Cation-Chloride Cotransporters and Neuronal Function
... knockout mice are viable, but show abnormal posture and gait and frequent seizures within a couple of days after birth and die at around 2 postnatal weeks, perhaps because of the recurrent seizures (Table 1; Woo et al., 2002). KCC2a is obviously important for some basic functions of lower brain stru ...
... knockout mice are viable, but show abnormal posture and gait and frequent seizures within a couple of days after birth and die at around 2 postnatal weeks, perhaps because of the recurrent seizures (Table 1; Woo et al., 2002). KCC2a is obviously important for some basic functions of lower brain stru ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent with evidence indicating that mirror neurons contribute to a range of social cognitive functions, but do not play a dominant, spec ...
... explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent with evidence indicating that mirror neurons contribute to a range of social cognitive functions, but do not play a dominant, spec ...
themes - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
... excitatory pathway to each organ appear to be segregated within the DMV (Fig. 3). These pathways have been best characterized for the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The preganglionic neurons of the excitatory motor pathway are localized to the rostral DMN, whereas preganglionic neurons of the inh ...
... excitatory pathway to each organ appear to be segregated within the DMV (Fig. 3). These pathways have been best characterized for the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The preganglionic neurons of the excitatory motor pathway are localized to the rostral DMN, whereas preganglionic neurons of the inh ...
View PDF - MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit
... Medical Research Council Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TH, United Kingdom; and 2Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France ...
... Medical Research Council Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TH, United Kingdom; and 2Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France ...
Representation of Acoustic Communication Signals
... On the receiver side, such songs are encoded by roughly 100 auditory receptors into discrete trains of action potentials. The receptor cells are located within the two tympana on both sides of the animal; their axons extend through the tympanal nerves to the metathoracic ganglion, where auditory inf ...
... On the receiver side, such songs are encoded by roughly 100 auditory receptors into discrete trains of action potentials. The receptor cells are located within the two tympana on both sides of the animal; their axons extend through the tympanal nerves to the metathoracic ganglion, where auditory inf ...
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for
... orientation of objects for grasping in neurons of monkey parietal area AIP. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2580 –2601, 2000. In this study, we mainly investigated the visual selectivity of hand-manipulation-related neurons in the anterior intraparietal area (area AIP) while the animal was grasping or fixating ...
... orientation of objects for grasping in neurons of monkey parietal area AIP. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2580 –2601, 2000. In this study, we mainly investigated the visual selectivity of hand-manipulation-related neurons in the anterior intraparietal area (area AIP) while the animal was grasping or fixating ...
Neuronal control of leech behavior - Emory Biology
... every soma is visible in segmental ganglia. These properties also make optical recording feasible. 5. Long, easily accessible peripheral nerves allow for stimulation of selected neurons and monitoring of neuronal activity with extracellular electrodes. 6. Most relevant electrical parameters can be m ...
... every soma is visible in segmental ganglia. These properties also make optical recording feasible. 5. Long, easily accessible peripheral nerves allow for stimulation of selected neurons and monitoring of neuronal activity with extracellular electrodes. 6. Most relevant electrical parameters can be m ...
Abstract The cochiear nucleus of the barn owl is composed of two
... of a tonotopic order in which a unit’s best frequency changes from high to low frequency as the electrode is advanced from dorsal to ventral (Konishi, 1970) and of large, easily isolated spikes. The period histograms obtained from unit responses in this region were always flat or poorly modulated, i ...
... of a tonotopic order in which a unit’s best frequency changes from high to low frequency as the electrode is advanced from dorsal to ventral (Konishi, 1970) and of large, easily isolated spikes. The period histograms obtained from unit responses in this region were always flat or poorly modulated, i ...
Brainstem (II)
... Corticospinal tract (voluntary movement) Corticospinal axons continue into the pyramids of the medulla. At the spinomedullary junction, most corticospinal fiber decussate (pyramidal decussation) to form the lateral corticospinal tract. Those do not cross in the pyramidal decussation continue into th ...
... Corticospinal tract (voluntary movement) Corticospinal axons continue into the pyramids of the medulla. At the spinomedullary junction, most corticospinal fiber decussate (pyramidal decussation) to form the lateral corticospinal tract. Those do not cross in the pyramidal decussation continue into th ...
