Paper
... of claustrum-cortical connections in which prefrontal and association cortices receive connections largely from the rostral and medial claustrum. Comparative aspects of claustrum-prefrontal topography across primate species and the implications of claustrum connectivity for understanding of cortical ...
... of claustrum-cortical connections in which prefrontal and association cortices receive connections largely from the rostral and medial claustrum. Comparative aspects of claustrum-prefrontal topography across primate species and the implications of claustrum connectivity for understanding of cortical ...
Signal processing methods in Sleep Research
... After all from an evolutionary point of view sleep seems like a bad idea, yet • Sleep is universal across species. • Sleep affects the vast majority of body functions including: immune function, hormonal regulation, metabolism, and thermoregulation. • Sleep’s core function appears to be for the brai ...
... After all from an evolutionary point of view sleep seems like a bad idea, yet • Sleep is universal across species. • Sleep affects the vast majority of body functions including: immune function, hormonal regulation, metabolism, and thermoregulation. • Sleep’s core function appears to be for the brai ...
Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the control
... active DA neurons in the VTA via polysynaptic pathways relayed through the NAc (Grace et al., 2007). Although the vSUB does not project directly to the VTA DA neurons, it can indirectly activate DA neuronal impulse activity and increase DA levels in the terminal regions (Legault and Wise, 1999; Lega ...
... active DA neurons in the VTA via polysynaptic pathways relayed through the NAc (Grace et al., 2007). Although the vSUB does not project directly to the VTA DA neurons, it can indirectly activate DA neuronal impulse activity and increase DA levels in the terminal regions (Legault and Wise, 1999; Lega ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... NTS, in turn, is reciprocally connected to regions of the brain integral to the regulation of feeding, such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (Schwartz, 2000; Broberger and Hokfelt, 2001). The medial NTS, in which NTS POMC neurons are concentrated, contains highly fenestrated endo ...
... NTS, in turn, is reciprocally connected to regions of the brain integral to the regulation of feeding, such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (Schwartz, 2000; Broberger and Hokfelt, 2001). The medial NTS, in which NTS POMC neurons are concentrated, contains highly fenestrated endo ...
Functional Neuroimaging Insights into the Physiology of Human Sleep
... Phasic activity during REM sleep is characterized in animals by PGO waves,3,58 i.e., prominent phasic bioelectrical potentials, closely related to rapid eye movements that occur in isolation or in bursts during the transition from NREM to REM sleep or during REM sleep itself.59,60 Although observed ...
... Phasic activity during REM sleep is characterized in animals by PGO waves,3,58 i.e., prominent phasic bioelectrical potentials, closely related to rapid eye movements that occur in isolation or in bursts during the transition from NREM to REM sleep or during REM sleep itself.59,60 Although observed ...
FULL TEXT PDF - Neuroendocrinology Letters
... it enabled further diversification in general growth, metabolism, osmoregulation and reproduction as jawed vertebrates evolved. GnRH studies in hagfish draw attention because such work may be considered as providing proxy data for similar investigations conducted upon long extinct species. Indeed, t ...
... it enabled further diversification in general growth, metabolism, osmoregulation and reproduction as jawed vertebrates evolved. GnRH studies in hagfish draw attention because such work may be considered as providing proxy data for similar investigations conducted upon long extinct species. Indeed, t ...
Kazumi TAKAHASHI†*, Jian-Sheng LIN† and Kazuya - HAL
... drowsy state (D) was defined as the first 3-s period from the onset of EEG synchronization (deactivation) during the transition from W to SWS. SWS was defined by sustained high-voltage slow waves in the EEG and lowered EMG activity. In the present study, D and SWS corresponded, respectively, to ligh ...
... drowsy state (D) was defined as the first 3-s period from the onset of EEG synchronization (deactivation) during the transition from W to SWS. SWS was defined by sustained high-voltage slow waves in the EEG and lowered EMG activity. In the present study, D and SWS corresponded, respectively, to ligh ...
Reuss 9..48
... clock, retinal circadian oscillations and central and peripheral clock gene transcription are among the exciting findings that may shed new light on the anatomical and functional properties of the circadian timing system. ...
... clock, retinal circadian oscillations and central and peripheral clock gene transcription are among the exciting findings that may shed new light on the anatomical and functional properties of the circadian timing system. ...
Lateral Hypothalamus Contains Two Types of Palatability
... Recording sessions typically lasted less than an hour and consisted of 15–20 repeats of each of the five taste stimuli, for a total of 75–100 separate taste deliveries. We have previously shown that palatability and neural responses are stable across this length of session and volume of fluid consum ...
... Recording sessions typically lasted less than an hour and consisted of 15–20 repeats of each of the five taste stimuli, for a total of 75–100 separate taste deliveries. We have previously shown that palatability and neural responses are stable across this length of session and volume of fluid consum ...
Cystatin C prevents degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons
... loss in the fetal mesencephalic cultures, an effect which could be partially reversed by treatment with cystatin C. Moreover, in vivo DA neurons survival study showed that administration of cystatin C in rats with 6OHDA-induced lesion partially rescued the nigral DA neurons. The results indicate tha ...
