Ethanol Potentiation of Glycine-Induced Responses in Dissociated
... the agonist binding site and increase the apparent agonist affinity. Our observations suggest that, at pharmacologically relevant concentrations, EtOH alters the function of glycine receptors and thus the excitability of neonatal VTA neurons. This action of EtOH may contribute to the neurobehavioral ...
... the agonist binding site and increase the apparent agonist affinity. Our observations suggest that, at pharmacologically relevant concentrations, EtOH alters the function of glycine receptors and thus the excitability of neonatal VTA neurons. This action of EtOH may contribute to the neurobehavioral ...
REM Sleep - Test Page
... mammalian lines. We reexamined this question, looking at brainstem neuronal activity in addition to the EEG for signs of REM sleep. Although we confirmed Allison and colleagues' observation of no low-voltage EEG during sleep, we found that brainstem neurons exhibited the phasic pattern of activation ...
... mammalian lines. We reexamined this question, looking at brainstem neuronal activity in addition to the EEG for signs of REM sleep. Although we confirmed Allison and colleagues' observation of no low-voltage EEG during sleep, we found that brainstem neurons exhibited the phasic pattern of activation ...
The role of the basal ganglia in reinforcement learning
... synchronization could provide an additional mechanism for controlling their concentrations in the striatum, beyond firing rate and pattern. Thus, the difference between the response properties of the basal ganglia subsystems suggests distinct function of these populations where the modulators provid ...
... synchronization could provide an additional mechanism for controlling their concentrations in the striatum, beyond firing rate and pattern. Thus, the difference between the response properties of the basal ganglia subsystems suggests distinct function of these populations where the modulators provid ...
NEURAL MECHANISMS SUPPORTING THE LEARNING
... employed Pavlovian fear conditioning to investigate the neural mechanisms that influence the emotional response to a threat. These procedures were designed to investigate conditioned diminution of the unconditioned response (UCR). The specific aims were to better understand the role of associative l ...
... employed Pavlovian fear conditioning to investigate the neural mechanisms that influence the emotional response to a threat. These procedures were designed to investigate conditioned diminution of the unconditioned response (UCR). The specific aims were to better understand the role of associative l ...
Neuronal uptake and propagation of a rare phosphorylated high-molecular-weight tau
... neurons into the extracellular space in an activity-dependent manner17,18, supporting the idea that extracellular misfolded tau that is taken up by neurons may provide a platform for tau pathology spreading. Better understanding of the molecular basis of tau propagation is key to preventing progress ...
... neurons into the extracellular space in an activity-dependent manner17,18, supporting the idea that extracellular misfolded tau that is taken up by neurons may provide a platform for tau pathology spreading. Better understanding of the molecular basis of tau propagation is key to preventing progress ...
Muscle tone regulation during REM sleep
... evidence that those REM-active neurons were cholinergic. For example, Steriade and colleagues demonstrated that most pontine neurons projecting to the thalamus are active during both REM sleep and wake (Steriade et al., 1990a,b). As both cholinergic and non-cholinergic (presumably glutamatergic) neu ...
... evidence that those REM-active neurons were cholinergic. For example, Steriade and colleagues demonstrated that most pontine neurons projecting to the thalamus are active during both REM sleep and wake (Steriade et al., 1990a,b). As both cholinergic and non-cholinergic (presumably glutamatergic) neu ...
Neural representation of olfactory mixtures in the honeybee
... stimulation recording corresponded to a three-dimensional matrix with two spatial dimensions (x, y pixels of the area of interest) and a temporal dimension (100 frames). Three steps were carried out to calculate the signals. First, to reduce photon (shot) noise, the raw data were filtered in both the ...
... stimulation recording corresponded to a three-dimensional matrix with two spatial dimensions (x, y pixels of the area of interest) and a temporal dimension (100 frames). Three steps were carried out to calculate the signals. First, to reduce photon (shot) noise, the raw data were filtered in both the ...
Cholinergic Cells and Pathways
... with projection and augmenting activity as they pointed out that ACh-sensitive cortical cells respond to thalamic or peripheral sensory stimulation with repetitive after-discharges and changes in the EEG. These notions were supported by the finding of Frank (Hank) MacIntosh and Paul Oborin (1953) of ...
