Orexinergic Input to Dopaminergic Neurons of the Human Ventral
... In rodents, the perikarya of orexin synthesizing neurons are located in the dorsal medial hypothalamus, perifornical area and the lateral hypothalamus [1,5–7]. Their axonal projections to the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) [7–9] have been implicated in the wide effects of orexins on the mesol ...
... In rodents, the perikarya of orexin synthesizing neurons are located in the dorsal medial hypothalamus, perifornical area and the lateral hypothalamus [1,5–7]. Their axonal projections to the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) [7–9] have been implicated in the wide effects of orexins on the mesol ...
Molecular heterogeneity of central synapses: afferent and target
... that could mediate selective interactions. Neuroligins presented on the surface of a fibroblast can induce presynaptic specializations in glutamatergic axons51; it is not yet known whether this ability extends to other classes of axons. N-cadherin shows an interesting localization to both GABAergic ...
... that could mediate selective interactions. Neuroligins presented on the surface of a fibroblast can induce presynaptic specializations in glutamatergic axons51; it is not yet known whether this ability extends to other classes of axons. N-cadherin shows an interesting localization to both GABAergic ...
rEvIEW - McLoon Lab
... astrocyte are stabilized and receive nurturing signals that allow them to mature further. It is important to point out that astrocyte processes do not fully insulate a synapse from the surrounding environment but, instead, allow some flow into and out of the synaptic cleft. For example, at hippocamp ...
... astrocyte are stabilized and receive nurturing signals that allow them to mature further. It is important to point out that astrocyte processes do not fully insulate a synapse from the surrounding environment but, instead, allow some flow into and out of the synaptic cleft. For example, at hippocamp ...
NEOCORTEX
... the neck varies greatly, from virtually nothing as in "stubby" spines, in which the head attaches directly to the dendritic shaft, to necks that are several micrometers long (Jones and Powell, 1969). At the high magnifrcations achieved with the electron microscope, spines can be distinguished from o ...
... the neck varies greatly, from virtually nothing as in "stubby" spines, in which the head attaches directly to the dendritic shaft, to necks that are several micrometers long (Jones and Powell, 1969). At the high magnifrcations achieved with the electron microscope, spines can be distinguished from o ...
Slide 1
... and proximal apical/basal dendrites (green) receive separate synaptic inputs in a variety of types of pyramidal cells. (B) Summation of inputs onto a single dendritic branch (but not between branches) leads to a dendritic spike that remains below threshold for an action potential at the soma. It has ...
... and proximal apical/basal dendrites (green) receive separate synaptic inputs in a variety of types of pyramidal cells. (B) Summation of inputs onto a single dendritic branch (but not between branches) leads to a dendritic spike that remains below threshold for an action potential at the soma. It has ...
Limitations of Neural Map Topography for Decoding Spatial
... for each histogram. Performance statistics for the decoder were calculated from a training set separate from the test set to be decoded, using a leave-one-out strategy, in which a single population response vector was decoded using the statistics calculated on the basis of all presentations other th ...
... for each histogram. Performance statistics for the decoder were calculated from a training set separate from the test set to be decoded, using a leave-one-out strategy, in which a single population response vector was decoded using the statistics calculated on the basis of all presentations other th ...
Inhibitory Gating of Basolateral Amygdala Inputs to the Prefrontal
... influence the PFC circuit, with important implications for how this circuit participates in the regulation of emotion. Key words: basolateral amygdala; inhibition; interneuron; prefrontal cortex; projection neuron; synapse ...
... influence the PFC circuit, with important implications for how this circuit participates in the regulation of emotion. Key words: basolateral amygdala; inhibition; interneuron; prefrontal cortex; projection neuron; synapse ...
Interactions Between the Lateral Hypothalamus and the
... current was automatically cut off and the tail was removed from the heat source. The site that inhibited TF to cut off with minimum current was selected for stimulation. In experiments involving recording from PAG cells, this area was searched until a spontaneously firing unit was isolated. The proj ...
... current was automatically cut off and the tail was removed from the heat source. The site that inhibited TF to cut off with minimum current was selected for stimulation. In experiments involving recording from PAG cells, this area was searched until a spontaneously firing unit was isolated. The proj ...
Multisensory Integration in the Ventral Intraparietal Area of the
... were prepared for chronic recording of eye position and single-neuron activity in VIP. A single surgery was induced with Zoletil 20 (6 mg/kg) and atropine (0.25 mg) and maintained under isoflurane anesthesia (2.5%). A search coil was implanted subconjunctivally to measure eye position (Judge et al., ...
... were prepared for chronic recording of eye position and single-neuron activity in VIP. A single surgery was induced with Zoletil 20 (6 mg/kg) and atropine (0.25 mg) and maintained under isoflurane anesthesia (2.5%). A search coil was implanted subconjunctivally to measure eye position (Judge et al., ...
