Intersegmental synchronization of spontaneous activity of dorsal
... In the earlier study (Manjarrez et al. 2000), we suggested that the ensemble of active dorsal horn neurons that leads to the spontaneous nCDPs fires in a highly synchronized manner and is longitudinally distributed throughout several spinal segments. In 1979, Brown and colleagues examined in the spi ...
... In the earlier study (Manjarrez et al. 2000), we suggested that the ensemble of active dorsal horn neurons that leads to the spontaneous nCDPs fires in a highly synchronized manner and is longitudinally distributed throughout several spinal segments. In 1979, Brown and colleagues examined in the spi ...
Maruska & Tricas 2011
... also varied across the year, suggesting seasonal changes in GnRH influence of auditory processing. Exogenous application of GnRH (sGnRH and cGnRHII) caused a primarily inhibitory effect on auditory-evoked single neuron responses in the torus semicircularis. In the majority of neurons, GnRH caused a l ...
... also varied across the year, suggesting seasonal changes in GnRH influence of auditory processing. Exogenous application of GnRH (sGnRH and cGnRHII) caused a primarily inhibitory effect on auditory-evoked single neuron responses in the torus semicircularis. In the majority of neurons, GnRH caused a l ...
Cortical projections to the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal
... The nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system (NOT-DTN) along with the dorsolateral pontine nucleus (DLPN) have been shown to play a role in controlling slow eye movements and in maintaining stable vision during head movements. Both nuclei are known to rece ...
... The nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system (NOT-DTN) along with the dorsolateral pontine nucleus (DLPN) have been shown to play a role in controlling slow eye movements and in maintaining stable vision during head movements. Both nuclei are known to rece ...
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... b) continuous conduction of graded potentials. c) changing the frequency of impulses sent to sensory centers. d) propagation action potential in both directions. e) modifying the length of the refractory period. Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical ...
... b) continuous conduction of graded potentials. c) changing the frequency of impulses sent to sensory centers. d) propagation action potential in both directions. e) modifying the length of the refractory period. Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical ...
Constraints on Somatotopic Organization in the Primary Motor Cortex
... motoneuron pool of any given muscle. The cortical territory for each muscle is so large as to preclude spatially separate territories for each muscle. Instead, the M1 territories from which outputs converge on two upper extremity muscles overlap extensively. This principle of convergence was articul ...
... motoneuron pool of any given muscle. The cortical territory for each muscle is so large as to preclude spatially separate territories for each muscle. Instead, the M1 territories from which outputs converge on two upper extremity muscles overlap extensively. This principle of convergence was articul ...
Accelerating axonal growth promotes motor
... transduced (Figure 2B), indicating effective knockdown. However, the knockdown resulted in an accelerated loss of the transduced DRG neurons (Supplemental Figure 1B), in keeping with its survival function (ref. 14 and Supplemental Figure 1B). To overcome this, we knocked down mHsp25 in DRG neurons f ...
... transduced (Figure 2B), indicating effective knockdown. However, the knockdown resulted in an accelerated loss of the transduced DRG neurons (Supplemental Figure 1B), in keeping with its survival function (ref. 14 and Supplemental Figure 1B). To overcome this, we knocked down mHsp25 in DRG neurons f ...
Prevalent Presence of Periodic Actin-spectrin-based
... periodic structure was observed in only a small fraction (~10-30%) of dendrites, and typically appeared as short, isolated patches in portions of these dendrites (16, 20). The local concentration of spectrin is a key determinant for the preferential formation of MPS in axons: in wild type neurons, β ...
... periodic structure was observed in only a small fraction (~10-30%) of dendrites, and typically appeared as short, isolated patches in portions of these dendrites (16, 20). The local concentration of spectrin is a key determinant for the preferential formation of MPS in axons: in wild type neurons, β ...
the spinal cord and spinal nerves
... in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) regions and sends them to the central nervous system (CNS), the brain and spinal cord, to coordinate our actions. A new message is then sent to an effector organ or muscle to take action. This whole process of sending information from receptor to coordinator to ...
... in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) regions and sends them to the central nervous system (CNS), the brain and spinal cord, to coordinate our actions. A new message is then sent to an effector organ or muscle to take action. This whole process of sending information from receptor to coordinator to ...
