Timing in reward and decision processes
... Many behavioural processes are affected by rewards. Unlike the senses, time intervals cannot be directly perceived via specific receptors but must be constructed by the brain. Humans and animals estimate time intervals with great accuracy [1,2], and this accuracy decays proportionally with delay [3– ...
... Many behavioural processes are affected by rewards. Unlike the senses, time intervals cannot be directly perceived via specific receptors but must be constructed by the brain. Humans and animals estimate time intervals with great accuracy [1,2], and this accuracy decays proportionally with delay [3– ...
Primate amygdala neurons evaluate the progress of self
... externally instructed sequential behaviors but did not address the internal progress evaluation that is typical of economic choice plans toward self-defined goals. Here we tested whether amygdala neurons encode the internally evaluated progress of economic choice sequences. The amygdala is a prime c ...
... externally instructed sequential behaviors but did not address the internal progress evaluation that is typical of economic choice plans toward self-defined goals. Here we tested whether amygdala neurons encode the internally evaluated progress of economic choice sequences. The amygdala is a prime c ...
Temporal modulation of the dynamics of neuronal networks with
... trigger behavioral adaptation. We found evidence for (i) high spike count variability and (ii) temporal reliability (favored by temporal correlations) which respectively hindered and favored information transmission when monkeys were cued to switch the behavioral strategy. Also, we investigated the ...
... trigger behavioral adaptation. We found evidence for (i) high spike count variability and (ii) temporal reliability (favored by temporal correlations) which respectively hindered and favored information transmission when monkeys were cued to switch the behavioral strategy. Also, we investigated the ...
cellular mechanisms of classical and operant conditioning A model
... movements in response to inedible or distasteful objects taken into the buccal cavity (Morton and Chiel 1993a). During rejection, the two halves of the radula are closed as the odontophore protracts toward the mouth and they are open as the odontophore retracts, which ejects the inedible object from ...
... movements in response to inedible or distasteful objects taken into the buccal cavity (Morton and Chiel 1993a). During rejection, the two halves of the radula are closed as the odontophore protracts toward the mouth and they are open as the odontophore retracts, which ejects the inedible object from ...
Color responses of the human lateral geniculate nucleus: selective
... Experiments were performed using two different sets of stimulus contrasts and repeated for two temporal conditions (2 and 8 Hz). In the first contrast set, stimuli were presented at similar cone contrasts in order to match stimuli in terms of their respective cone responses. Due to differences in con ...
... Experiments were performed using two different sets of stimulus contrasts and repeated for two temporal conditions (2 and 8 Hz). In the first contrast set, stimuli were presented at similar cone contrasts in order to match stimuli in terms of their respective cone responses. Due to differences in con ...
Fig. 1
... when medium was changed to neuronal medium from plating medium (0 h) or 3, 6 or 24 h later (Fig. 2A,B). Neurons were then kept till 3 DIV and stained with axonal (tau-1) and somatodendritic (MAP2) markers. First, we quantified the number of tau-1 positive axons per neuron (Fig. 2D). As expected, most ...
... when medium was changed to neuronal medium from plating medium (0 h) or 3, 6 or 24 h later (Fig. 2A,B). Neurons were then kept till 3 DIV and stained with axonal (tau-1) and somatodendritic (MAP2) markers. First, we quantified the number of tau-1 positive axons per neuron (Fig. 2D). As expected, most ...
Intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in the vestibular system
... In spontaneously firing vestibular nucleus neurons, CaMKII activity is maintained at near maximal levels by calcium influx that occurs with each action potential: decreases in CaMKII activity oppose excitability by reducing BK currents. This unusual form of plasticity might be common to spontaneousl ...
... In spontaneously firing vestibular nucleus neurons, CaMKII activity is maintained at near maximal levels by calcium influx that occurs with each action potential: decreases in CaMKII activity oppose excitability by reducing BK currents. This unusual form of plasticity might be common to spontaneousl ...
Depression of Acetylcholinesterase Synthesis Following Transient
... sham-operated control group (Fig. 5). After 24 h recirculation, a significant increase (< 0.05) in AChE activity was recorded in comparison with the activity at 4 h, but differences between experimental and control groups persisted in all investigated areas. Discussion In this study, Butcher's pharm ...
... sham-operated control group (Fig. 5). After 24 h recirculation, a significant increase (< 0.05) in AChE activity was recorded in comparison with the activity at 4 h, but differences between experimental and control groups persisted in all investigated areas. Discussion In this study, Butcher's pharm ...
