Apparent Loss and Hypertrophy of Interneurons in a Mouse Model
... pronounced hypertrophy of remaining detectable interneurons. In contrast, even in aged mutant mice, many hippocampal interneurons retained staining for glutamic acid decarboxylase. Treatment with insulin-like growth factor-1 partially restored interneuronal number and reduced hypertrophy in some sub ...
... pronounced hypertrophy of remaining detectable interneurons. In contrast, even in aged mutant mice, many hippocampal interneurons retained staining for glutamic acid decarboxylase. Treatment with insulin-like growth factor-1 partially restored interneuronal number and reduced hypertrophy in some sub ...
Congenital Atresia of the External Ear and Tinnitus: A New Syndrome
... Abstract: Congenital atresia of the external ears and severe tinnitus has been reported by two patients to be contralateral to the atretic ear. The use of the nuclear medicine imaging technique of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of brain has demonstrated hypoperfusion in brain are ...
... Abstract: Congenital atresia of the external ears and severe tinnitus has been reported by two patients to be contralateral to the atretic ear. The use of the nuclear medicine imaging technique of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of brain has demonstrated hypoperfusion in brain are ...
NIH Public Access
... mitochondria. The initial stages of Ca2+ accumulation by non-synaptic brain mitochondria produces an increase in light-scattering, probably due to the increased refractive index of the Ca2+loaded matrix [8]. An early study [39] showed that cyclosporine A (CsA) failed to protect cultured hippocampal ...
... mitochondria. The initial stages of Ca2+ accumulation by non-synaptic brain mitochondria produces an increase in light-scattering, probably due to the increased refractive index of the Ca2+loaded matrix [8]. An early study [39] showed that cyclosporine A (CsA) failed to protect cultured hippocampal ...
Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse Huazheng
... were counted with a Nikon Eclipse 80i microscope attached to an Optronics camera (Goleta, CA). which was in turn connected to a Dell Precision T3500 workstation using Stereoinvestigator software (MicroBrightfield, Williston, VT). The major boundaries of the section were drawn at 2× magnification, an ...
... were counted with a Nikon Eclipse 80i microscope attached to an Optronics camera (Goleta, CA). which was in turn connected to a Dell Precision T3500 workstation using Stereoinvestigator software (MicroBrightfield, Williston, VT). The major boundaries of the section were drawn at 2× magnification, an ...
Spatial distribution and characterization of non
... thalamus of chick, frog and turtle embryos [21–23]. In zebrafish embryos, NAP populations have been found in the retina [24 –26] and also in a region of the CNS with more restricted growth—the spinal cord [27]. This work on zebrafish spinal cord revealed that Vsx1-expressing NAPs divide asymmetrical ...
... thalamus of chick, frog and turtle embryos [21–23]. In zebrafish embryos, NAP populations have been found in the retina [24 –26] and also in a region of the CNS with more restricted growth—the spinal cord [27]. This work on zebrafish spinal cord revealed that Vsx1-expressing NAPs divide asymmetrical ...
Reverse pharmacology of orexin
... attenuated by the H1 antagonist, pyrilamine [35]. Furthermore, the effect of orexin-A on wakefulness in mice is almost completely absent in H1-receptor deficient mice [42]. Furthermore, OX 2 R knockout mice exhibit a narcoleptic phenotype, while OX 1 R knockout mice show only mild fragmentation of b ...
... attenuated by the H1 antagonist, pyrilamine [35]. Furthermore, the effect of orexin-A on wakefulness in mice is almost completely absent in H1-receptor deficient mice [42]. Furthermore, OX 2 R knockout mice exhibit a narcoleptic phenotype, while OX 1 R knockout mice show only mild fragmentation of b ...
[ H]GABA and - The University of Sydney
... experiments than for the release experiments. The smaller slices increased the reproducibility within replicates by allowing greater control of the quantity of tissue in each replicate. This is not an issue in release experiments because a percent release is obtained from the amount of tissue in eac ...
... experiments than for the release experiments. The smaller slices increased the reproducibility within replicates by allowing greater control of the quantity of tissue in each replicate. This is not an issue in release experiments because a percent release is obtained from the amount of tissue in eac ...
to the Proceedings
... spatial orientation. Across a range of species, landmark orientation and landmark memory have been demonstrated, as well as the use of sky compass cues for path integration and long-range migrations. In contrast to behavioral data, considerable progress on the neural mechanisms underlying spatial re ...
... spatial orientation. Across a range of species, landmark orientation and landmark memory have been demonstrated, as well as the use of sky compass cues for path integration and long-range migrations. In contrast to behavioral data, considerable progress on the neural mechanisms underlying spatial re ...
