Midbrain fMRI: Applications, Limitations and Challenges
... of one coherent dopaminergic cell complex (e.g. Beckstead et al. 1979; but also see McRitchie et al. (1996) for subtle differences in cell orientation, size and density between these cell groups). Further DA neurons are located in nearby regions such as the hypothalamus, periaqueductal grey, rostral ...
... of one coherent dopaminergic cell complex (e.g. Beckstead et al. 1979; but also see McRitchie et al. (1996) for subtle differences in cell orientation, size and density between these cell groups). Further DA neurons are located in nearby regions such as the hypothalamus, periaqueductal grey, rostral ...
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for
... shapes, sizes, and orientations. We studied the activity of 132 task-related neurons during the hand-manipulation tasks in the light and in the dark, as well as during object fixation. Seventy-seven percent (101/132) of the hand-manipulation-related neurons were visually responsive, showing either l ...
... shapes, sizes, and orientations. We studied the activity of 132 task-related neurons during the hand-manipulation tasks in the light and in the dark, as well as during object fixation. Seventy-seven percent (101/132) of the hand-manipulation-related neurons were visually responsive, showing either l ...
Long-Term Depression in Identified Stellate Neurons of Juvenile Rat
... of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). We therefore included a low concentration (0.2 mM) of QX-314 in the recording pipettes. After formation of whole cell recordings, we quickly (usually in ⬍2 min) recorded the voltage responses by injecting currents from ⫹0.1 to ⫺1 nA at an interval of ⫺0.1 ...
... of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). We therefore included a low concentration (0.2 mM) of QX-314 in the recording pipettes. After formation of whole cell recordings, we quickly (usually in ⬍2 min) recorded the voltage responses by injecting currents from ⫹0.1 to ⫺1 nA at an interval of ⫺0.1 ...
Functional Organization of the Cat Visual Cortex in Relation to the
... enabling visualization of the spatial arrangement of the orientation-preference map have revealed the presence of both linear zones, where orientation preference gradually changes, and singular points and fractures, where orientation preference rapidly changes (Blasdel 1992; Bonhoeffer and Grinvald ...
... enabling visualization of the spatial arrangement of the orientation-preference map have revealed the presence of both linear zones, where orientation preference gradually changes, and singular points and fractures, where orientation preference rapidly changes (Blasdel 1992; Bonhoeffer and Grinvald ...
Jesús Pujol Martí Neural map organization and development in the lateral-line system
... the communication between sensory organs and the brain. In most sensory systems, neurons project from the sensory receptors to the brain in a spatially ordered manner forming neural maps that encode stimuli attributes, such as identity or position. The formation of such precise patterns of connectiv ...
... the communication between sensory organs and the brain. In most sensory systems, neurons project from the sensory receptors to the brain in a spatially ordered manner forming neural maps that encode stimuli attributes, such as identity or position. The formation of such precise patterns of connectiv ...
Mirror neuron functioning: an explanation for
... Mirror neurons and empathy Empathy plays a big role in our everyday life; being able to identify with someone else‟s feelings, motivations and thoughts is necessary to survive in the social society that we live in. According to Wied, Gispen-de Wied and van Boxtel (2010) the construct of empathy can ...
... Mirror neurons and empathy Empathy plays a big role in our everyday life; being able to identify with someone else‟s feelings, motivations and thoughts is necessary to survive in the social society that we live in. According to Wied, Gispen-de Wied and van Boxtel (2010) the construct of empathy can ...
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Decomposing the
... response alternatives. We furthermore are often faced with the requirement to withhold or postpone an action, an ability which relies on impulse control preventing movements from being prematurely released. In other situations sensory information can interfere with this process and trigger alternati ...
... response alternatives. We furthermore are often faced with the requirement to withhold or postpone an action, an ability which relies on impulse control preventing movements from being prematurely released. In other situations sensory information can interfere with this process and trigger alternati ...
NIH Public Access
... Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is publi ...
... Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is publi ...
Regulation of synaptic functions in central nervous system by
... (Figure 1B) [21,37,38]. The response to leptin in ARC neurons mainly contributes to satiety. Leptin can also directly regulate mesolimbic VTA (ventral tegmental area) DA (dopaminergic) neurons (Figure 2A) [39]. Recently, a subgroup of neurons in LHA was identified to expresses LepRb, but not orexin/ ...