Sympathetic Chain
... SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLION • Largest ,fusiform, 2.5cm length • Fuses upper four cervical ganglia • Situation- opposite C2 &C3 Vertebrae behind ICA& infont of l. capitis • Receives pre ganglionic fibres mostly from upper three thracic segments • BRANCHES (all convey post ganglionic fibres & some se ...
... SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLION • Largest ,fusiform, 2.5cm length • Fuses upper four cervical ganglia • Situation- opposite C2 &C3 Vertebrae behind ICA& infont of l. capitis • Receives pre ganglionic fibres mostly from upper three thracic segments • BRANCHES (all convey post ganglionic fibres & some se ...
View PDF - MRC BNDU - University of Oxford
... Cell density per segment was obtained by dividing the estimated number of neurons per segment in each animal by the total segment volume, then taking the mean across animals. For sections processed by both in situ hybridization and IHC, we could not use an optical fractionator as the silver grains r ...
... Cell density per segment was obtained by dividing the estimated number of neurons per segment in each animal by the total segment volume, then taking the mean across animals. For sections processed by both in situ hybridization and IHC, we could not use an optical fractionator as the silver grains r ...
Coding of relative size in monkey inferotemporal cortex
... the four versions of each shape (during the 200-ms image presentation period), with the sizes of the large (1x/2x) and small (1x/2x) part as factors. As described earlier, main effects represent sensitivity to absolute size of a part, whereas interaction effects represent nonlinear interactions betw ...
... the four versions of each shape (during the 200-ms image presentation period), with the sizes of the large (1x/2x) and small (1x/2x) part as factors. As described earlier, main effects represent sensitivity to absolute size of a part, whereas interaction effects represent nonlinear interactions betw ...
full text pdf
... Pruning: circuit specification and more Why do neurons build synapses or neurites just to degrade them again later on during development? For one, neurons (many billions in the mammalian brain) must make many highly specific synaptic connections (often thousands for a mammalian neuron in the brain). ...
... Pruning: circuit specification and more Why do neurons build synapses or neurites just to degrade them again later on during development? For one, neurons (many billions in the mammalian brain) must make many highly specific synaptic connections (often thousands for a mammalian neuron in the brain). ...
Hypothalamic pathways linking energy balance and reproduction
... females show a 70% reduction in their LH surges (99). This dual effect also explains why food deprivation initiated on the day of estrus is much less effective in suppressing ovulation than fasting begun on diestrus, when estrogen levels are low (12). Exciting new findings have begun to shed light o ...
... females show a 70% reduction in their LH surges (99). This dual effect also explains why food deprivation initiated on the day of estrus is much less effective in suppressing ovulation than fasting begun on diestrus, when estrogen levels are low (12). Exciting new findings have begun to shed light o ...
Gao JCN 2000 - Georgia State University
... (Chapman et al., 1996; Ruthazer et al., 1999). One aim of this study was to characterize further the neurons involved in the late peak of GABA-ir neurons. We have hypothesized that GABA plays a special role late in cortical development as circuits are being fine-tuned and may operate through a diffe ...
... (Chapman et al., 1996; Ruthazer et al., 1999). One aim of this study was to characterize further the neurons involved in the late peak of GABA-ir neurons. We have hypothesized that GABA plays a special role late in cortical development as circuits are being fine-tuned and may operate through a diffe ...
Reduced Levels of Acetylcholine Receptor Expression in Chick
... ablation of the AON prior to synapse formation. AChR levels were dramatically reduced in neurons of input-deprived ganglia as compared to control innervated neurons at all developmental stages examined from embryonic day (ED) 5 to ED 12 as determined by indirect immunocytochemical labeling of frozen ...
... ablation of the AON prior to synapse formation. AChR levels were dramatically reduced in neurons of input-deprived ganglia as compared to control innervated neurons at all developmental stages examined from embryonic day (ED) 5 to ED 12 as determined by indirect immunocytochemical labeling of frozen ...
MMNeuropharm2011
... relies on NMDAR and glucocorticoids receptor (GR) activation, cocaine-evoked plasticity does not require GRs suggesting the existence of two independent pathways. Likewise, the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) strengthens excitatory synaptic inputs onto DA neurons and the CRF-glutamate interacti ...
... relies on NMDAR and glucocorticoids receptor (GR) activation, cocaine-evoked plasticity does not require GRs suggesting the existence of two independent pathways. Likewise, the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) strengthens excitatory synaptic inputs onto DA neurons and the CRF-glutamate interacti ...
Mirror Neurons: Findings and Functions
... for the location of the MNS and its properties. This research has shown that there appear to be other areas with mirror properties. Besides the premotor area, one of its important input areas, the rostral inferior parietal lobule (IPL) area PF, also contains neurons with mirror properties. The premo ...