Molecules and circuits involved in nicotine addiction: The many
... hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children exposed to tobacco smoke in utero, and this points to one potential link between smoke exposure and circuits involved in attention (Heath and Picciotto, 2009; Picciotto et al., 2012). The deleterious effects of developmental smoke exposure also highlight the ...
... hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children exposed to tobacco smoke in utero, and this points to one potential link between smoke exposure and circuits involved in attention (Heath and Picciotto, 2009; Picciotto et al., 2012). The deleterious effects of developmental smoke exposure also highlight the ...
- Journal of Vestibular Research
... mammalian species (Table 3). Reactive synaptogenesis has often been suggested as a possible explanation for vestibular compensation; although there is evidence to support its occurrence in frog (for example, 66,67), the evidence from lower mammalian species (for example, 5 ,68) suggests that these c ...
... mammalian species (Table 3). Reactive synaptogenesis has often been suggested as a possible explanation for vestibular compensation; although there is evidence to support its occurrence in frog (for example, 66,67), the evidence from lower mammalian species (for example, 5 ,68) suggests that these c ...
Effect of PACAP in Central and Peripheral Nerve Injuries
... of neuroprotective agents, since the immediate therapy is not possible in most cases. Treatment with PACAP (100 µg) icv. 30 min or 1 h after TBI significantly reduced the β-APP-immunpositivity in the corticospinal tract 2 h after the injury compared to non-treated animals. There was no significant d ...
... of neuroprotective agents, since the immediate therapy is not possible in most cases. Treatment with PACAP (100 µg) icv. 30 min or 1 h after TBI significantly reduced the β-APP-immunpositivity in the corticospinal tract 2 h after the injury compared to non-treated animals. There was no significant d ...
Vestibular Signals in the Parasolitary Nucleus
... studies indicates that the Psol is the source of the GABAergic projections to the -nucleus and dorsomedial cell column (dmcc) of the inferior olive and the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRGc) (Barmack et al. 1998; Fagerson and Barmack 1995; Kaufman et al. 1996) (Fig. 1). Singleneuron recor ...
... studies indicates that the Psol is the source of the GABAergic projections to the -nucleus and dorsomedial cell column (dmcc) of the inferior olive and the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRGc) (Barmack et al. 1998; Fagerson and Barmack 1995; Kaufman et al. 1996) (Fig. 1). Singleneuron recor ...
Review Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward
... complementary functions, and the optimal use of rewards in voluntary behavior would benefit from interactions between the signals. Addictive psychostimulant drugs may exert their action by amplifying the dopamine reward signal. Introduction The discovery of neurons synthesizing and releasing the neu ...
... complementary functions, and the optimal use of rewards in voluntary behavior would benefit from interactions between the signals. Addictive psychostimulant drugs may exert their action by amplifying the dopamine reward signal. Introduction The discovery of neurons synthesizing and releasing the neu ...
Impact of prefrontal cortex in nicotine
... (nAChRs) in the PFC to enhance working memory and attention and Bunney, 1983; Ungless et al., 2004), we do acknowledge that there are (Levin, 1992; Granon et al., 1995; Levin et al., 2006; Counotte et al., the technical limitations in the determination of the identities of our 2011; Guillem et al., ...
... (nAChRs) in the PFC to enhance working memory and attention and Bunney, 1983; Ungless et al., 2004), we do acknowledge that there are (Levin, 1992; Granon et al., 1995; Levin et al., 2006; Counotte et al., the technical limitations in the determination of the identities of our 2011; Guillem et al., ...
... Figure 1. JNCL serum immunoreactivity in rat CNS sections. ( A) Overview of rat CNS sections stained immunohistochemically using serum from a neurological normal control (Control) or an individual with JNCL as a primary antiserum. JNCL serum displayed widespread immunoreactivity within multiple CNS ...
Electroencephalography - Department of Computational and
... economics can be studied from the level of a single individual's personal finances to the macro-economics of nations. Neurons, or nerve cells, are electrically active cells that are primarily responsible for carrying out the brain's functions. Neurons create action potentials, which are discrete ele ...
... economics can be studied from the level of a single individual's personal finances to the macro-economics of nations. Neurons, or nerve cells, are electrically active cells that are primarily responsible for carrying out the brain's functions. Neurons create action potentials, which are discrete ele ...
GABAergic neuron distribution in the pedunculopontine nucleus
... Indeed, recent studies have shown that there are also functional differences between the two portions of the PPN, which have been evaluated in terms of behavioral responses following excitotoxic lesions or electrical stimulation (Alderson et al., 2006, 2008; Andero et al., 2007). Taken together, the ...
