ...
... Parisi and Nolfi argued that, if neural networks are viewed in the biological context of artificial life, they should be accompanied by genotypes which are part of a population and inherited from parents to offspring [Parisi, 1997], [Parisi and Nolfi, 2001]. In their work they used a growing encodin ...
Heterogeneous Integration of Bilateral Whisker Signals by Neurons
... et al. (2000) showed that the relative contribution of temporal interactions between neurons increases with the number of whiskers to be discriminated. Inhibitory intercolumnar interactions have also been suggested to maintain a dynamic range and prevent response saturation (Mirabella et al. 2001). ...
... et al. (2000) showed that the relative contribution of temporal interactions between neurons increases with the number of whiskers to be discriminated. Inhibitory intercolumnar interactions have also been suggested to maintain a dynamic range and prevent response saturation (Mirabella et al. 2001). ...
NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS NEURONAL ACTIVITY DURING A
... DOMENIC CERRI: Nucleus accumbens neuronal activity during a sensory preconditioning task (Under the direction of Regina M. Carelli) The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is involved in associative learning and motivated behavior but its role in Sensory Preconditioning (SPC) remains unknown. ...
... DOMENIC CERRI: Nucleus accumbens neuronal activity during a sensory preconditioning task (Under the direction of Regina M. Carelli) The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is involved in associative learning and motivated behavior but its role in Sensory Preconditioning (SPC) remains unknown. ...
Horizontal Synaptic Connections in Monkey Prefrontal Cortex: An In
... projections, an in vitro slice preparation of monkey PFC was used to obtain whole-cell patch clamp recordings from layer 3 pyramidal neurons. Using in vivo tracer injections, we found that long-distance projections were well preserved in PFC slices cut in the coronal plane. Postsynaptic currents wer ...
... projections, an in vitro slice preparation of monkey PFC was used to obtain whole-cell patch clamp recordings from layer 3 pyramidal neurons. Using in vivo tracer injections, we found that long-distance projections were well preserved in PFC slices cut in the coronal plane. Postsynaptic currents wer ...
Full-Text PDF
... In general, in more mature neurons (at least 14 DIV for cultured neurons or postnatal day 14 in vivo), the chronic blockade of action potential (AP) driven synaptic activity throughout the network results in an increase in probability of release and mEPSC frequency without a change in synapse densit ...
... In general, in more mature neurons (at least 14 DIV for cultured neurons or postnatal day 14 in vivo), the chronic blockade of action potential (AP) driven synaptic activity throughout the network results in an increase in probability of release and mEPSC frequency without a change in synapse densit ...
Neuronal morphology in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana
... Deep pyramidal neurons were qualitatively described according to nomenclature found in previous neuromorphological research (e.g., Ngowyang 1932; Ferrer et al. 1986a, b). Descriptions for each neuron used qualitative criteria, such as cortical location, size, dendritic field patterns, presence of sp ...
... Deep pyramidal neurons were qualitatively described according to nomenclature found in previous neuromorphological research (e.g., Ngowyang 1932; Ferrer et al. 1986a, b). Descriptions for each neuron used qualitative criteria, such as cortical location, size, dendritic field patterns, presence of sp ...
Non-reward neural mechanisms in the orbitofrontal cortex
... received a reward, and this has been quantified in a more recent study (Berlin et al., 2004). The importance of the failure to rapidly learn about the value of stimuli from negative feedback has also been described as a critical difficulty for patients with orbitofrontal cortex lesions (Fellows, 200 ...
... received a reward, and this has been quantified in a more recent study (Berlin et al., 2004). The importance of the failure to rapidly learn about the value of stimuli from negative feedback has also been described as a critical difficulty for patients with orbitofrontal cortex lesions (Fellows, 200 ...
Hindbrain Glucoprivation Effects on Gastric Vagal Reflex Circuits
... were secured in a stereotaxic frame. A midline incision was made in the scalp and the cervical musculature was retracted. The foramen magnum was opened; removal of the dura and arachnoid membranes exposed the caudal portion of the floor of the fourth ventricle. Extracellular electrophysiological rec ...
