stimulus conditions area MT of the macaque monkey under matched
... Recording), inserted at an angle of 20 deg from horizontal and positioned roughly 16 mm lateral to the midline and 8 mm posterior to the lunate sulcus. V1 and MT recordings were performed in separate animals. Neuronal responses that exceeded a user-defined voltage threshold were digitized at 30 or 4 ...
... Recording), inserted at an angle of 20 deg from horizontal and positioned roughly 16 mm lateral to the midline and 8 mm posterior to the lunate sulcus. V1 and MT recordings were performed in separate animals. Neuronal responses that exceeded a user-defined voltage threshold were digitized at 30 or 4 ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) receives dense terminations from cranial visceral afferents, including those from the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Although the NTS integrates peripheral satiety signals and relays this signal to central feeding centers, little is known about which NTS neurons a ...
... The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) receives dense terminations from cranial visceral afferents, including those from the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Although the NTS integrates peripheral satiety signals and relays this signal to central feeding centers, little is known about which NTS neurons a ...
The largest growth cones in the animal kingdom
... Synopsis The marine mollusc, Aplysia californica is a powerful experimental model in cellular and systems neuroscience. Aplysia neurons are large, colored, and located at the ganglionic surface. Because of this, many neurons can be easily identified in terms of their physiological properties, synapt ...
... Synopsis The marine mollusc, Aplysia californica is a powerful experimental model in cellular and systems neuroscience. Aplysia neurons are large, colored, and located at the ganglionic surface. Because of this, many neurons can be easily identified in terms of their physiological properties, synapt ...
Neural Encoding I: Firing Rates and Spike Statistics
... Neurons are remarkable among the cells of the body in their ability to propagate signals rapidly over large distances. They do this by generating characteristic electrical pulses called action potentials, or more simply spikes, that can travel down nerve fibers. Neurons represent and transmit inform ...
... Neurons are remarkable among the cells of the body in their ability to propagate signals rapidly over large distances. They do this by generating characteristic electrical pulses called action potentials, or more simply spikes, that can travel down nerve fibers. Neurons represent and transmit inform ...
Topographical organization of the pedunculopontine nucleus
... The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is located in the upper brainstem and has an irregular shape delimited by the borders of its population of cholinergic neurons. The PPN has been conserved in evolution across species and is present in early mammals and amphibians (Marin et al., 1998; Grillner et al ...
... The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is located in the upper brainstem and has an irregular shape delimited by the borders of its population of cholinergic neurons. The PPN has been conserved in evolution across species and is present in early mammals and amphibians (Marin et al., 1998; Grillner et al ...
Contrasting Effects of Reward Expectation on Sensory and Motor
... The mean discharge rate in each task period was compared with that in the pre-cue ‘control’ period (the 1 s duration before the cue onset) to examine whether the neuron showed significant task-related activities. If the mean discharge rate in a given period was significantly different from that in the ...
... The mean discharge rate in each task period was compared with that in the pre-cue ‘control’ period (the 1 s duration before the cue onset) to examine whether the neuron showed significant task-related activities. If the mean discharge rate in a given period was significantly different from that in the ...
Modulation of Inhibitory Synaptic Potentials in the Piriform Cortex
... In these equations, W represents the average strength of excitatory synapses arising from cortical pyramidal cells and synapsing on other excitatory neurons. If neuronal output is in spikes/ms, then synaptic strength reflects the change in membrane voltage per spike (mV/ spike) because of the membra ...
... In these equations, W represents the average strength of excitatory synapses arising from cortical pyramidal cells and synapsing on other excitatory neurons. If neuronal output is in spikes/ms, then synaptic strength reflects the change in membrane voltage per spike (mV/ spike) because of the membra ...
Pierre Berthet Computational Modeling of the Basal Ganglia – Functional Pathways
... very large number of interdependent dynamical systems, at different levels. It is suggested that the evolutionary reason for the brain is to produce adaptable and complex movements. The human brain, and its disproportionally large neocortex, seems to be capable of much more, but some argue that it a ...
... very large number of interdependent dynamical systems, at different levels. It is suggested that the evolutionary reason for the brain is to produce adaptable and complex movements. The human brain, and its disproportionally large neocortex, seems to be capable of much more, but some argue that it a ...
Separate Representations of Target and Timing Cue Locations in
... Submitted 23 June 2008; accepted in final form 8 November 2008 ...
