Orexin/Hypocretin: A Neuropeptide at the Interface of Sleep, Energy
... II. Orexin and orexin receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Identification of orexin (Hypocretin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Orex ...
... II. Orexin and orexin receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Identification of orexin (Hypocretin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Orex ...
Behavioural Brain Research Ventral pallidum roles in reward and
... levels of substance P, enkephalins, and iron; heterogeneous cell types including cholinergic and GABAergic projection neurons; basal firing rates that are generally slower than dorsal pallidal but faster than striatal projection neurons), are recognized to distinguish ventral pallidum from other surr ...
... levels of substance P, enkephalins, and iron; heterogeneous cell types including cholinergic and GABAergic projection neurons; basal firing rates that are generally slower than dorsal pallidal but faster than striatal projection neurons), are recognized to distinguish ventral pallidum from other surr ...
The Locus Ceruleus Responds to Signaling Molecules Obtained
... cpm/pg tetanus toxin C fragment. Neurotrophins were used within 1 week after iodination; bioactivity was preserved within this time frame. Autoradiography and quantification of radiolabeled proteins were performed as described previously (von Bartheld et al., 1996a,b; von Bartheld, 2001). Silver gra ...
... cpm/pg tetanus toxin C fragment. Neurotrophins were used within 1 week after iodination; bioactivity was preserved within this time frame. Autoradiography and quantification of radiolabeled proteins were performed as described previously (von Bartheld et al., 1996a,b; von Bartheld, 2001). Silver gra ...
REM Sleep - Test Page
... REM sleep control and especially to the peptide hypocretin. Finally, I speculate about the functions of REM sleep. REM sleep was discovered by Aserinsky and Kleitman in 1953. 1 They found that it was characterized by the periodic recurrence of rapid eye movements, linked to a dramatic reduction in t ...
... REM sleep control and especially to the peptide hypocretin. Finally, I speculate about the functions of REM sleep. REM sleep was discovered by Aserinsky and Kleitman in 1953. 1 They found that it was characterized by the periodic recurrence of rapid eye movements, linked to a dramatic reduction in t ...
Why We Sleep: The Temporal Organization of
... to homeostasis but can be suspended in rare cases for a substantial portion of life. In contrast to circadian biology, where the selective advantage of predicting daylight and seasonal occurrence is obvious [18], sleep is dangerous in the presence of predators. Accordingly, in mammals, REM sleep amo ...
... to homeostasis but can be suspended in rare cases for a substantial portion of life. In contrast to circadian biology, where the selective advantage of predicting daylight and seasonal occurrence is obvious [18], sleep is dangerous in the presence of predators. Accordingly, in mammals, REM sleep amo ...
Morphological patterns of the postcentral sulcus in the human brain.
... limitations of such an approach are evident as shown by the fact that, in a large number of brains, the superior and inferior postcentral sulci may appear to merge superficially with each other and the intraparietal sulcus (i.e. the sulci cannot be differentiated on the outer cortical surface) and y ...
... limitations of such an approach are evident as shown by the fact that, in a large number of brains, the superior and inferior postcentral sulci may appear to merge superficially with each other and the intraparietal sulcus (i.e. the sulci cannot be differentiated on the outer cortical surface) and y ...
Implication of novel neurotransmitter systems in the regulation of
... In most species, the majority of GnRH neurons are oval or fusiform in shape, with a maximum diameter of 10 to 20 µm. The fine structural properties of these neurons do not differ from the general neuronal attributes, except that some of the GnRH nerve cells are ciliated (8, 15). Most of the GnRH neu ...
... In most species, the majority of GnRH neurons are oval or fusiform in shape, with a maximum diameter of 10 to 20 µm. The fine structural properties of these neurons do not differ from the general neuronal attributes, except that some of the GnRH nerve cells are ciliated (8, 15). Most of the GnRH neu ...
Descending motor pathways and the spinal
... forebrain, knowledge about the anatomy and function of the structures in the more caudally located parts of the central nervous system is indispensable. In this paper an overview will be presented of these caudal structures in brainstem and spinal cord as far as they concern the motor system, (secti ...
... forebrain, knowledge about the anatomy and function of the structures in the more caudally located parts of the central nervous system is indispensable. In this paper an overview will be presented of these caudal structures in brainstem and spinal cord as far as they concern the motor system, (secti ...