... were secured in a stereotaxic frame. A midline incision was made in the scalp and the cervical musculature was retracted. The foramen magnum was opened; removal of the dura and arachnoid membranes exposed the caudal portion of the floor of the fourth ventricle. Extracellular electrophysiological rec ...
Chapter 13 *Lecture PowerPoint The Spinal Cord,
... • Decussate in lower medulla • Lateral corticospinal tract on contralateral side of spinal cord • Anterior (ventral) corticospinal tract on ipsilateral side of spinal cord • Two neuron pathways – Upper motor neuron in cerebral cortex – Lower motor neuron in spinal cord ...
... • Decussate in lower medulla • Lateral corticospinal tract on contralateral side of spinal cord • Anterior (ventral) corticospinal tract on ipsilateral side of spinal cord • Two neuron pathways – Upper motor neuron in cerebral cortex – Lower motor neuron in spinal cord ...
Effects of galanin on wide-dynamic range neuron activity
... Galanin is a 29-amino acid peptide with a suggested role in nociception. The effect of galanin on wide-dynamic range neuron discharge frequency in rats with nerve ligation, used as a model of neurogenic pain, was investigated by extracellular recording methods. Seven to 14 days after sciatic nerve l ...
... Galanin is a 29-amino acid peptide with a suggested role in nociception. The effect of galanin on wide-dynamic range neuron discharge frequency in rats with nerve ligation, used as a model of neurogenic pain, was investigated by extracellular recording methods. Seven to 14 days after sciatic nerve l ...
Development of the rat thalamus: VI. The posterior lobule of the
... received their first injection on day E15, the cells in the most quadrants (ventral lateral, dorsal lateral, ventral medial, lateral aspect of the LGD are no longer labeled, but those dorsal medial); and the LGV into lateral and medial halves. forming the bulk of the LGD are heavily labeled (Figs. 2 ...
... received their first injection on day E15, the cells in the most quadrants (ventral lateral, dorsal lateral, ventral medial, lateral aspect of the LGD are no longer labeled, but those dorsal medial); and the LGV into lateral and medial halves. forming the bulk of the LGD are heavily labeled (Figs. 2 ...
Vomeronasal Function - Oxford Academic
... Whatever response is generated in vomeronasal receptor involves a general norepinephrine-induced decrease in neurons, it must be carried to the AOB by patterns of action feedback inhibition during mating, presumably by a potentials in vomeronasal afferent axons. Theoretically, a decrease in GABA rel ...
... Whatever response is generated in vomeronasal receptor involves a general norepinephrine-induced decrease in neurons, it must be carried to the AOB by patterns of action feedback inhibition during mating, presumably by a potentials in vomeronasal afferent axons. Theoretically, a decrease in GABA rel ...
Topographically Specific Hippocampal Projections Target Functionally Distinct Prefrontal Areas in the
... Laboratory Animals (NIH publication 80-22, 1987). The animals were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, intramuscularly) followed by sodium pentnbarbital administered intravenously through a femoral cathctcr until a surgical level of anesthesia was achieved. Additional anesthetic was ...
... Laboratory Animals (NIH publication 80-22, 1987). The animals were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, intramuscularly) followed by sodium pentnbarbital administered intravenously through a femoral cathctcr until a surgical level of anesthesia was achieved. Additional anesthetic was ...
Alterations to multisensory and unisensory integration by stimulus
... by subtracting, at each moment in time, the number of impulses expected based on the mean spontaneous firing rate calculated in the 500-ms window preceding the stimulus. Changes in the slope of the Qsum indicated changes in the underlying instantaneous firing rate. Response latency was calculated us ...
... by subtracting, at each moment in time, the number of impulses expected based on the mean spontaneous firing rate calculated in the 500-ms window preceding the stimulus. Changes in the slope of the Qsum indicated changes in the underlying instantaneous firing rate. Response latency was calculated us ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.