- Hayden Lab
... specifically suggests that vmPFC is the site of a competitive inhibition process that implements reward-based choice. Blood oxygen levels in vmPFC track the relative value between the chosen option and the next-best alternative (Boorman et al., 2009, 2013). Fourth, the vmPFC BOLD signal shifts from ...
... specifically suggests that vmPFC is the site of a competitive inhibition process that implements reward-based choice. Blood oxygen levels in vmPFC track the relative value between the chosen option and the next-best alternative (Boorman et al., 2009, 2013). Fourth, the vmPFC BOLD signal shifts from ...
segregation of stimulus phase and intensity coding in the cochlear
... where previously there had been none. This was especially true for high frequency neurons. In cases where there is a weak modulation of the period histogram, the criterion of a positive phase shift with increased frequency can be used to discern physiologically related phase locking. This method is ...
... where previously there had been none. This was especially true for high frequency neurons. In cases where there is a weak modulation of the period histogram, the criterion of a positive phase shift with increased frequency can be used to discern physiologically related phase locking. This method is ...
Hypergravity hinders axonal development of motor neurons
... space mission for 16 days (DeFelipe et al., 2002). Alterations in gravity could also affect the development of neuronal projections. In hypergravity conditions, 150G force induced neuron-like cell differentiation and development of longer neurites in cultured PC12 cells (Genchi et al., 2015). Moreov ...
... space mission for 16 days (DeFelipe et al., 2002). Alterations in gravity could also affect the development of neuronal projections. In hypergravity conditions, 150G force induced neuron-like cell differentiation and development of longer neurites in cultured PC12 cells (Genchi et al., 2015). Moreov ...
Contribution of Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Neurons to
... PPTN also projects to the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) (Beninato and Spencer 1986) that encode an error signal for reinforcement learning (Schultz 1998). PPTN receives limbic inputs from the hypothalamus, the ventral tegmental area (Semba and Fibiger 1992), and th ...
... PPTN also projects to the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) (Beninato and Spencer 1986) that encode an error signal for reinforcement learning (Schultz 1998). PPTN receives limbic inputs from the hypothalamus, the ventral tegmental area (Semba and Fibiger 1992), and th ...
Discharge Rate of Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Neurons Is
... injection, in 1-s bins, filtered with a 20-s Gaussian. The rate and SD in the first 30 s were used as a reference. First, the earliest time the rate deviated by ⬎3 SD from the reference was detected. Then the latest time there was a deviation of ⬎1 SD from the reference, occurring earlier than the 3 ...
... injection, in 1-s bins, filtered with a 20-s Gaussian. The rate and SD in the first 30 s were used as a reference. First, the earliest time the rate deviated by ⬎3 SD from the reference was detected. Then the latest time there was a deviation of ⬎1 SD from the reference, occurring earlier than the 3 ...
Morphology and Physiology of the Cerebellar Vestibulolateral Lobe
... prevailing views derived from mammalian species have centered around either intrinsic changes within the cerebellum (Raymond and Lisberger 1998) through the mechanisms of long-term depression and potentiation (Boyden et al. 2004; Ito 1989) or, in more recent years, multiple plasticity mechanisms/ si ...
... prevailing views derived from mammalian species have centered around either intrinsic changes within the cerebellum (Raymond and Lisberger 1998) through the mechanisms of long-term depression and potentiation (Boyden et al. 2004; Ito 1989) or, in more recent years, multiple plasticity mechanisms/ si ...
Spatial and Temporal Structure of Receptive Fields in Primate
... features to be transmitted to the skin. Control studies showed that the firing rates, response structures, and RFs of most area 3b neurons were unaffected by the latex intermediate (J. J. DiC arlo and K . O. Johnson, unpublished observations). RFs estimated in the same scanning direction with and wi ...
... features to be transmitted to the skin. Control studies showed that the firing rates, response structures, and RFs of most area 3b neurons were unaffected by the latex intermediate (J. J. DiC arlo and K . O. Johnson, unpublished observations). RFs estimated in the same scanning direction with and wi ...
Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathway
... of action potentials into the nociceptor soma via the short stem axon (32) can lead to biochemical changes (e.g., phosphorylation and activation of MAPK superfamily of signaling pathways) that ultimately alter gene expression and functional phenotype (33, 34). Although it is thought that direct com ...
... of action potentials into the nociceptor soma via the short stem axon (32) can lead to biochemical changes (e.g., phosphorylation and activation of MAPK superfamily of signaling pathways) that ultimately alter gene expression and functional phenotype (33, 34). Although it is thought that direct com ...
In VivoCalcium Imaging Reveals Functional Rewiring of Single
... Foundation of Canada, CIHR, Canadian Stroke Network, and AstraZeneca Canada). Partial support for surgery, hardware, and software development was derived from the University of British Columbia In Vivo Imaging Centre (funded by CIHR Grant PRG-80144). We thank Ping Li, Pumin Wang, and Heidi Erb for e ...
... Foundation of Canada, CIHR, Canadian Stroke Network, and AstraZeneca Canada). Partial support for surgery, hardware, and software development was derived from the University of British Columbia In Vivo Imaging Centre (funded by CIHR Grant PRG-80144). We thank Ping Li, Pumin Wang, and Heidi Erb for e ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent with evidence indicating that mirror neurons contribute to a range of social cognitive functions, but do not play a dominant, spec ...
... explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent with evidence indicating that mirror neurons contribute to a range of social cognitive functions, but do not play a dominant, spec ...
Transgenic Mouse Lines Subdivide Medial Vestibular Nucleus
... ally projecting neurons in standard slices. Finally, we target idenreturned to the incubation chamber. After 6 – 8 h incubation at ⬃32°C, tified commissural neurons in slice recordings to show that glyslices were either fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for histology or used for cinergic and GABAergic co ...
... ally projecting neurons in standard slices. Finally, we target idenreturned to the incubation chamber. After 6 – 8 h incubation at ⬃32°C, tified commissural neurons in slice recordings to show that glyslices were either fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for histology or used for cinergic and GABAergic co ...
Cerebellar fastigial nucleus: from anatomic construction to
... and interneurons, with long axons projecting out of the cerebellar nuclei and short axons connecting only with neurons within the FN, respectively [1, 14]. Based on the transmitter phenotypes, glutamatergic, GABAergic as well as glycinergic neurons have been identified in the FN [1, 14, 15]. In addi ...
... and interneurons, with long axons projecting out of the cerebellar nuclei and short axons connecting only with neurons within the FN, respectively [1, 14]. Based on the transmitter phenotypes, glutamatergic, GABAergic as well as glycinergic neurons have been identified in the FN [1, 14, 15]. In addi ...
A Theory of Cerebral Cortex - Temporal Dynamics of Learning Center
... The reader is warned that this theory is not a simple ‘sound bite’ discovery; as is today’s fashion. The pieces of this theory emerged gradually over decades (I began research in computational neurobiology in 1968). However, these pieces only came together as a whole late in 2003. Thus, this report ...
... The reader is warned that this theory is not a simple ‘sound bite’ discovery; as is today’s fashion. The pieces of this theory emerged gradually over decades (I began research in computational neurobiology in 1968). However, these pieces only came together as a whole late in 2003. Thus, this report ...
Efferent connections of the parabigeminal nucleus to the amygdala
... We recently found (Usunoff et al., 2006) that the Pbg, an established subcortical visual structure, also projects to a key structure of the limbic system, the Am. The projection from the Pbg to Am might be an element of a third disynaptic connection from the SC to the Am, since this nucleus receives ...
... We recently found (Usunoff et al., 2006) that the Pbg, an established subcortical visual structure, also projects to a key structure of the limbic system, the Am. The projection from the Pbg to Am might be an element of a third disynaptic connection from the SC to the Am, since this nucleus receives ...
Synapse formation in developing neural circuits.
... of signals, including electrical stimuli. They allow the fastest mode of electrical propagation across cells, and are now known to be important in synchronizing neural activity across networks (De Camilli et al., 2001). These gap junctions will not be further discussed in this chapter. Chemical syna ...