Histamine in the Nervous System
... Histaminergic neurons are found in mussels, snails, and squid. In Aplysia, the C2 cell, a complex mechanosenPhysiol Rev • VOL ...
... Histaminergic neurons are found in mussels, snails, and squid. In Aplysia, the C2 cell, a complex mechanosenPhysiol Rev • VOL ...
Neuronal uptake and propagation of a rare phosphorylated high-molecular-weight tau
... 50,000 or 150,000g, and applied the supernatant to mouse primary cortical neurons. The uptake of tau was assessed by immunofluorescence labelling of intracellular human tau. After 24 h, human tau uptake was observed in neurons treated with 3,000 and 10,000g brain extracts, which presumably contained ...
... 50,000 or 150,000g, and applied the supernatant to mouse primary cortical neurons. The uptake of tau was assessed by immunofluorescence labelling of intracellular human tau. After 24 h, human tau uptake was observed in neurons treated with 3,000 and 10,000g brain extracts, which presumably contained ...
Spinal sympathetic interneurons: Their identification and roles after
... brainstem are lost. Sympathetic activity after spinal cord injury is enigmatic because it ranges from abnormally low, leading to bouts of hypotension, to abnormally high, leading to hypertensive crises (Mathias and Frankel, 1992). One characteristic upon which there appears to be little disagreement ...
... brainstem are lost. Sympathetic activity after spinal cord injury is enigmatic because it ranges from abnormally low, leading to bouts of hypotension, to abnormally high, leading to hypertensive crises (Mathias and Frankel, 1992). One characteristic upon which there appears to be little disagreement ...
- Wiley Online Library
... (neurons or glia) express the cognate receptors and yet more uncertainty regarding how many brain regions contain CO2 -sensitive cells (neurons or others) capable of stimulating breathing (the definition of a central respiratory chemoreceptor). Until the early 1980s, central respiratory chemorecepto ...
... (neurons or glia) express the cognate receptors and yet more uncertainty regarding how many brain regions contain CO2 -sensitive cells (neurons or others) capable of stimulating breathing (the definition of a central respiratory chemoreceptor). Until the early 1980s, central respiratory chemorecepto ...
Examination of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
... hormones, it has the least clear physiological role in the deiodinase protein family. Because D1 is able to convert T4 to the considerably active T3, initially it was thought to be the main source of extra-thyroidal T3 [16, 17]. Recently, however, increasing evidence indicates that D1 contributes si ...
... hormones, it has the least clear physiological role in the deiodinase protein family. Because D1 is able to convert T4 to the considerably active T3, initially it was thought to be the main source of extra-thyroidal T3 [16, 17]. Recently, however, increasing evidence indicates that D1 contributes si ...
Cholinergic Cells and Pathways
... employing it successfully (see below, section C). Then an immunocytochemical method was developed for detection of ACh (Geffard et al., 1985); of course, this technique would be most useful in definitive identification of cholinergic neurons and pathways, but there was no follow-up with regard to its ...
... employing it successfully (see below, section C). Then an immunocytochemical method was developed for detection of ACh (Geffard et al., 1985); of course, this technique would be most useful in definitive identification of cholinergic neurons and pathways, but there was no follow-up with regard to its ...
Potential switch from eupnea to fictive gasping after blockade of
... peak phrenic activity could only be compared for a subset of the preparations after some experimental perturbations. In these procedures, requiring extended times for completion, it was necessary to reposition the recording electrode periodically. Hence, changes in values of peak phrenic activity co ...
... peak phrenic activity could only be compared for a subset of the preparations after some experimental perturbations. In these procedures, requiring extended times for completion, it was necessary to reposition the recording electrode periodically. Hence, changes in values of peak phrenic activity co ...
Zebrafish Get Connected: Investigating Neurotransmission Targets
... homology with the human genome, and 84% of genes associated with disease in humans are also present in zebrafish [24,25]. Furthermore, metabolic pathways are highly conserved between zebrafish and mammals, making zebrafish well suited to mechanism focused research [18]. The early teleost had a whole ...
... homology with the human genome, and 84% of genes associated with disease in humans are also present in zebrafish [24,25]. Furthermore, metabolic pathways are highly conserved between zebrafish and mammals, making zebrafish well suited to mechanism focused research [18]. The early teleost had a whole ...
Corpus Callosum
... and left hemisphere and the two halves are connected by the corpus callosum this bundle of nerve tissue contains over 200, corpus callosum and brain function thoughtco - corpus callosum location directionally the corpus callosum is located underneath the cerebrum at the midline of the brain it resid ...