... Submitted 23 June 2008; accepted in final form 8 November 2008 ...
The role of eyes in early face processing: A rapid adaptation study of
... According to the OSH, larger adaptation effects should be found for inverted than upright adaptors regardless of the category. Thus, in response to S2, a decreased activation should be found for inverted compared to upright adaptors, for each adaptor category tested: houses, mouths, eyes, faces, eye ...
... According to the OSH, larger adaptation effects should be found for inverted than upright adaptors regardless of the category. Thus, in response to S2, a decreased activation should be found for inverted compared to upright adaptors, for each adaptor category tested: houses, mouths, eyes, faces, eye ...
Articles in PresS. J Neurophysiol (March 20, 2003). 10.1152/jn
... activity shows a motivational component. For instance, neostriatal activity related to visual stimuli (Kawagoe et al. 1998) or movement planning (Hollerman et al. 1998) is dependent on the expected reinforcement a behavior will elicit. Task-related activity can be enhanced or suppressed when a rewar ...
... activity shows a motivational component. For instance, neostriatal activity related to visual stimuli (Kawagoe et al. 1998) or movement planning (Hollerman et al. 1998) is dependent on the expected reinforcement a behavior will elicit. Task-related activity can be enhanced or suppressed when a rewar ...
Cross-modal Circuitry Between Auditory and
... influenced by auditory stimuli or auditory FAES activation, somatosensory stimuli were presented within a neuron’s receptive field alone and then in combination with a natural auditory cue or with electrical stimulation through one of the FAES electrodes. Somatosensory stimuli were produced by a nar ...
... influenced by auditory stimuli or auditory FAES activation, somatosensory stimuli were presented within a neuron’s receptive field alone and then in combination with a natural auditory cue or with electrical stimulation through one of the FAES electrodes. Somatosensory stimuli were produced by a nar ...
ATTENTIONAL MODULATION OF VISUAL PROCESSING John H
... Single-unit recording studies in the monkey have provided detailed, quantitative descriptions of how attention alters visual cortical neuron responses. When attention is directed to a location inside the receptive field (RF), the neuron’s contrast-response threshold is reduced, enabling it to respon ...
... Single-unit recording studies in the monkey have provided detailed, quantitative descriptions of how attention alters visual cortical neuron responses. When attention is directed to a location inside the receptive field (RF), the neuron’s contrast-response threshold is reduced, enabling it to respon ...
Duration Tuning across Vertebrates
... (medial) superior olivary complex (Guinan et al., 1972; Grothe et al., 1997, 2001), where dense excitatory projections lead into the ICc (Oliver et al., 1995). GABAergic offset responding neurons in the superior paraolivary complex are not candidates for providing offset-evoked excitatory input to t ...
... (medial) superior olivary complex (Guinan et al., 1972; Grothe et al., 1997, 2001), where dense excitatory projections lead into the ICc (Oliver et al., 1995). GABAergic offset responding neurons in the superior paraolivary complex are not candidates for providing offset-evoked excitatory input to t ...
Coordinate Roles for LIM Homeobox Genes in Directing the
... innervate limb muscles are located in the lateral motor column (LMC) and are generated only at levels of the neural tube that lie in register with the limb fields (Hamburger, 1977; Ensini et al., 1998). LMC neurons initially project their axons along a common path, but at the base of the limb, the m ...
... innervate limb muscles are located in the lateral motor column (LMC) and are generated only at levels of the neural tube that lie in register with the limb fields (Hamburger, 1977; Ensini et al., 1998). LMC neurons initially project their axons along a common path, but at the base of the limb, the m ...
Differential Characteristics of Face Neuron Responses Within the
... anterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) of macaque monkeys is thought to be involved in the analysis of incoming perceptual information for face recognition or identification; face neurons in the anterior STS show tuning to facial views and/or gaze direction in the faces of others. Although it is we ...
... anterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) of macaque monkeys is thought to be involved in the analysis of incoming perceptual information for face recognition or identification; face neurons in the anterior STS show tuning to facial views and/or gaze direction in the faces of others. Although it is we ...
Nerves and how they work File
... • Depolarisation at one node passes current to next node without any loss of current as the neuron is so well insulated • This apparent ‘leaping’ of the current is called saltatory conjunction • As a result, rapid conduction velocity in myelinated neurons ...
