final exam review
... ____ 144. Symphysis: a. Bifurcation b. Symptoms occur together c. Living organisms grow together for mutual benefit d. Bones grow together, as in the pelvis e. Synthesis of substances ____ 145. Ultrasonography: a. X-ray recording of sound waves b. Amniocentesis c. Sound waves and echoes are used to ...
... ____ 144. Symphysis: a. Bifurcation b. Symptoms occur together c. Living organisms grow together for mutual benefit d. Bones grow together, as in the pelvis e. Synthesis of substances ____ 145. Ultrasonography: a. X-ray recording of sound waves b. Amniocentesis c. Sound waves and echoes are used to ...
THE SUBFORNICAL ORGAN AND AREA POSTREMA MEDIATE
... individual expends, the excess energy will be stored as adipose tissue with a prolonged imbalance leading to an individual becoming overweight and, eventually, obese. Adipose tissue, once thought of as solely a storage depot for excess triglycerides, also serves as an endocrine organ which plays a c ...
... individual expends, the excess energy will be stored as adipose tissue with a prolonged imbalance leading to an individual becoming overweight and, eventually, obese. Adipose tissue, once thought of as solely a storage depot for excess triglycerides, also serves as an endocrine organ which plays a c ...
A tale of two stories: astrocyte regulation of
... astrocytes – the main type of glial cells in the hippocampus and the cortex [16-18] – together with the discovery of two-way astrocyte-neuron communication [19, 20], suggest an active role of these cells in modulation of synaptic transmission and information processing in the brain ...
... astrocytes – the main type of glial cells in the hippocampus and the cortex [16-18] – together with the discovery of two-way astrocyte-neuron communication [19, 20], suggest an active role of these cells in modulation of synaptic transmission and information processing in the brain ...
Previous results from our laboratory have shown that administration
... There are many people I want to thank for helping me through this process and making this dissertation possible. First I want to thank my advisor Dr. Jaime DiazGranados for his help and support throughout my graduate career. Without his willingness to indulge my drive to try new methods, and his fai ...
... There are many people I want to thank for helping me through this process and making this dissertation possible. First I want to thank my advisor Dr. Jaime DiazGranados for his help and support throughout my graduate career. Without his willingness to indulge my drive to try new methods, and his fai ...
Leptin Signaling in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarii
... example, Grill et al3 demonstrated that a low dose of leptin injected into the dorsal vagal complex including the NTS decreased food intake and body weight in rats. In addition, a number of NTS neurons that are activated by gastric disten- ...
... example, Grill et al3 demonstrated that a low dose of leptin injected into the dorsal vagal complex including the NTS decreased food intake and body weight in rats. In addition, a number of NTS neurons that are activated by gastric disten- ...
Behavioural Brain Research Ventral pallidum roles in reward and
... well as early lateral hypothalamic lesions, in published histological figures indicates the aphagia-inducing lesions damaged ventral pallidum as well as their intended target structure. These data, ...
... well as early lateral hypothalamic lesions, in published histological figures indicates the aphagia-inducing lesions damaged ventral pallidum as well as their intended target structure. These data, ...
Role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in Huntington`s disease
... nervous system; CNTF, ciliary neurotrophic factor; coREST, REST corepressor; CRE, cAMP responsive element; CREB, cAMP responsive element binding protein; DARPP-32, dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 32 kDa; DOPAC, 3,4-dihydrophenylacetic acid; DR, dietary restriction; ES, embryonic s ...
... nervous system; CNTF, ciliary neurotrophic factor; coREST, REST corepressor; CRE, cAMP responsive element; CREB, cAMP responsive element binding protein; DARPP-32, dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 32 kDa; DOPAC, 3,4-dihydrophenylacetic acid; DR, dietary restriction; ES, embryonic s ...
Why We Sleep: The Temporal Organization of
... energy [77]. Against expectation, however, animals coming out of torpor experience a sleep rebound, suggesting sleep deprivation [77]. Further, whereas NREM sleep may be associated with decreased energy expenditure, REM sleep is most often associated with increased whole body oxygen consumption [78, ...
... energy [77]. Against expectation, however, animals coming out of torpor experience a sleep rebound, suggesting sleep deprivation [77]. Further, whereas NREM sleep may be associated with decreased energy expenditure, REM sleep is most often associated with increased whole body oxygen consumption [78, ...
Propagation of tau pathology in Alzheimer`s disease
... cortical neurons [40] and from human neural stem cells [41]. These studies showed that neuron-derived exosomes contain cytoskeletal proteins, including β-tubulin, but do not possess detectable amounts of tau. Taken together, these studies suggest that free soluble, rather than membrane vesicle-assoc ...