Selective amplification of the S
... Experiments were performed using two different sets of stimulus contrasts and repeated for two temporal conditions (2 and 8 Hz). In the first contrast set, stimuli were presented at similar cone contrasts in order to match stimuli in terms of their respective cone responses. Due to differences in con ...
... Experiments were performed using two different sets of stimulus contrasts and repeated for two temporal conditions (2 and 8 Hz). In the first contrast set, stimuli were presented at similar cone contrasts in order to match stimuli in terms of their respective cone responses. Due to differences in con ...
PDF - Journal of Neuroscience
... Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) lesions produce deficits in response inhibition and imaging studies suggest that activity in OFC is stronger on trials that require suppression of behavior, yet few studies have examined neural correlates at the single-unit level in a behavioral task that probes response i ...
... Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) lesions produce deficits in response inhibition and imaging studies suggest that activity in OFC is stronger on trials that require suppression of behavior, yet few studies have examined neural correlates at the single-unit level in a behavioral task that probes response i ...
the resonate-and-fire neuron: time dependent and frequency
... the dendritic tree, serve as the main apparatus through which a neuron receives input signals arising from other nerve cells, or pre-synaptic neurons. The signals that arrive at the dendritic tree usually constitute chemical neurotransmitters. At the input terminals of the dendritic tree are individ ...
... the dendritic tree, serve as the main apparatus through which a neuron receives input signals arising from other nerve cells, or pre-synaptic neurons. The signals that arrive at the dendritic tree usually constitute chemical neurotransmitters. At the input terminals of the dendritic tree are individ ...
View/Open - Minerva Access
... these units into circuits that can perform logic operations, we identify the different ways in which operations can be initiated and manipulated by top-down feedback. We demonstrate that more sophisticated and flexible top-down control is possible when the gain of units is modulated by two mechanism ...
... these units into circuits that can perform logic operations, we identify the different ways in which operations can be initiated and manipulated by top-down feedback. We demonstrate that more sophisticated and flexible top-down control is possible when the gain of units is modulated by two mechanism ...
Spinal sympathetic interneurons: Their identification and roles after
... great extent because they are difficult to identify. Therefore, this chapter begins with descriptions of both neurophysiological and neuroanatomical criteria for identifying spinal sympathetic interneurons, and it discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each. Spinal sympathetic interneurons als ...
... great extent because they are difficult to identify. Therefore, this chapter begins with descriptions of both neurophysiological and neuroanatomical criteria for identifying spinal sympathetic interneurons, and it discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each. Spinal sympathetic interneurons als ...
Topographic Organization of Connections Between the Hypothalamus and
... connections with prefrontal cortices may be involved in autonomic function. Ascending and descending connections between the hypothalamus and prefrontal cortices may be involved in the evaluation of emotional stimuli and in the autonomic responses elicited by such stimuli. Hypothalamic connections w ...
... connections with prefrontal cortices may be involved in autonomic function. Ascending and descending connections between the hypothalamus and prefrontal cortices may be involved in the evaluation of emotional stimuli and in the autonomic responses elicited by such stimuli. Hypothalamic connections w ...
Olfactory Learning in Drosophila: Learning from Models
... innate unconditioned response (UR). For example, upon touching a hot surface one naturally pulls back the hand. And secondly it requires an initially neutral stimulus, the conditioned stimulus (CS), which elicits no behavioral response. This could ...
... innate unconditioned response (UR). For example, upon touching a hot surface one naturally pulls back the hand. And secondly it requires an initially neutral stimulus, the conditioned stimulus (CS), which elicits no behavioral response. This could ...
HCN channels are a novel therapeutic target for cognitive
... opposite side of the previous platform position. The mice were then allowed to search for the platform for 60 s. The visible water maze was performed with a new group of mice. After the handling period, mice were trained in the pool to find the escape platform which was flagged with a small cue on the ...
... opposite side of the previous platform position. The mice were then allowed to search for the platform for 60 s. The visible water maze was performed with a new group of mice. After the handling period, mice were trained in the pool to find the escape platform which was flagged with a small cue on the ...
2015 Cosyne Program
... and theoretical/computational approaches to problems in systems neuroscience. To encourage interdisciplinary interactions, the main meeting is arranged in a single track. A set of invited talks are selected by the Executive Committee and Organizing Committee, and additional talks and posters are sel ...