... • Depolarisation at one node passes current to next node without any loss of current as the neuron is so well insulated • This apparent ‘leaping’ of the current is called saltatory conjunction • As a result, rapid conduction velocity in myelinated neurons ...
Table of Contents - The Mind Project
... virtual lab experience. This assessment can be interactively online, or students can complete this assessment on paper (provided in the student handout). ...
... virtual lab experience. This assessment can be interactively online, or students can complete this assessment on paper (provided in the student handout). ...
Mouse Nerve Growth Factor Prevents Degeneration of Axotomized
... nucleus of the DBB. The horizontal dashed line, which passes through the border of the middle with the lower third of the nucleus accumbens, demarcates the MSN from the nucleus of the DBB. b. In this mane. the MSN is readilv seoarated from the nucleus of the DBB (horizontal dashed Zine). c, In this ...
... nucleus of the DBB. The horizontal dashed line, which passes through the border of the middle with the lower third of the nucleus accumbens, demarcates the MSN from the nucleus of the DBB. b. In this mane. the MSN is readilv seoarated from the nucleus of the DBB (horizontal dashed Zine). c, In this ...
Glutamate Inhibits GABA Excitatory Activity in
... raise intracellular calcium to cytotoxic levels? At a more local cellular level, can glutamate, rather than summating with GABA to increase excitation and intracellular calcium, act to reduce GABA actions, and, thereby, play an important modulatory role in inhibiting excitation at developing GABAerg ...
... raise intracellular calcium to cytotoxic levels? At a more local cellular level, can glutamate, rather than summating with GABA to increase excitation and intracellular calcium, act to reduce GABA actions, and, thereby, play an important modulatory role in inhibiting excitation at developing GABAerg ...
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
... of the pathogenic agent. Another phenomenon is the appearance of new, abnormal integration of modified neural structures. The very "damage" is not the development of the pathological process. He plays the role of the causes and conditions of this development, which is carried out its own endogenous ...
... of the pathogenic agent. Another phenomenon is the appearance of new, abnormal integration of modified neural structures. The very "damage" is not the development of the pathological process. He plays the role of the causes and conditions of this development, which is carried out its own endogenous ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... ordering that increases synaptic efficacy under STDP. The amount of LTP falls off roughly exponentially as a function of the difference between pre- and postsynaptic spike times with a time constant that is of the same order as a typical membrane time constant. This assures that only those presynapt ...
... ordering that increases synaptic efficacy under STDP. The amount of LTP falls off roughly exponentially as a function of the difference between pre- and postsynaptic spike times with a time constant that is of the same order as a typical membrane time constant. This assures that only those presynapt ...
optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor
... strongly to passive joint movements or skin contact. Most descending signals from the cortex pass through spinal interneurons53. However, some neurons in M1 (corticomotor (CM) neurons) form synaptic connections directly onto spinal interneurons54–56, allowing M1 to have a more direct and selective i ...
... strongly to passive joint movements or skin contact. Most descending signals from the cortex pass through spinal interneurons53. However, some neurons in M1 (corticomotor (CM) neurons) form synaptic connections directly onto spinal interneurons54–56, allowing M1 to have a more direct and selective i ...
Move to the rhythm: oscillations in the subthalamic nucleus–external
... rebound depolarization, which generates a single spike, restores rhythmic spiking and/or generates a burst of activity (Fig. 2g,h) [63]. Multiple IPSPs can also reduce and/or prevent action-potential generation (Fig. 2f) [63]. The pattern and rate of inhibitory input are, therefore, crucial in deter ...
... rebound depolarization, which generates a single spike, restores rhythmic spiking and/or generates a burst of activity (Fig. 2g,h) [63]. Multiple IPSPs can also reduce and/or prevent action-potential generation (Fig. 2f) [63]. The pattern and rate of inhibitory input are, therefore, crucial in deter ...
Neural substrates for expectation-modulated fear learning in
... A form of aversively motivated learning called fear conditioning occurs when a neutral conditioned stimulus is paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (UCS). UCS-evoked depolarization of amygdala neurons may instruct Hebbian plasticity that stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–uncondit ...
... A form of aversively motivated learning called fear conditioning occurs when a neutral conditioned stimulus is paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (UCS). UCS-evoked depolarization of amygdala neurons may instruct Hebbian plasticity that stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–uncondit ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.