A population density approach that facilitates slow inhibitory synapses
... population density method can be two hundred times faster than conventional direct simulations in which the activity of thousands of individual neurons and hundreds of thousands of synapses is followed in detail. In the population density approach, integrate-and-fire point-neurons are grouped into l ...
... population density method can be two hundred times faster than conventional direct simulations in which the activity of thousands of individual neurons and hundreds of thousands of synapses is followed in detail. In the population density approach, integrate-and-fire point-neurons are grouped into l ...
Appendix Basics of the Nervous System
... of a neuron. The additional features of a neuron that are important to note include the dendrites [to glossary], soma [to glossary], axon [to glossary] and terminals [to glossary]. The dendrites receive information from other neurons. Their function will described below when the synapse is discussed ...
... of a neuron. The additional features of a neuron that are important to note include the dendrites [to glossary], soma [to glossary], axon [to glossary] and terminals [to glossary]. The dendrites receive information from other neurons. Their function will described below when the synapse is discussed ...
Parallel basal ganglia circuits for voluntary and
... or internal states, these mechanisms can work independently to generate adaptive movements (e.g. vestibuloocular reflex). However, the whole behaviour could become uncontrollable if these motor mechanisms are allowed to be active by simply following their own rules. How then can the brain solve the u ...
... or internal states, these mechanisms can work independently to generate adaptive movements (e.g. vestibuloocular reflex). However, the whole behaviour could become uncontrollable if these motor mechanisms are allowed to be active by simply following their own rules. How then can the brain solve the u ...
Deep Brain Stimulation Does Not Silence Neurons in Subthalamic
... The functional lesion hypothesis received support from studies in humans and in a primate model of Parkinson’s disease in which high-frequency stimulation in the STN was seen to inhibit activity in surrounding cell bodies for periods of up to several seconds (Filali et al. 2004; Meissner et al. 2005 ...
... The functional lesion hypothesis received support from studies in humans and in a primate model of Parkinson’s disease in which high-frequency stimulation in the STN was seen to inhibit activity in surrounding cell bodies for periods of up to several seconds (Filali et al. 2004; Meissner et al. 2005 ...
UNRAVELING THE SENSE OF SMELL
... such as mating or aggression. The olfactory system also detects predator odors, which can elicit innate fear responses. Over the past 16 years, our work has focused on two questions. First, how do mammals detect so many different environmental chemicals? And second, how does the brain translate thos ...
... such as mating or aggression. The olfactory system also detects predator odors, which can elicit innate fear responses. Over the past 16 years, our work has focused on two questions. First, how do mammals detect so many different environmental chemicals? And second, how does the brain translate thos ...
Morphological and F`unctional Identifications of Catfish Retinal
... length of the identifying experiment required by the types of noise, the specific system features (nonlinearities, etc.), and other issues. All these preliminary steps have been described in detail and the experimental and analytical procedures to deal with them established (18, 21). In addition, th ...
... length of the identifying experiment required by the types of noise, the specific system features (nonlinearities, etc.), and other issues. All these preliminary steps have been described in detail and the experimental and analytical procedures to deal with them established (18, 21). In addition, th ...
Brainstem (II)
... Corticospinal tract (voluntary movement) Corticospinal axons continue into the pyramids of the medulla. At the spinomedullary junction, most corticospinal fiber decussate (pyramidal decussation) to form the lateral corticospinal tract. Those do not cross in the pyramidal decussation continue ...
... Corticospinal tract (voluntary movement) Corticospinal axons continue into the pyramids of the medulla. At the spinomedullary junction, most corticospinal fiber decussate (pyramidal decussation) to form the lateral corticospinal tract. Those do not cross in the pyramidal decussation continue ...
Ectodermal Placodes: Contributions to the
... vertebrate sensory systems. There are no markers for the identification of undifferentiated placodal epithelia, but derivatives of the nasal placode, for example, are characterized by unique production of GnRH and olfactory marker protein. Placode morphogenesis occurs by invagination and/ or delamin ...
... vertebrate sensory systems. There are no markers for the identification of undifferentiated placodal epithelia, but derivatives of the nasal placode, for example, are characterized by unique production of GnRH and olfactory marker protein. Placode morphogenesis occurs by invagination and/ or delamin ...