... cortical neurons [40] and from human neural stem cells [41]. These studies showed that neuron-derived exosomes contain cytoskeletal proteins, including β-tubulin, but do not possess detectable amounts of tau. Taken together, these studies suggest that free soluble, rather than membrane vesicle-assoc ...
The Locus Ceruleus Responds to Signaling Molecules Obtained
... Copyright © 2011 the authors 0270-6474/11/319147-12$15.00/0 ...
... Copyright © 2011 the authors 0270-6474/11/319147-12$15.00/0 ...
Implication of novel neurotransmitter systems in the regulation of
... 2.1. Regulation of reproduction in mammals The adaptive regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is crucial in the successful reproduction among the vertebrates. The central unit of this axis is formed by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-producing neurons which release the ...
... 2.1. Regulation of reproduction in mammals The adaptive regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is crucial in the successful reproduction among the vertebrates. The central unit of this axis is formed by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-producing neurons which release the ...
Physiology of the Mammalian Circadian System
... of calcium flux11 or gene expression12 in individual SCN neurons, have now provided compelling evidence that circadian oscillation is indeed a cell-autonomous process, expressed in many, and possibly all, individual SCN neurons. Nevertheless, this multitude of cellular circadian oscillators normally ...
... of calcium flux11 or gene expression12 in individual SCN neurons, have now provided compelling evidence that circadian oscillation is indeed a cell-autonomous process, expressed in many, and possibly all, individual SCN neurons. Nevertheless, this multitude of cellular circadian oscillators normally ...
the neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from
... regulated by exposure to the agonist: closed, open and desensitized11. When agonists bind to the nAChR, the receptor complex undergoes a conformational change in its structure, which allows the channel gate to open, permitting the passage of cations (such as Na+, K+ and also Ca2+, which might accoun ...
... regulated by exposure to the agonist: closed, open and desensitized11. When agonists bind to the nAChR, the receptor complex undergoes a conformational change in its structure, which allows the channel gate to open, permitting the passage of cations (such as Na+, K+ and also Ca2+, which might accoun ...
Versican Expression During Embryonic Development in the Mouse
... promotes cell growth, aggregation, and a mesenchymal-epithelial transition, while the V2 isoform appears to have an inhibitory effect [11],[12],[13],[14]. The V2 (most likely exclusive to brain), V3, V1, and V0 isoforms are present in adult tissues [8],[10],[15]. The V0 and V1 isoforms predominate d ...
... promotes cell growth, aggregation, and a mesenchymal-epithelial transition, while the V2 isoform appears to have an inhibitory effect [11],[12],[13],[14]. The V2 (most likely exclusive to brain), V3, V1, and V0 isoforms are present in adult tissues [8],[10],[15]. The V0 and V1 isoforms predominate d ...
battisti_nnconvulsions_en - ORBi
... Myoclonic seizures carry the worst prognosis in terms of neuro-developmental outcome and seizure recurrence. Focal clonic seizures have the best prognosis. Seizures due to Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and late onset hypocalcemia carry a good prognosis for long term neurodevelopmental outcome while se ...
... Myoclonic seizures carry the worst prognosis in terms of neuro-developmental outcome and seizure recurrence. Focal clonic seizures have the best prognosis. Seizures due to Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and late onset hypocalcemia carry a good prognosis for long term neurodevelopmental outcome while se ...
- Wiley Online Library
... strongly stimulated by hypercapnia and their main known function is to adjust lung ventilation so as to maintain the stability of arterial P CO2 . This role is especially important during non-REM sleep and quiet waking. Right: P CO2 detection by RTN. RTN neurons detect P CO2 primarily via changes in ...
... strongly stimulated by hypercapnia and their main known function is to adjust lung ventilation so as to maintain the stability of arterial P CO2 . This role is especially important during non-REM sleep and quiet waking. Right: P CO2 detection by RTN. RTN neurons detect P CO2 primarily via changes in ...
Lisa’s Natural Path Herb Shoppe & Wellness Center
... Through the application of iridology, it is possible to observe normal and abnormal reflex signs. It does not compare all people together to create a normal, but rather compares an individual’s strengths to their weaknesses; a weak organ in a strong body produces different characteristics, yet it is ...
... Through the application of iridology, it is possible to observe normal and abnormal reflex signs. It does not compare all people together to create a normal, but rather compares an individual’s strengths to their weaknesses; a weak organ in a strong body produces different characteristics, yet it is ...