... and left hemisphere and the two halves are connected by the corpus callosum this bundle of nerve tissue contains over 200, corpus callosum and brain function thoughtco - corpus callosum location directionally the corpus callosum is located underneath the cerebrum at the midline of the brain it resid ...
Dopaminergic control of the globus pallidus and its impact
... The work of my thesis is a part of integrative neurobiology and focuses on studying the control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influe ...
... The work of my thesis is a part of integrative neurobiology and focuses on studying the control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influe ...
The cerebral cortex of Albert Einstein: a description and preliminary
... within the brain of each block and its associated slides. Here we describe the external gross neuroanatomy of Einstein’s entire cerebral cortex from 14 recently discovered photographs, most of which were taken from unconventional angles. Two of the photographs reveal sulcal patterns of the medial su ...
... within the brain of each block and its associated slides. Here we describe the external gross neuroanatomy of Einstein’s entire cerebral cortex from 14 recently discovered photographs, most of which were taken from unconventional angles. Two of the photographs reveal sulcal patterns of the medial su ...
1 - Test Bank
... 25. The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________. a. insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently Correct: The myelin sheath protects and insulates the neuron, and helps to speed up the process of neural communication. b. receive messages from outside the neuron and ...
... 25. The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________. a. insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently Correct: The myelin sheath protects and insulates the neuron, and helps to speed up the process of neural communication. b. receive messages from outside the neuron and ...
The cerebral cortex of Albert Einstein: a
... within the brain of each block and its associated slides. Here we describe the external gross neuroanatomy of Einstein’s entire cerebral cortex from 14 recently discovered photographs, most of which were taken from unconventional angles. Two of the photographs reveal sulcal patterns of the medial su ...
... within the brain of each block and its associated slides. Here we describe the external gross neuroanatomy of Einstein’s entire cerebral cortex from 14 recently discovered photographs, most of which were taken from unconventional angles. Two of the photographs reveal sulcal patterns of the medial su ...
Neuroscience of Sleep - University of Ilorin
... wakefulness, such as histamine noradrenaline and serotonin thereby shuting down of the body’s arousal system. • Histamine, for example is believed to be the primary chemical agent stimulating wakefulness, which is why antihistamines cause drowsiness. • A healthy intact hypothalamus is critical for n ...
... wakefulness, such as histamine noradrenaline and serotonin thereby shuting down of the body’s arousal system. • Histamine, for example is believed to be the primary chemical agent stimulating wakefulness, which is why antihistamines cause drowsiness. • A healthy intact hypothalamus is critical for n ...
rem sleep - Website Staff UI
... wakefulness, such as histamine noradrenaline and serotonin thereby shuting down of the body’s arousal system. • Histamine, for example is believed to be the primary chemical agent stimulating wakefulness, which is why antihistamines cause drowsiness. • A healthy intact hypothalamus is critical for n ...
... wakefulness, such as histamine noradrenaline and serotonin thereby shuting down of the body’s arousal system. • Histamine, for example is believed to be the primary chemical agent stimulating wakefulness, which is why antihistamines cause drowsiness. • A healthy intact hypothalamus is critical for n ...
Modulation of premotor circuits controlling locomotor activity by
... or the modulation of locomotor activity. We focused our attention on dissecting the circuit architecture and function of a conserved class of spinal sensory neurons termed cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons (CSF-cNs). These neurons lie at the interface between the CSF and spinal interneurons con ...
... or the modulation of locomotor activity. We focused our attention on dissecting the circuit architecture and function of a conserved class of spinal sensory neurons termed cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons (CSF-cNs). These neurons lie at the interface between the CSF and spinal interneurons con ...
Prefrontal Projections to the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... Most labeled boutons from prefrontal axons were small, but a second class of large boutons was also prominent. This is in contrast to the homogeneous small TRN terminations from sensory cortices noted previously and in the present study, which are thought to arise exclusively from layer VI. The two ...
... Most labeled boutons from prefrontal axons were small, but a second class of large boutons was also prominent. This is in contrast to the homogeneous small TRN terminations from sensory cortices noted previously and in the present study, which are thought to arise exclusively from layer VI. The two ...
Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways, analogous to the central processing unit (CPU) in a computer.This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, covered in the human brain article because the most common diseases of the human brain either do not show up in other species, or else manifest themselves in different ways.