final exam review
... ____ 144. Symphysis: a. Bifurcation b. Symptoms occur together c. Living organisms grow together for mutual benefit d. Bones grow together, as in the pelvis e. Synthesis of substances ____ 145. Ultrasonography: a. X-ray recording of sound waves b. Amniocentesis c. Sound waves and echoes are used to ...
... ____ 144. Symphysis: a. Bifurcation b. Symptoms occur together c. Living organisms grow together for mutual benefit d. Bones grow together, as in the pelvis e. Synthesis of substances ____ 145. Ultrasonography: a. X-ray recording of sound waves b. Amniocentesis c. Sound waves and echoes are used to ...
Effects of Residual Inhibition Phenomenon on Early Auditory Evoked
... It could be possible (with no certainty) that the neural mechanisms which are involved in RI phenomenon, are similar to (or overlap with) those that cause generation of tinnitus (Roberts, 2007). By accepting aforesaid hypothesis, understanding neural mechanisms involved in RI can create a new horizo ...
... It could be possible (with no certainty) that the neural mechanisms which are involved in RI phenomenon, are similar to (or overlap with) those that cause generation of tinnitus (Roberts, 2007). By accepting aforesaid hypothesis, understanding neural mechanisms involved in RI can create a new horizo ...
A tale of two stories: astrocyte regulation of
... astrocytes – the main type of glial cells in the hippocampus and the cortex [16-18] – together with the discovery of two-way astrocyte-neuron communication [19, 20], suggest an active role of these cells in modulation of synaptic transmission and information processing in the brain ...
... astrocytes – the main type of glial cells in the hippocampus and the cortex [16-18] – together with the discovery of two-way astrocyte-neuron communication [19, 20], suggest an active role of these cells in modulation of synaptic transmission and information processing in the brain ...
Neurophysiology - American Physiological Society
... NEU 64. List the neural components of the spino-thalamic system and its trigeminal analogues. NEU 65. List functional properties of the spino-thalamic system. NEU 66. Differentiate between fast and slow pain and identify the peripheral nerve fibers and central connections that account for these diff ...
... NEU 64. List the neural components of the spino-thalamic system and its trigeminal analogues. NEU 65. List functional properties of the spino-thalamic system. NEU 66. Differentiate between fast and slow pain and identify the peripheral nerve fibers and central connections that account for these diff ...
NEURAL MECHANISMS SUPPORTING THE LEARNING
... a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an aversive UCS. The conditioned response (CR) produced by the CS is often used to index fear expression. Traditionally, CR expression is taken as evidence that an association between the CS and UCS has been formed. In contrast, the UCR is often con ...
... a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an aversive UCS. The conditioned response (CR) produced by the CS is often used to index fear expression. Traditionally, CR expression is taken as evidence that an association between the CS and UCS has been formed. In contrast, the UCR is often con ...
ORAL UPF/ TESI DOCT Nicotine addiction phenotypes in a BAC transgenic mouse
... chromosome 15, which human genetic studies have identified as a strong candidate for nicotine dependence and smoking-related behaviours. This cluster codifies for the alpha5, alpha3 and beta4 subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), with low and restrictive expression pattern with ...
... chromosome 15, which human genetic studies have identified as a strong candidate for nicotine dependence and smoking-related behaviours. This cluster codifies for the alpha5, alpha3 and beta4 subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), with low and restrictive expression pattern with ...
Calcium Transients in the Garter Snake Vomeronasal Organ
... selective staining of VN neurons with Ca2⫹ Green after retrograde transport of this dye from their axonal terminals in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Observe the labeling in the cell bodies of mature VN neurons (red arrows) located in the intermediate region of the sensory epithelium. No other ...
... selective staining of VN neurons with Ca2⫹ Green after retrograde transport of this dye from their axonal terminals in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Observe the labeling in the cell bodies of mature VN neurons (red arrows) located in the intermediate region of the sensory epithelium. No other ...
Cumming BG, Parker AJ.
... in the vicinity of the receptive field. The results for these four neurons closely resembled those for the rest of the population. It would have been possible to manipulate the relative disparity between the foreground and background of the RDS simply by changing the disparity of the background regi ...
... in the vicinity of the receptive field. The results for these four neurons closely resembled those for the rest of the population. It would have been possible to manipulate the relative disparity between the foreground and background of the RDS simply by changing the disparity of the background regi ...
An investigation of the sensory and motor innervation of extraocular
... differences, the MIF motoneurons are on average significantly smaller in size than the SIF motoneurons. Analogous to the study in monkey, the SIF and MIF motoneurons of the medial and lateral rectus muscle of rats were identified with tracer injections and further characterized by immunolabelling. ...