... with projection and augmenting activity as they pointed out that ACh-sensitive cortical cells respond to thalamic or peripheral sensory stimulation with repetitive after-discharges and changes in the EEG. These notions were supported by the finding of Frank (Hank) MacIntosh and Paul Oborin (1953) of ...
Zebrafish Get Connected: Investigating Neurotransmission Targets
... have also been recognized, with Group I receptors also acting through other Gq proteins, Gi/o proteins, Gs proteins, and independent of G proteins to activate alternative pathways. Downstream targets include phospholipase D, and protein kinase pathways such as Jun kinase, the mitogen-activated prote ...
... have also been recognized, with Group I receptors also acting through other Gq proteins, Gi/o proteins, Gs proteins, and independent of G proteins to activate alternative pathways. Downstream targets include phospholipase D, and protein kinase pathways such as Jun kinase, the mitogen-activated prote ...
Dopaminergic control of the globus pallidus and its impact
... The work of my thesis is a part of integrative neurobiology and focuses on studying the control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influe ...
... The work of my thesis is a part of integrative neurobiology and focuses on studying the control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influe ...
to eat or to sleep? orexin in the regulation of feeding and wakefulness
... consumption when given centrally but Npy-null mutant mice fail to demonstrate a significant feeding phenotype. Anorectic pathways, such as those involving alphamelanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and leptin appear to be less redundant since null mouse mutants for these factors and their receptors ...
... consumption when given centrally but Npy-null mutant mice fail to demonstrate a significant feeding phenotype. Anorectic pathways, such as those involving alphamelanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and leptin appear to be less redundant since null mouse mutants for these factors and their receptors ...
Test Bank 1
... 25. The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________. a. insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently b. receive messages from outside the neuron and carry them to the cell nucleus c. provide a place for neural respiration and cell metabolism to occur d. provide a soft ...
... 25. The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________. a. insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently b. receive messages from outside the neuron and carry them to the cell nucleus c. provide a place for neural respiration and cell metabolism to occur d. provide a soft ...
Gastric Effects of Cholecystokinin and Its Interaction with Leptin on
... The NTS neuronal responses observed during pretrial or pretreatment (control) were compared with post-trial (washout) to confirm that brainstem neuronal activity returned to the control level after washout. Tachyphylaxis was tested by reapplying the test compound to the gastric compartment and obser ...
... The NTS neuronal responses observed during pretrial or pretreatment (control) were compared with post-trial (washout) to confirm that brainstem neuronal activity returned to the control level after washout. Tachyphylaxis was tested by reapplying the test compound to the gastric compartment and obser ...
The supramammillary area: its organization, functions
... McKenna, 2000). There is also monosynaptic input from more laterally placed SuM neurons (but not more medially placed ones) to the hippocampus. The ascending pathways that control theta and other hippocampal activity appear, then, to be topographically organized and to be both direct and relayed (as ...
... McKenna, 2000). There is also monosynaptic input from more laterally placed SuM neurons (but not more medially placed ones) to the hippocampus. The ascending pathways that control theta and other hippocampal activity appear, then, to be topographically organized and to be both direct and relayed (as ...
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation
... The noradrenergic (NA-ergic) rapid eye movement (REM)-OFF neurons in locus coeruleus (LC) and cholinergic REM-ON neurons in laterodorsal/pedunculopontine tegmentum show a reciprocal firing pattern. The REM-ON neurons fire during REM sleep whereas REM-OFF neurons stop firing during REM sleep. The ces ...
... The noradrenergic (NA-ergic) rapid eye movement (REM)-OFF neurons in locus coeruleus (LC) and cholinergic REM-ON neurons in laterodorsal/pedunculopontine tegmentum show a reciprocal firing pattern. The REM-ON neurons fire during REM sleep whereas REM-OFF neurons stop firing during REM sleep. The ces ...
The cerebral cortex of Albert Einstein: a description and preliminary
... Upon his death in 1955, Albert Einstein’s brain was removed, fixed and photographed from multiple angles. It was then sectioned into 240 blocks, and histological slides were prepared. At the time, a roadmap was drawn that illustrates the location within the brain of each block and its associated sli ...