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... stages that approximate initial and late periods of cortical neuronal differentiation. At E13.5, Gde2–/– mutants showed an ~50% decrease of layer VI Tbr1+ neurons during the peak period of layer VI neurogenesis (Fig. 2A,A⬘,G). By E17.5, however, the numbers of Tbr1+ neurons had recovered to WT level ...
... stages that approximate initial and late periods of cortical neuronal differentiation. At E13.5, Gde2–/– mutants showed an ~50% decrease of layer VI Tbr1+ neurons during the peak period of layer VI neurogenesis (Fig. 2A,A⬘,G). By E17.5, however, the numbers of Tbr1+ neurons had recovered to WT level ...
Basal Ganglia Outputs Map Instantaneous Position Coordinates
... 2.9 –3.0 mm posterior, 1.2 mm lateral, and 4.6 – 4.7 mm below brain surface (5 mice were Figure 1. In vivo electrophysiological recording and classification of single units. A, Illustration of the representative placement implanted in the left SNr; 5 in the right SNr). of electrode array in the SNr. ...
... 2.9 –3.0 mm posterior, 1.2 mm lateral, and 4.6 – 4.7 mm below brain surface (5 mice were Figure 1. In vivo electrophysiological recording and classification of single units. A, Illustration of the representative placement implanted in the left SNr; 5 in the right SNr). of electrode array in the SNr. ...
THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
... regulated by orexins. Orexins also have a strong, direct, excitatory effect on cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain33), which is hypothesized to play an important role in arousal. Cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) p ...
... regulated by orexins. Orexins also have a strong, direct, excitatory effect on cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain33), which is hypothesized to play an important role in arousal. Cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) p ...
Lecture 26-BasalGanglia
... • Putamen circuit is inhibitory. Executes skilled motor activities for example cutting paper with a scissor, hammering on nail, shooting a basket ball & like throwing a base ball. • Putamen circuit has indirect connection to cortex via thalamus.while caudate has direct conection to the cortex from t ...
... • Putamen circuit is inhibitory. Executes skilled motor activities for example cutting paper with a scissor, hammering on nail, shooting a basket ball & like throwing a base ball. • Putamen circuit has indirect connection to cortex via thalamus.while caudate has direct conection to the cortex from t ...
innervation of the ventral diaphragm of the locust
... pinned, ventral side up, on to the wax-floor of a Petri dish and continuously perfused with saline. One of the segmental nerves was then stained with CoCl8 (Pitman, Tweedle & Cohen, 1972) or NiCl2 via the cut axons (lies & Mulloney, 1971), by means of an oil gap electrode (Peters, 1976). Although Co ...
... pinned, ventral side up, on to the wax-floor of a Petri dish and continuously perfused with saline. One of the segmental nerves was then stained with CoCl8 (Pitman, Tweedle & Cohen, 1972) or NiCl2 via the cut axons (lies & Mulloney, 1971), by means of an oil gap electrode (Peters, 1976). Although Co ...
Contextual modulation and stimulus selectivity in extrastriate cortex
... the retina and primary visual cortex has been extensively described in the literature. Here, we describe how similar computations can also elaborate feature selectivity in the extrastriate areas of both the dorsal and ventral streams of the primate visual system. We discuss recent work that makes us ...
... the retina and primary visual cortex has been extensively described in the literature. Here, we describe how similar computations can also elaborate feature selectivity in the extrastriate areas of both the dorsal and ventral streams of the primate visual system. We discuss recent work that makes us ...
Hypothalamus - aHuman Project
... TRPV4 knock-out mice drink significantly more when infused with ADH-analogue dDAVP (i.e. when water retention is increased, which should result in decreased water intake) than wildtype mice. ...
... TRPV4 knock-out mice drink significantly more when infused with ADH-analogue dDAVP (i.e. when water retention is increased, which should result in decreased water intake) than wildtype mice. ...
MIrror neuRons based RObot Recognition - LIRA-Lab
... observation of objects (canonical neurons) or by the observation of actions made by others (mirror neurons). Another cortical area where there are mirror neurons is area PF (Fogassi et al. 1998; Gallese et al. 2002). This area forms the rostral part of the inferior parietal lobule. PF receives input ...
... observation of objects (canonical neurons) or by the observation of actions made by others (mirror neurons). Another cortical area where there are mirror neurons is area PF (Fogassi et al. 1998; Gallese et al. 2002). This area forms the rostral part of the inferior parietal lobule. PF receives input ...