... differences, the MIF motoneurons are on average significantly smaller in size than the SIF motoneurons. Analogous to the study in monkey, the SIF and MIF motoneurons of the medial and lateral rectus muscle of rats were identified with tracer injections and further characterized by immunolabelling. ...
Neurotoxicity and Mechanism of Toluene Abuse
... pathways. Unfortunately, the toluene exposure conditions failed to resemble those commensurate with acute or chronic toluene abuse (the 100 ppm condition alone may be considered an occupational-type exposure, though no significant results were seen at this dose), hence its applicability to mechanism ...
... pathways. Unfortunately, the toluene exposure conditions failed to resemble those commensurate with acute or chronic toluene abuse (the 100 ppm condition alone may be considered an occupational-type exposure, though no significant results were seen at this dose), hence its applicability to mechanism ...
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Reelin Signaling in the Adult
... The study of Reelin signaling and its role in cortical development is responsible for the large preponderance of known signaling mechanism. For that reason, section one will consist of an overview of cortical development followed by a more specific discussion of major and aspiring players in the Re ...
... The study of Reelin signaling and its role in cortical development is responsible for the large preponderance of known signaling mechanism. For that reason, section one will consist of an overview of cortical development followed by a more specific discussion of major and aspiring players in the Re ...
A Novel Functionally Distinct Subtype of Striatal Neuropeptide Y
... comparisons were made with ANOVA or Student’s two-tailed t test (Prism, version 4; GraphPad). Differences were considered to be significant if p ⬍ 0.05. ...
... comparisons were made with ANOVA or Student’s two-tailed t test (Prism, version 4; GraphPad). Differences were considered to be significant if p ⬍ 0.05. ...
Neck Muscle Responses to Stimulation of Monkey Superior
... whether the head is restrained or not). Neurons in the deeper layers of the SC are organized topographically into a motor map coding gaze shift direction and amplitude (Robinson 1972). Small-amplitude gaze shifts encoded in the rostral SC are generally accomplished by eye movements alone, whereas la ...
... whether the head is restrained or not). Neurons in the deeper layers of the SC are organized topographically into a motor map coding gaze shift direction and amplitude (Robinson 1972). Small-amplitude gaze shifts encoded in the rostral SC are generally accomplished by eye movements alone, whereas la ...
Get PDF - IOS Press
... The amygdala is a small almond-shaped structure located in the temporal lobe. The amygdala has been reviewed repeatedly because it is implicated strongly in emotional processes [13–21]. The amygdala is a key region that integrates both input and output to the peripheral autonomic nervous system and ...
... The amygdala is a small almond-shaped structure located in the temporal lobe. The amygdala has been reviewed repeatedly because it is implicated strongly in emotional processes [13–21]. The amygdala is a key region that integrates both input and output to the peripheral autonomic nervous system and ...
2017
... sessions (Saturday, Sunday, Monday, 4:00pm -5:00pm and Tuesday, 12:15-1:30 pm) and workshops aimed at providing new investigators with valuable tools for career success. Credit for the organization of all these activities into a well-coordinated and exciting meeting goes to Ruth Litovsky and the oth ...
... sessions (Saturday, Sunday, Monday, 4:00pm -5:00pm and Tuesday, 12:15-1:30 pm) and workshops aimed at providing new investigators with valuable tools for career success. Credit for the organization of all these activities into a well-coordinated and exciting meeting goes to Ruth Litovsky and the oth ...
Mechanisms of Leptin Action and Leptin Resistance
... originally described db/db mice lack LRb (but not other LR forms) as a consequence of a mutation that causes missplicing of the LRb mRNA; these mice closely resemble db3J /db3J mice (which are deficient in all LR isoforms) and leptin-deficient ob/ob animals (3). The function of short-form LRs is less ...
... originally described db/db mice lack LRb (but not other LR forms) as a consequence of a mutation that causes missplicing of the LRb mRNA; these mice closely resemble db3J /db3J mice (which are deficient in all LR isoforms) and leptin-deficient ob/ob animals (3). The function of short-form LRs is less ...
Normal sleep and circadian rhythms: Neurobiologic mechanisms
... groups of thalamic neurons by the GABAergic thalamic spindle pacemaker. The origin of K complexes is unknown. With the onset of stage 2, the arousal threshold increases, and a more intense stimulus is needed to arouse a sleeper. Stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep are defined by synchronized high-amplitude ...