... Upon his death in 1955, Albert Einstein’s brain was removed, fixed and photographed from multiple angles. It was then sectioned into 240 blocks, and histological slides were prepared. At the time, a roadmap was drawn that illustrates the location within the brain of each block and its associated sli ...
The cerebral cortex of Albert Einstein: a
... intact in 1955), a subset of the histological slides, and the road map that identifies the locations in the brain of the specific blocks that yielded the slides were donated by Dr Harvey’s Estate and curated by the National Museum of Health and Medicine in 2010. Except for those mentioned in the rep ...
... intact in 1955), a subset of the histological slides, and the road map that identifies the locations in the brain of the specific blocks that yielded the slides were donated by Dr Harvey’s Estate and curated by the National Museum of Health and Medicine in 2010. Except for those mentioned in the rep ...
Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward
... recorded in at least 7 trials for each probability condition, and in this study it was subjected to further ...
... recorded in at least 7 trials for each probability condition, and in this study it was subjected to further ...
Functional Heterogeneity in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis
... functional differences. This model became extremely influential and now guides a new wave of studies on the role of BNST in humans. Here, we consider evidence for and against this model, in the process highlighting central principles of BNST organization. This analysis leads us to conclude that BNST ...
... functional differences. This model became extremely influential and now guides a new wave of studies on the role of BNST in humans. Here, we consider evidence for and against this model, in the process highlighting central principles of BNST organization. This analysis leads us to conclude that BNST ...
What clinical disorders tell us about the neural
... ipsilateral LR, the trochlear nerve (IVn) innervates the contralateral SO muscle, and the oculomotor nerve (IIIn) innervates the ipsilateral MR, IR, IO and contralateral SR. Muscles are paired in two ways. First, for each agonist there is a corresponding antagonist muscle with almost the same axis o ...
... ipsilateral LR, the trochlear nerve (IVn) innervates the contralateral SO muscle, and the oculomotor nerve (IIIn) innervates the ipsilateral MR, IR, IO and contralateral SR. Muscles are paired in two ways. First, for each agonist there is a corresponding antagonist muscle with almost the same axis o ...
Anatomy of Neuropsychiatry : The New Anatomy of the
... not only from new methods of exploring the brain, including new neuroanatomical staining techniques and brain imaging methods in humans, but also from a need to unite our knowledge of brain function and structure with clinical observations. The task is to enable an integration of brain-behavior rela ...
... not only from new methods of exploring the brain, including new neuroanatomical staining techniques and brain imaging methods in humans, but also from a need to unite our knowledge of brain function and structure with clinical observations. The task is to enable an integration of brain-behavior rela ...
Gentle Mechanical Skin Stimulation Inhibits Micturition Contractions
... to further excitation of PMC neurons and hence producing stronger contraction [13]. Thus, there is positive feedback between the bladder and the PMC. This mechanism makes bladder contraction strong and long enough to void all urine [13]. Perineal stimulation would shut down this positive feedback at ...
... to further excitation of PMC neurons and hence producing stronger contraction [13]. Thus, there is positive feedback between the bladder and the PMC. This mechanism makes bladder contraction strong and long enough to void all urine [13]. Perineal stimulation would shut down this positive feedback at ...
Neurological characterization of mice deficient in GSK3α highlight
... Behavioral and electrophysiological analysis demonstrated the physiological importance of neuronal GSK3α, with GSK3β not compensating for impaired cognition and reduced LTP. Interestingly, the passive inhibitory avoidance task proved to modulate the phosphorylation status of both GSK3 isozymes in wi ...
... Behavioral and electrophysiological analysis demonstrated the physiological importance of neuronal GSK3α, with GSK3β not compensating for impaired cognition and reduced LTP. Interestingly, the passive inhibitory avoidance task proved to modulate the phosphorylation status of both GSK3 isozymes in wi ...
Haemodynamic response
In haemodynamics, the body must respond to physical activities, external temperature, and other factors by homeostatically adjusting its blood flow to deliver nutrients such as oxygen and glucose to stressed tissues and allow them to function. Haemodynamic response (HR) allows the rapid delivery of blood to active neuronal tissues. Since higher processes in the brain occur almost constantly, cerebral blood flow is essential for the maintenance of neurons, astrocytes, and other cells of the brain.