... (Figure 1B) [21,37,38]. The response to leptin in ARC neurons mainly contributes to satiety. Leptin can also directly regulate mesolimbic VTA (ventral tegmental area) DA (dopaminergic) neurons (Figure 2A) [39]. Recently, a subgroup of neurons in LHA was identified to expresses LepRb, but not orexin/ ...
Segregated cholinergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area
... inhibited (Fig. 1i). The stimulation of LDT cholinergic axons also produced predominantly excitation in responding DA neurons, but the proportion of responding neurons was larger than following PPN axon stimulation (50% vs 38%; Fig. 2h). In contrast to PPN axon stimulation, we observed a proportion ...
... inhibited (Fig. 1i). The stimulation of LDT cholinergic axons also produced predominantly excitation in responding DA neurons, but the proportion of responding neurons was larger than following PPN axon stimulation (50% vs 38%; Fig. 2h). In contrast to PPN axon stimulation, we observed a proportion ...
Novel visual stimuli activate a population of neurons
... been seen before by the monkey.) The four familiar stimuli included the S¡, included to make sure that the monkey looked at and processed the stimuli on every trial. It is emphasized that all the novel and familiar stimuli (including the S+) were rewarded, and only one stimulus, the S¡, was punished ...
... been seen before by the monkey.) The four familiar stimuli included the S¡, included to make sure that the monkey looked at and processed the stimuli on every trial. It is emphasized that all the novel and familiar stimuli (including the S+) were rewarded, and only one stimulus, the S¡, was punished ...
Increased Expression of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) in
... periods were treated as a single group. NADPH-d activity in DRG was not quantified after axotomy due to the large numbers of these cells and the variations in staining intensity (i.e., intense, moderate, light) (Vizzard et al., 1993a-c. I994a), which would make it difficult to detect changes in stai ...
... periods were treated as a single group. NADPH-d activity in DRG was not quantified after axotomy due to the large numbers of these cells and the variations in staining intensity (i.e., intense, moderate, light) (Vizzard et al., 1993a-c. I994a), which would make it difficult to detect changes in stai ...
A Critical Review of the Role of the Proposed VMpo Nucleus in Pain
... I STT cells that project to the VPL or VPI nuclei. However, it is conceivable that some of the lamina I cells in their sample actually projected elsewhere than to VMpo if the stimulating current spread to other nuclei or if they activated fibers of passage antidromically. It seems quite possible tha ...
... I STT cells that project to the VPL or VPI nuclei. However, it is conceivable that some of the lamina I cells in their sample actually projected elsewhere than to VMpo if the stimulating current spread to other nuclei or if they activated fibers of passage antidromically. It seems quite possible tha ...
Genesis and Control of the Respiratory Rhythm in Adult
... applying various drugs were tested. Although several theoretical models were proposed, the actual mechanisms responsible for respiratory rhythmogenesis were largely misunderstood until quite recently. In vitro studies performed on neonatal rodents showed, however, that a special set of neurons locat ...
... applying various drugs were tested. Although several theoretical models were proposed, the actual mechanisms responsible for respiratory rhythmogenesis were largely misunderstood until quite recently. In vitro studies performed on neonatal rodents showed, however, that a special set of neurons locat ...
self-organising map
... neuron in the lattice corresponds to a particular domain or feature of the input patterns. variations in the statistics of the input distribution: regions in the input space H from which sample vectors CS 476: Networks of Neural Computation, CSD, UOC, 2009 ...
... neuron in the lattice corresponds to a particular domain or feature of the input patterns. variations in the statistics of the input distribution: regions in the input space H from which sample vectors CS 476: Networks of Neural Computation, CSD, UOC, 2009 ...
neural projections from nucleus accumbens to globus pallidus
... most obvious difference is that fibers from the caudoputamen travel to the substantia nigra through medial parts of the cerebral peduncle, while most of those from the nucleus accumbens descend through lateral parts of the medial forebrain bundle in the substantia innominata (SI), lateral preoptic a ...
... most obvious difference is that fibers from the caudoputamen travel to the substantia nigra through medial parts of the cerebral peduncle, while most of those from the nucleus accumbens descend through lateral parts of the medial forebrain bundle in the substantia innominata (SI), lateral preoptic a ...
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... How does the human brain make sense of the 3D world while its visual input, the retinal images, are only two-dimensional? There are multiple depth-cues exploited by the brain to create a 3D model of the world. Despite the importance of this subject both for scientists and engineers, the underlying c ...