... and theoretical/computational approaches to problems in systems neuroscience. To encourage interdisciplinary interactions, the main meeting is arranged in a single track. A set of invited talks are selected by the Executive Committee and Organizing Committee, and additional talks and posters are sel ...
Saccades and multisaccadic gaze shifts are gated by different
... We used glass microelectrodes filled with 3.8 M NaCl and bevelled to tip diameters of 1.5–2.0 µm and resistances of 1.5–2.0 M. Only perisomatic extracellular recordings were retained for the study. We identified them by triphasic spikes with a negative main component that could be monitored over a d ...
... We used glass microelectrodes filled with 3.8 M NaCl and bevelled to tip diameters of 1.5–2.0 µm and resistances of 1.5–2.0 M. Only perisomatic extracellular recordings were retained for the study. We identified them by triphasic spikes with a negative main component that could be monitored over a d ...
Glucose-sensing neurons: Are they physiologically relevant?
... (KATP) channel to sense glucose. That is, similar to the pancreatic b-cell, rising glucose levels increase the intracellular ATP to ADP ratio and close the KATP channel. This depolarizes the b-cell and activates voltage-sensitive calcium channels that mediate insulin secretion [20]. However, glucose ...
... (KATP) channel to sense glucose. That is, similar to the pancreatic b-cell, rising glucose levels increase the intracellular ATP to ADP ratio and close the KATP channel. This depolarizes the b-cell and activates voltage-sensitive calcium channels that mediate insulin secretion [20]. However, glucose ...
Dendritic Spine Density Varies Between Unisensory
... The functional consequences of such unexpected findings are discussed in light of potential biophysical differences between unisensory and multisensory neurons. ...
... The functional consequences of such unexpected findings are discussed in light of potential biophysical differences between unisensory and multisensory neurons. ...
Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse Huazheng
... identified at 10× magnification. Each labeled cell was marked by a dot on the drawing. Labeled cells were identified on the basis that they contained a nucleus. In many cases a nucleolus was seen, but no attempt was make to ensure that each counted cell contained a nucleolus. For this reason, the co ...
... identified at 10× magnification. Each labeled cell was marked by a dot on the drawing. Labeled cells were identified on the basis that they contained a nucleus. In many cases a nucleolus was seen, but no attempt was make to ensure that each counted cell contained a nucleolus. For this reason, the co ...
Self-Organizing Visual Cortex Model using Homeostatic Plasticity
... well in practice, there is no biological evidence that support such operation in real organism. This early form of ad-hoc normalization is practically a simplification of more complicated homeostatic regulation that counterbalances Hebbian plasticity [31]. Turrigiano and Nelson [31] give a very help ...
... well in practice, there is no biological evidence that support such operation in real organism. This early form of ad-hoc normalization is practically a simplification of more complicated homeostatic regulation that counterbalances Hebbian plasticity [31]. Turrigiano and Nelson [31] give a very help ...
Conductance-Based Model of the Voltage
... indicate the importance of controlling outputs of the basal ganglia by STN neurons. Therefore it is crucial to know how activities of STN neurons are regulated. In slice preparations, STN neurons show rhythmic singlespike activities at resting membrane potentials (Beurrier et al. 1999; Bevan and Wil ...
... indicate the importance of controlling outputs of the basal ganglia by STN neurons. Therefore it is crucial to know how activities of STN neurons are regulated. In slice preparations, STN neurons show rhythmic singlespike activities at resting membrane potentials (Beurrier et al. 1999; Bevan and Wil ...
Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental
... respectively. Laterodorsal tegmentum neurons preferentially synapse on dopamine neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens lateral shell, whereas lateral habenula neurons synapse primarily on dopamine neurons projecting to the medial prefrontal cortex as well as on GABAergic (c-aminobutyric-acid-co ...
... respectively. Laterodorsal tegmentum neurons preferentially synapse on dopamine neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens lateral shell, whereas lateral habenula neurons synapse primarily on dopamine neurons projecting to the medial prefrontal cortex as well as on GABAergic (c-aminobutyric-acid-co ...
Full Article
... and they were manifested by well-defined varicosities apparently lying directly on the apposed neuron. To be considered apposed by an axon, a neuron needed to exhibit only one, well-characterized, axonal varicosity on its soma or one of its dendrites. We inferred the existence of synapses by close a ...
... and they were manifested by well-defined varicosities apparently lying directly on the apposed neuron. To be considered apposed by an axon, a neuron needed to exhibit only one, well-characterized, axonal varicosity on its soma or one of its dendrites. We inferred the existence of synapses by close a ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.