... for the location of the MNS and its properties. This research has shown that there appear to be other areas with mirror properties. Besides the premotor area, one of its important input areas, the rostral inferior parietal lobule (IPL) area PF, also contains neurons with mirror properties. The premo ...
Identification of the Neuropeptide Transmitter Proctolin in Drosophila
... from the CNS, hindgut, and segmental bodywall using reverse-phase HPLC, and characterized by bioassay, immunoassay, and enzymatic analysis. A small, stereotyped population of proctolin-immunoreactive neurons was found in the larval CNS. Several of the identified neurons may be efferents. In the peri ...
... from the CNS, hindgut, and segmental bodywall using reverse-phase HPLC, and characterized by bioassay, immunoassay, and enzymatic analysis. A small, stereotyped population of proctolin-immunoreactive neurons was found in the larval CNS. Several of the identified neurons may be efferents. In the peri ...
Autonomic NS
... • Some sympathetic preganglionic axons pass through the sympathetic trunk without terminating in it. Beyond the trunk they form nerves called splanchnic nerves which extend to prevertebral ganglia. • T5-T9 or T10- Greater splanchnic nerve. • T10-T11- Lesser splanchnic nerve. • L1-L4- Lumbar splanchn ...
... • Some sympathetic preganglionic axons pass through the sympathetic trunk without terminating in it. Beyond the trunk they form nerves called splanchnic nerves which extend to prevertebral ganglia. • T5-T9 or T10- Greater splanchnic nerve. • T10-T11- Lesser splanchnic nerve. • L1-L4- Lumbar splanchn ...
Figure 15.9
... • Some sympathetic preganglionic axons pass through the sympathetic trunk without terminating in it. Beyond the trunk they form nerves called splanchnic nerves which extend to prevertebral ganglia. • T5-T9 or T10- Greater splanchnic nerve. • T10-T11- Lesser splanchnic nerve. • L1-L4- Lumbar splanchn ...
... • Some sympathetic preganglionic axons pass through the sympathetic trunk without terminating in it. Beyond the trunk they form nerves called splanchnic nerves which extend to prevertebral ganglia. • T5-T9 or T10- Greater splanchnic nerve. • T10-T11- Lesser splanchnic nerve. • L1-L4- Lumbar splanchn ...
Cell-Type Specific Channelopathies in the Prefrontal Cortex of the
... asked whether the two general types of L5 projection neurons are found in the fmr1-/y mouse medial PFC (mPFC). In WT and fmr1-/y mice, we infused red retrograde tracer (Lumuflour beads) into the pontine nuclei to label PT neurons and a green tracer into either the contralateral striatum or contralat ...
... asked whether the two general types of L5 projection neurons are found in the fmr1-/y mouse medial PFC (mPFC). In WT and fmr1-/y mice, we infused red retrograde tracer (Lumuflour beads) into the pontine nuclei to label PT neurons and a green tracer into either the contralateral striatum or contralat ...
Bayesian Spiking Neurons II: Learning
... be used as building blocks to represent hierarchies of hidden causes for their input. The output spike trains of the Bayesian neurons are close to inhomogeneous Poisson processes, whose rates depend on the state of xt (see section 3 of the companion letter). Thus, we propose to apply a learning rule ...
... be used as building blocks to represent hierarchies of hidden causes for their input. The output spike trains of the Bayesian neurons are close to inhomogeneous Poisson processes, whose rates depend on the state of xt (see section 3 of the companion letter). Thus, we propose to apply a learning rule ...
Millisecond Timescale Synchrony among Hippocampal Neurons
... number of counts averaged over all jittered surrogate sets,  is a normalization constant ⫽ J /共J ⫺ S 兲 if J /S ⬎ 2 and  ⫽ 2 if J /S ⱕ 2, and n1 is the spike count in the lower firing cell in the pair. This measure is useful for comparing the strength of synchrony across cell pairs. A larger ...
... number of counts averaged over all jittered surrogate sets,  is a normalization constant ⫽ J /共J ⫺ S 兲 if J /S ⬎ 2 and  ⫽ 2 if J /S ⱕ 2, and n1 is the spike count in the lower firing cell in the pair. This measure is useful for comparing the strength of synchrony across cell pairs. A larger ...
The parasympathetic system
... Sweat gland secrete large amounts of sweat with sympathetic stimulation – No effect with parasympathetic stimulation – However, sweat glands are stimulated primarily through centers in the hypothalamus that are considered to be parasympathetic centers – sweating may be called a parasympathetic funct ...
... Sweat gland secrete large amounts of sweat with sympathetic stimulation – No effect with parasympathetic stimulation – However, sweat glands are stimulated primarily through centers in the hypothalamus that are considered to be parasympathetic centers – sweating may be called a parasympathetic funct ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.