... Indeed, recent studies have shown that there are also functional differences between the two portions of the PPN, which have been evaluated in terms of behavioral responses following excitotoxic lesions or electrical stimulation (Alderson et al., 2006, 2008; Andero et al., 2007). Taken together, the ...
GLUCOCORTICOIDS INCREASE CNS INFLAMMATION
... does GR (5.0 nM), and this difference is a large part of the reason for concentration-dependent differences in GC activity (15). At basal GC levels, GCs predominantly bind to MR and only slightly occupy GR. In the early stage of a stressor, MR becomes saturated and the occupancy of GR is increased. ...
... does GR (5.0 nM), and this difference is a large part of the reason for concentration-dependent differences in GC activity (15). At basal GC levels, GCs predominantly bind to MR and only slightly occupy GR. In the early stage of a stressor, MR becomes saturated and the occupancy of GR is increased. ...
The thalamus as a putative biomarker in neurodegenerative disorders
... passage of information (for instance with regard to the current output of the driving cortical area) from one cortical area to another via a transthalamic pathway (Figure 3); at least half of the thalamus is thought to be involved with this kind of signaling. Whilst this challenges the traditional u ...
... passage of information (for instance with regard to the current output of the driving cortical area) from one cortical area to another via a transthalamic pathway (Figure 3); at least half of the thalamus is thought to be involved with this kind of signaling. Whilst this challenges the traditional u ...
Refinement of feedforward projections, neuronal density, and
... would be activated more than non-visually activated neurons, and the former, more active neurons will produce more cytokines, leading to the proliferation of more astrocytes. Astrocytes, in turn, will be important for the elimination of synapses. Thus, this mechanism could explain how visual experi ...
... would be activated more than non-visually activated neurons, and the former, more active neurons will produce more cytokines, leading to the proliferation of more astrocytes. Astrocytes, in turn, will be important for the elimination of synapses. Thus, this mechanism could explain how visual experi ...
Mechanisms of Sleep Control - UCLA Integrative Center for
... maximally active in NREM sleep has been identified (Eguchi and Satoh, 1980). In NREM sleep, the role of the raphe system, the midline serotonergic system of the brainstem, remains unclear. Depletion of serotonin with the synthesis inhibitor /7chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) produces insomnia that can be ...
... maximally active in NREM sleep has been identified (Eguchi and Satoh, 1980). In NREM sleep, the role of the raphe system, the midline serotonergic system of the brainstem, remains unclear. Depletion of serotonin with the synthesis inhibitor /7chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) produces insomnia that can be ...
The subthalamic nucleus in the context of movement disorders
... polar artery) and posteromedial choroidal arteries (lateral mesencephalosubthalamic arteries). The former two arteries are branches of the internal carotid artery, whereas the latter vessels are part of the posterior circulation. The contribution of each of these vessels to the arterial supply of th ...
... polar artery) and posteromedial choroidal arteries (lateral mesencephalosubthalamic arteries). The former two arteries are branches of the internal carotid artery, whereas the latter vessels are part of the posterior circulation. The contribution of each of these vessels to the arterial supply of th ...
Subregions of the human superior frontal gyrus and their connections
... Resting-state functional connectivity patterns Resting-state fMRI data preprocessing The resting-state fMRI data were preprocessed using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM8, http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm) and Data Processing Assistant for Resting-State fMRI (DPARSF) (Yan and Zang, 2010). The ...
... Resting-state functional connectivity patterns Resting-state fMRI data preprocessing The resting-state fMRI data were preprocessed using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM8, http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm) and Data Processing Assistant for Resting-State fMRI (DPARSF) (Yan and Zang, 2010). The ...
concurrent, distributed control of saccade initiation in the frontal eye
... Accumulator models have been evaluated in terms of brain function. Accumulator models suppose that in response to a stimulus, some signal grows until it reaches a threshold thereby triggering a movement in response to the stimulus. Models of this sort include three sources for the stochastic variabi ...
... Accumulator models have been evaluated in terms of brain function. Accumulator models suppose that in response to a stimulus, some signal grows until it reaches a threshold thereby triggering a movement in response to the stimulus. Models of this sort include three sources for the stochastic variabi ...
Haemodynamic response
In haemodynamics, the body must respond to physical activities, external temperature, and other factors by homeostatically adjusting its blood flow to deliver nutrients such as oxygen and glucose to stressed tissues and allow them to function. Haemodynamic response (HR) allows the rapid delivery of blood to active neuronal tissues. Since higher processes in the brain occur almost constantly, cerebral blood flow is essential for the maintenance of neurons, astrocytes, and other cells of the brain.