FROM MOTIVATION TO ACTION - The University of Texas at Dallas
... motor systems---can be traced back to the classical experiments of Hess (1957). This Swiss neurophysiologist is widely recognized for his fundamental contributions in mapping the central representation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. for which he was awarded the Nobel prize i ...
... motor systems---can be traced back to the classical experiments of Hess (1957). This Swiss neurophysiologist is widely recognized for his fundamental contributions in mapping the central representation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. for which he was awarded the Nobel prize i ...
Gustatory Processing in Drosophila Higher Brain Centers By
... was not identified until much later. This gene is preferentially expressed in the dorsal paired medial (DPM) neurons (Waddell et al., 2000), which have been shown to play an important role in memory consolidation. These genetic studies, and many others like them, have produced profound insights into ...
... was not identified until much later. This gene is preferentially expressed in the dorsal paired medial (DPM) neurons (Waddell et al., 2000), which have been shown to play an important role in memory consolidation. These genetic studies, and many others like them, have produced profound insights into ...
Chap016, Chapter 16: Autonomic Nervous System
... receptors on the back to the somesthetic area of the cerebral cortex. The somesthetic area perceives the sensation and projects the sensation to the surface of the back. The somesthetic area also sends the sensation to the somesthetic association area, where it is recognized and evaluated. This woul ...
... receptors on the back to the somesthetic area of the cerebral cortex. The somesthetic area perceives the sensation and projects the sensation to the surface of the back. The somesthetic area also sends the sensation to the somesthetic association area, where it is recognized and evaluated. This woul ...
Oxytocin Influence on the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
... oxytocin-resistant neurons were in close proximity to oxytocin-sensitive neurons but remained resistant to oxytocin actions. Thus, selective modulation of the NTS is achieved via variation in the oxytocin responsiveness of the second order NTS neurons and heterogeneous innervation by oxytocin-contai ...
... oxytocin-resistant neurons were in close proximity to oxytocin-sensitive neurons but remained resistant to oxytocin actions. Thus, selective modulation of the NTS is achieved via variation in the oxytocin responsiveness of the second order NTS neurons and heterogeneous innervation by oxytocin-contai ...
Multiplicative Gain Changes Are Induced by Excitation or Inhibition
... nonlinear relationships between stimulus parameter and input current and between input current and firing rate in vivo are taken into account, then simple excitation or inhibition alone can induce a multiplicative gain change. In particular, the power–law relationship between voltage and firing rate ...
... nonlinear relationships between stimulus parameter and input current and between input current and firing rate in vivo are taken into account, then simple excitation or inhibition alone can induce a multiplicative gain change. In particular, the power–law relationship between voltage and firing rate ...
Differential regulation of the central neural cardiorespiratory system
... understand the role that metabotropic neurotransmitter systems play in central cardiorespiratory mechanisms. It is well known that blockade of glutamatergic, gamma-aminobutyric acidergic and glycinergic pathways causes major or even complete disruption of cardiorespiratory systems, whereas antagonis ...
... understand the role that metabotropic neurotransmitter systems play in central cardiorespiratory mechanisms. It is well known that blockade of glutamatergic, gamma-aminobutyric acidergic and glycinergic pathways causes major or even complete disruption of cardiorespiratory systems, whereas antagonis ...
A Double-labeling Investigation of the Afferent Connectivity to
... neurons were nearly always restricted to the region of overlap of the two populations of single-labeled neurons. We concluded from this observation that the two branches of a bifurcating axon terminate in cortical regions representing the same portion of the visual field. Since then, several experim ...
... neurons were nearly always restricted to the region of overlap of the two populations of single-labeled neurons. We concluded from this observation that the two branches of a bifurcating axon terminate in cortical regions representing the same portion of the visual field. Since then, several experim ...
A behavioral switch: cGMP and PKC signaling in olfactory neurons
... the anatomical or physiological pathways for behavioral preference are largely undefined. At one extreme, there could be a complete labeled-line segregation of sensory projections, as proposed in Drosophila, where sweet and bitter taste fibers project to different target regions in the brain (Thorne ...
... the anatomical or physiological pathways for behavioral preference are largely undefined. At one extreme, there could be a complete labeled-line segregation of sensory projections, as proposed in Drosophila, where sweet and bitter taste fibers project to different target regions in the brain (Thorne ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.