... How does the human brain make sense of the 3D world while its visual input, the retinal images, are only two-dimensional? There are multiple depth-cues exploited by the brain to create a 3D model of the world. Despite the importance of this subject both for scientists and engineers, the underlying c ...
Principles of Neural Science
... stimulus, determined by the type of energy transmitted by the stimulus and the receptors specialized to sense that energy (Figure 21-1). Receptors, together with their central pathways and target areas in the brain, comprise a sensory system, and activity within a system gives rise to specific types ...
... stimulus, determined by the type of energy transmitted by the stimulus and the receptors specialized to sense that energy (Figure 21-1). Receptors, together with their central pathways and target areas in the brain, comprise a sensory system, and activity within a system gives rise to specific types ...
Presence of vesicular glutamate transporter-2 in
... PVa (Fig. 1B). The ARH contained only few VGLUT2 neurons, most of which were localized laterally within the nucleus. These glutamatergic cells were labelled lightly or moderately and their distribution overlapped with the area also containing GHRH neurons. Nevertheless, microscopic analysis of every ...
... PVa (Fig. 1B). The ARH contained only few VGLUT2 neurons, most of which were localized laterally within the nucleus. These glutamatergic cells were labelled lightly or moderately and their distribution overlapped with the area also containing GHRH neurons. Nevertheless, microscopic analysis of every ...
Convergence in Mammalian Nucleus of Solitary Tract During
... of receptive field sizeand salt responsecharacteristicsof secondorder taste cells in 3 age groups of sheep.These data can be compared with parallel measuresof receptive fields and salt responsesfrom first-order taste afferents. Receptive field size at various neural levels is determinedduring develo ...
... of receptive field sizeand salt responsecharacteristicsof secondorder taste cells in 3 age groups of sheep.These data can be compared with parallel measuresof receptive fields and salt responsesfrom first-order taste afferents. Receptive field size at various neural levels is determinedduring develo ...
Selective Loss of Catecholaminergic Wake–Active Neurons in a
... latency test (MSLT) was performed (four nap opportunities between 2:00 and 4:00 P.M.) to measure wakefulness after sleep (Veasey et al., 2004c). The following day, enforced wakefulness by gentle handling (air puffs or introduction of murine nest building materials into the cage) was performed for 6 ...
... latency test (MSLT) was performed (four nap opportunities between 2:00 and 4:00 P.M.) to measure wakefulness after sleep (Veasey et al., 2004c). The following day, enforced wakefulness by gentle handling (air puffs or introduction of murine nest building materials into the cage) was performed for 6 ...
Clustered Organization of Neurons with Similar Extra
... To determine the ERF properties of cells in the primary visual cortex of the cat, we used visual stimuli of sinusoidal gratings that drift at the optimal spatiotemporal frequency for the neuron. We first located the center of the CRF by moving rectangular grating patches along the axes perpendicular ...
... To determine the ERF properties of cells in the primary visual cortex of the cat, we used visual stimuli of sinusoidal gratings that drift at the optimal spatiotemporal frequency for the neuron. We first located the center of the CRF by moving rectangular grating patches along the axes perpendicular ...
Simulating Populations of Neurons - Leeds VLE
... Understanding the brain is a recent fascination in modern computing. We have come to realise that the brain is the most advanced computational tool that we know of, to be able to replicate neuronal processes could vastly improve current computational techniques. However, the more we understand the m ...
... Understanding the brain is a recent fascination in modern computing. We have come to realise that the brain is the most advanced computational tool that we know of, to be able to replicate neuronal processes could vastly improve current computational techniques. However, the more we understand the m ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent with evidence indicating that mirror neurons contribute to a range of social cognitive functions, but do not play a dominant, spec ...
... explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent with evidence indicating that mirror neurons contribute to a range of social cognitive functions, but do not play a dominant, spec ...
Hindbrain noradrenergic A2 neurons: diverse roles in autonomic
... situations that present actual or anticipated threats to bodily homeostasis. In many cases the relevant information is communicated to A2 neurons by visceral sensory afferents, but in other cases A2 neurons appear to be recruited by descending inputs from the hypothalamus and limbic forebrain (30, 6 ...
... situations that present actual or anticipated threats to bodily homeostasis. In many cases the relevant information is communicated to A2 neurons by visceral sensory afferents, but in other cases A2 neurons appear to be recruited by descending inputs from the hypothalamus and limbic forebrain (30, 6 ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.