... of signals, including electrical stimuli. They allow the fastest mode of electrical propagation across cells, and are now known to be important in synchronizing neural activity across networks (De Camilli et al., 2001). These gap junctions will not be further discussed in this chapter. Chemical syna ...
Motor Control - Reza Shadmehr
... leaving adjacent nerve cells intact. Poliovirus receptors, located at the neuromuscular junction, allow the viruses to enter the motor neuron’s axon, after which they migrate to its cell body. The infected cell either overcomes the virus or dies. If it dies, that motor unit is lost, and if the entir ...
... leaving adjacent nerve cells intact. Poliovirus receptors, located at the neuromuscular junction, allow the viruses to enter the motor neuron’s axon, after which they migrate to its cell body. The infected cell either overcomes the virus or dies. If it dies, that motor unit is lost, and if the entir ...
Discharge Patterns of Neurons in the Ventral Nucleus of the Lateral
... that sends a large projection to the inferior colliculus. Despite its prominence, the responses of neurons in the VNLL have not been extensively studied. Previous studies in nonecholocating species have used anesthesia, which is known to affect discharge patterns. In addition, there is disagreement ...
... that sends a large projection to the inferior colliculus. Despite its prominence, the responses of neurons in the VNLL have not been extensively studied. Previous studies in nonecholocating species have used anesthesia, which is known to affect discharge patterns. In addition, there is disagreement ...
Representation of Behavioral Tactics and Tactics
... Neuron recording. While the monkeys were performing the behavioral task, we recorded neuronal activity from the bilateral medial frontal cortex, including the pmPFC and the Figure 3. Time-dependent plots of neuronal selectivity for the tactics and action under the three behavioral conditions (data a ...
... Neuron recording. While the monkeys were performing the behavioral task, we recorded neuronal activity from the bilateral medial frontal cortex, including the pmPFC and the Figure 3. Time-dependent plots of neuronal selectivity for the tactics and action under the three behavioral conditions (data a ...
GABAergic Influence on Taste Information in the Central Gustatory
... discrimination capabalities; the research by Smith and Li further suggests that many cells may normally be under GABAergic inhibition because after GABA inhibition was removed, cells responded more equally to the top two best stimuli, but when GABA was present their response was sharpened to be hig ...
... discrimination capabalities; the research by Smith and Li further suggests that many cells may normally be under GABAergic inhibition because after GABA inhibition was removed, cells responded more equally to the top two best stimuli, but when GABA was present their response was sharpened to be hig ...
Visual and presaccadic activity in area 8Ar of the macaque monkey
... distress or illness included changes in body weight, grooming habits, and water intake, and these ...
... distress or illness included changes in body weight, grooming habits, and water intake, and these ...
Neural Responses to Facial Expression and Face Identity in the
... ms, whereas images from the other two stimulus sets were displayed for 1,000 ms. The onset of the response interval was chosen to exclude nonimage-specific responses to the fixation spot. The numbers of spikes generated by the cell during the response interval, normalized by interval duration, were ...
... ms, whereas images from the other two stimulus sets were displayed for 1,000 ms. The onset of the response interval was chosen to exclude nonimage-specific responses to the fixation spot. The numbers of spikes generated by the cell during the response interval, normalized by interval duration, were ...
A Dendritic Disinhibitory Circuit Mechanism for Pathway
... different regions (e.g. basal or apical tuft) of dendritic trees of pyramidal neurons20 . We hypoth- ...
... different regions (e.g. basal or apical tuft) of dendritic trees of pyramidal neurons20 . We hypoth- ...
Memory, Learning, and Synaptic Plasticity
... the number of neurons increases, the number of possible synaptic connections goes up astronomically. Whereas the 5 × 5 matrix in Figure 10–5 has 2(5×5) or ~30 million possible binary codes, a 100 × 100 matrix has 2(100×100) or ~103000 possible binary codes, more than there are atoms in the universe ...
... the number of neurons increases, the number of possible synaptic connections goes up astronomically. Whereas the 5 × 5 matrix in Figure 10–5 has 2(5×5) or ~30 million possible binary codes, a 100 × 100 matrix has 2(100×100) or ~103000 possible binary codes, more than there are atoms in the universe ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.