The physiological role of orexin/hypocretin neurons in the regulation
... system, and arousal. For example, orexin neurons are regulated by peripheral metabolic cues, including ghrelin, leptin, and glucose concentration. This suggests that they may provide a link between energy homeostasis and arousal states. A link between the limbic system and orexin neurons might be im ...
... system, and arousal. For example, orexin neurons are regulated by peripheral metabolic cues, including ghrelin, leptin, and glucose concentration. This suggests that they may provide a link between energy homeostasis and arousal states. A link between the limbic system and orexin neurons might be im ...
Curriculum Vitae - Laureate Institute for Brain Research
... Diego (UCSD) and the Director of Telemental Health at the Veterans Affairs San Diego Health Care System (VASDHS). My research focuses on the interface between interoception, i.e. the processing of sensory information coming from the inside of the body, and decision-making, i.e. how to process prefer ...
... Diego (UCSD) and the Director of Telemental Health at the Veterans Affairs San Diego Health Care System (VASDHS). My research focuses on the interface between interoception, i.e. the processing of sensory information coming from the inside of the body, and decision-making, i.e. how to process prefer ...
The circadian visual system, 2005
... explored to date, if a photic stimulus is sufficient to produce a maximal phase shift, more photons at the same time or up to 2 h later have no additional effect on phase shift magnitude (Nelson and Takahashi, 1999). In such cases, the circadian system is deemed to be “saturated” with respect to its ...
... explored to date, if a photic stimulus is sufficient to produce a maximal phase shift, more photons at the same time or up to 2 h later have no additional effect on phase shift magnitude (Nelson and Takahashi, 1999). In such cases, the circadian system is deemed to be “saturated” with respect to its ...
Axonal degeneration as a therapeutic target in the CNS | SpringerLink
... Traumatic injury to the brain or to the spinal cord most obviously involves primary axonal disruption. However, inflammatory disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), and degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), also show pronounced axonal pathology. We ...
... Traumatic injury to the brain or to the spinal cord most obviously involves primary axonal disruption. However, inflammatory disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), and degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), also show pronounced axonal pathology. We ...
Neural Control - International Continence Society
... hypothesis or speculation will be referred to as such. Of some importance in this field are species differences, and efforts have been made to make it very clear when each new topic is introduced in which species the observation was made with special emphasis as to the extent comparable data exists ...
... hypothesis or speculation will be referred to as such. Of some importance in this field are species differences, and efforts have been made to make it very clear when each new topic is introduced in which species the observation was made with special emphasis as to the extent comparable data exists ...
Glutamine deficiency in the prefrontal cortex increases depressive
... experience a depressive episode, 15% commit suicide.1,2 Although many studies have investigated the pathophysiologic mechanisms of major depressive disorder (MDD) using live brain imaging and postmortem studies, its etiology remains unclear; however, recent progress based on those studies has gradua ...
... experience a depressive episode, 15% commit suicide.1,2 Although many studies have investigated the pathophysiologic mechanisms of major depressive disorder (MDD) using live brain imaging and postmortem studies, its etiology remains unclear; however, recent progress based on those studies has gradua ...
The Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Projection
... included in the term nucleus basalis, although amygdalopetal neurons that are intermingled with corticopetal cells may be included. Whereas ACh serves as a direct neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction where it opens sodium channels and initiates muscle contraction, in the brain ACh acts pri ...
... included in the term nucleus basalis, although amygdalopetal neurons that are intermingled with corticopetal cells may be included. Whereas ACh serves as a direct neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction where it opens sodium channels and initiates muscle contraction, in the brain ACh acts pri ...
The basal forebrain cholinergic projection system in mice. In
... included in the term nucleus basalis, although amygdalopetal neurons that are intermingled with corticopetal cells may be included. Whereas ACh serves as a direct neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction where it opens sodium channels and initiates muscle contraction, in the brain ACh acts pri ...
... included in the term nucleus basalis, although amygdalopetal neurons that are intermingled with corticopetal cells may be included. Whereas ACh serves as a direct neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction where it opens sodium channels and initiates muscle contraction, in the brain ACh acts pri ...
Haemodynamic response
In haemodynamics, the body must respond to physical activities, external temperature, and other factors by homeostatically adjusting its blood flow to deliver nutrients such as oxygen and glucose to stressed tissues and allow them to function. Haemodynamic response (HR) allows the rapid delivery of blood to active neuronal tissues. Since higher processes in the brain occur almost constantly, cerebral blood flow is essential for the maintenance of neurons, astrocytes, and other cells of the brain.