Pontine respiratory activity involved in inspiratory/expiratory phase
... The physiological role of the pontine-mediated mechanisms involved in IE phase transition has not received much attention, and reports of synaptic interactions required for mediating IE phase transitions are rare. Although several computational models were developed to explain possible pontine mecha ...
... The physiological role of the pontine-mediated mechanisms involved in IE phase transition has not received much attention, and reports of synaptic interactions required for mediating IE phase transitions are rare. Although several computational models were developed to explain possible pontine mecha ...
Stereotyped responses of Drosophila peptidergic neuronal
... Organization of pupal ecdysial behaviors At the end of larval life, Drosophila enters the prepupal stage, then ecdyses to a pupa to initiate the transformation to the adult that occurs during metamorphosis. Pupal ecdysis consists of a sequence of behavioral subroutines, which starts with the prepara ...
... Organization of pupal ecdysial behaviors At the end of larval life, Drosophila enters the prepupal stage, then ecdyses to a pupa to initiate the transformation to the adult that occurs during metamorphosis. Pupal ecdysis consists of a sequence of behavioral subroutines, which starts with the prepara ...
Lecture 6: Single neuron models
... McCulloch and Pitts knew that spikes (action potential) somehow carry information through the brain: each spike would represent a binary 1 each lack of spike would represent a binary 0 They showed how spikes could be combined to do logical and arithmetical operations From modern perspective there is ...
... McCulloch and Pitts knew that spikes (action potential) somehow carry information through the brain: each spike would represent a binary 1 each lack of spike would represent a binary 0 They showed how spikes could be combined to do logical and arithmetical operations From modern perspective there is ...
A Model of a Segmental Oscillator in the Leech Heartbeat Neuronal
... originate from the activity of neuronal networks located in the third and fourth ganglia (Peterson, 1983a, 1983b). When isolated, either of these ganglia can produce oscillations similar in period and voltage waveform to those produced when the nerve cord is intact. Therefore, these ganglia can be c ...
... originate from the activity of neuronal networks located in the third and fourth ganglia (Peterson, 1983a, 1983b). When isolated, either of these ganglia can produce oscillations similar in period and voltage waveform to those produced when the nerve cord is intact. Therefore, these ganglia can be c ...
Representing Spatial Information for Limb - Research
... ment with the code during maintenance of static posture. It is well known that static cell discharge is monotonically related to the corresponding position of the hand in space in Ml (Georgopoulos et al., 1984; Georgopoulos and Massey, 1985; Kettner et al., 1988), PMd (Caminiti et al., 1991), area 2 ...
... ment with the code during maintenance of static posture. It is well known that static cell discharge is monotonically related to the corresponding position of the hand in space in Ml (Georgopoulos et al., 1984; Georgopoulos and Massey, 1985; Kettner et al., 1988), PMd (Caminiti et al., 1991), area 2 ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates Activity
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
Chemosensory pathways in the brainstem controlling
... Cardiorespiratory activity is controlled by a network of neurons located within the lower brainstem. The basic rhythm of breathing is generated by neuronal circuits within the medullary pre-Bötzinger complex, modulated by pontine and other inputs from cell groups within the medulla oblongata and th ...
... Cardiorespiratory activity is controlled by a network of neurons located within the lower brainstem. The basic rhythm of breathing is generated by neuronal circuits within the medullary pre-Bötzinger complex, modulated by pontine and other inputs from cell groups within the medulla oblongata and th ...
Neural Mechanisms of Reflex Reversal in Coxo
... perturbations. In vertebrates, the neural circuitry underlying stretch reflex and more complex spinal reflexes has been studied extensively. Integration of sensory information is ...
... perturbations. In vertebrates, the neural circuitry underlying stretch reflex and more complex spinal reflexes has been studied extensively. Integration of sensory information is ...
Bursting Neurons Signal Input Slope
... However, many neurons possess additional voltage-gated conductances that can participate in the generation of more complex firing patterns. For instance, intrinsic conductances can generate brief, high-frequency bursts of action potentials that are commonly observed in recordings from a variety of b ...
... However, many neurons possess additional voltage-gated conductances that can participate in the generation of more complex firing patterns. For instance, intrinsic conductances can generate brief, high-frequency bursts of action potentials that are commonly observed in recordings from a variety of b ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.