... groups of thalamic neurons by the GABAergic thalamic spindle pacemaker. The origin of K complexes is unknown. With the onset of stage 2, the arousal threshold increases, and a more intense stimulus is needed to arouse a sleeper. Stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep are defined by synchronized high-amplitude ...
The Olfactory System - Tim J. van Hartevelt
... In addition to its role in food, sex, and pleasure, olfactory cues have a remarkable ability to evoke extremely vivid memories, as noted for example by Proust in his novel À la recherche du temps perdu. Taken together, the weight of the evidence shows that olfaction is a very important sensory syst ...
... In addition to its role in food, sex, and pleasure, olfactory cues have a remarkable ability to evoke extremely vivid memories, as noted for example by Proust in his novel À la recherche du temps perdu. Taken together, the weight of the evidence shows that olfaction is a very important sensory syst ...
Glutamine deficiency in the prefrontal cortex increases depressive
... prefrontal cortex (PFC) were measured after L-AAA infusion. There was no change in Glu or Gln levels in the PFC on the third day after the infusion (Glu level of day 3, t8 = –0.840, p = 0.42; Gln level of day 3, t8 = –0.174, p = 0.87); however, Glu and Gln levels in mice infused with L-AAA decreased ...
... prefrontal cortex (PFC) were measured after L-AAA infusion. There was no change in Glu or Gln levels in the PFC on the third day after the infusion (Glu level of day 3, t8 = –0.840, p = 0.42; Gln level of day 3, t8 = –0.174, p = 0.87); however, Glu and Gln levels in mice infused with L-AAA decreased ...
neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data
... is to make us eat, drink, and mate. Species with brains that allow them to get better rewards will win in evolution. This is what our brain does, acquire rewards, and do it in the best possible way. It may well be the reason why brains have evolved. Brains allow multicellular organisms to move about ...
... is to make us eat, drink, and mate. Species with brains that allow them to get better rewards will win in evolution. This is what our brain does, acquire rewards, and do it in the best possible way. It may well be the reason why brains have evolved. Brains allow multicellular organisms to move about ...
Interaction of the Frontal Eye Field and Superior Colliculus for
... extent of SC neurons activated by FEF stimulation (Fig. 1A), which produces a horizontal 10° saccade, is represented by the dark gray circle on the SC movement map. The extent of a hypothetical lidocaine injection made at the same location on the SC map (Fig. 1B) is represented by the light gray cir ...
... extent of SC neurons activated by FEF stimulation (Fig. 1A), which produces a horizontal 10° saccade, is represented by the dark gray circle on the SC movement map. The extent of a hypothetical lidocaine injection made at the same location on the SC map (Fig. 1B) is represented by the light gray cir ...
Mitochondrial support of persistent presynaptic vesicle mobilization
... and it contained 124 nondocked vesicles and nine docked vesicles. The b3 had 82 nondocked vesicles and two vesicles docked at the PSD which was 4.4 mm from the nearest mitochondrion (b4, nonsyn mito, Dm3, orange line) and 5.3 mm from the end of the axon reconstruction (D3end). Scale cube is 0.5 mm o ...
... and it contained 124 nondocked vesicles and nine docked vesicles. The b3 had 82 nondocked vesicles and two vesicles docked at the PSD which was 4.4 mm from the nearest mitochondrion (b4, nonsyn mito, Dm3, orange line) and 5.3 mm from the end of the axon reconstruction (D3end). Scale cube is 0.5 mm o ...
Read as PDF
... Figure 1. Morphology of B66. A, Schematic drawing of the caudal surface of the desheathed buccal ganglion. The position of the filled cell indicates the position of B66. Neurons B1/2 and B6 are labeled as reference cells. The drawing is after Hurwitz et al. (1997). CBC, Cerebral–buccal connective. B ...
... Figure 1. Morphology of B66. A, Schematic drawing of the caudal surface of the desheathed buccal ganglion. The position of the filled cell indicates the position of B66. Neurons B1/2 and B6 are labeled as reference cells. The drawing is after Hurwitz et al. (1997). CBC, Cerebral–buccal connective. B ...
Why We Sleep: The Temporal Organization of
... Thus, both REM and NREM sleep appear vital and subject to homeostasis but can be suspended in rare cases for a substantial portion of life. In contrast to circadian biology, where the selective advantage of predicting daylight and seasonal occurrence is obvious [18], sleep is dangerous in the presen ...
... Thus, both REM and NREM sleep appear vital and subject to homeostasis but can be suspended in rare cases for a substantial portion of life. In contrast to circadian biology, where the selective advantage of predicting daylight and seasonal occurrence is obvious [18], sleep is dangerous in the presen ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.