... loss in the fetal mesencephalic cultures, an effect which could be partially reversed by treatment with cystatin C. Moreover, in vivo DA neurons survival study showed that administration of cystatin C in rats with 6OHDA-induced lesion partially rescued the nigral DA neurons. The results indicate tha ...
Mechanisms of Sleep Control - UCLA Integrative Center for
... depending on the defining criteria selected (Rechtschaffen and Kales, 1968; Ursin and Sterman, 1981). Spindles are high-voltage bursts of EEG activity in the 12-14-Hz range. Spindles become intermixed with 1-4-Hz slow waves as sleep progresses. In both humans and animals, the ratio of slow waves to ...
... depending on the defining criteria selected (Rechtschaffen and Kales, 1968; Ursin and Sterman, 1981). Spindles are high-voltage bursts of EEG activity in the 12-14-Hz range. Spindles become intermixed with 1-4-Hz slow waves as sleep progresses. In both humans and animals, the ratio of slow waves to ...
glial versus neuronal uptake of glutamate
... inputs to the hippocampus were shown in autoradiographic studies to be localized in the known target areas of these projections (Storm-Mathisen, 1977). Aspartate is taken up by a high-affinity transport system which appears to be the same as that for glutamate and therefore cannot be distinguished i ...
... inputs to the hippocampus were shown in autoradiographic studies to be localized in the known target areas of these projections (Storm-Mathisen, 1977). Aspartate is taken up by a high-affinity transport system which appears to be the same as that for glutamate and therefore cannot be distinguished i ...
Impact of prefrontal cortex in nicotine
... we have evaluated the effects of systemic nicotine on VTA DA neuronal Functionally, the mPFC and VTA have been shown to be firing, and our data show that, under chloral hydrate anesthesia, systemic closely coupled (Peters et al., 2004; Gao et al., 2007). Stimulation nicotine exposure excites all rec ...
... we have evaluated the effects of systemic nicotine on VTA DA neuronal Functionally, the mPFC and VTA have been shown to be firing, and our data show that, under chloral hydrate anesthesia, systemic closely coupled (Peters et al., 2004; Gao et al., 2007). Stimulation nicotine exposure excites all rec ...
Subregions of the human superior frontal gyrus and their connections
... In contrast with that DTT can exhibit anatomical connection between two brain regions; resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) can reveal functional correlation between every two regions by evaluating the temporal coherence of the low frequency blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals. The c ...
... In contrast with that DTT can exhibit anatomical connection between two brain regions; resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) can reveal functional correlation between every two regions by evaluating the temporal coherence of the low frequency blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals. The c ...
Transgenic Mouse Lines Subdivide Medial Vestibular Nucleus
... contralateral vestibular nuclei, indicating that commissural inhibition is accomplished through at least two processing streams with differential input and output properties. Key words: MVN; cerebellum; action potential; afterdepolarization; afterhyperpolarization; single-cell RT-PCR; vestibulo-ocul ...
... contralateral vestibular nuclei, indicating that commissural inhibition is accomplished through at least two processing streams with differential input and output properties. Key words: MVN; cerebellum; action potential; afterdepolarization; afterhyperpolarization; single-cell RT-PCR; vestibulo-ocul ...
Topographic Organization of Connections Between the Hypothalamus and
... in one series were examined and charted. Labeled neurons were counted by outlining the area of interest (e.g., one nucleus) by moving the X and Y axes of the stage of the microscope. The number of labeled neurons within the enclosed area was calculated by an algorithm written for this purpose. Becau ...
... in one series were examined and charted. Labeled neurons were counted by outlining the area of interest (e.g., one nucleus) by moving the X and Y axes of the stage of the microscope. The number of labeled neurons within the enclosed area was calculated by an algorithm written for this purpose. Becau ...
2011-Morrison and Nakamura_review
... The core central thermoregulatory network comprises the fundamental pathways through which cutaneous and visceral cold and warm sensation and/or reductions or elevations in brain temperature elicit changes in thermoregulatory effector tissues to counter or protect against changes in the temperature ...
... The core central thermoregulatory network comprises the fundamental pathways through which cutaneous and visceral cold and warm sensation and/or reductions or elevations in brain temperature elicit changes in thermoregulatory effector tissues to counter or protect against changes in the temperature ...
Understanding Circuit Dynamics Using the Stomatogastric Nervous
... resembles those recorded in vivo (30). The pyloric rhythm is a triphasic motor pattern with a period of ∼1–2 s (Figure 4). The canonical pyloric rhythm consists of bursts of action potentials in the PD neurons, followed by bursts of action potentials in the lateral pyloric (LP) neuron, then by burst ...
... resembles those recorded in vivo (30). The pyloric rhythm is a triphasic motor pattern with a period of ∼1–2 s (Figure 4). The canonical pyloric rhythm consists of bursts of action potentials in the PD neurons, followed by bursts of action potentials in the lateral pyloric (LP) neuron, then by burst ...
1№S€EN1>IMÎ PATHWAYS FROM ТИК BRAIN STEM ТО ТИК
... The descending fibre paths to the spinal cord in mammals have been grouped by Kuypers (Kuypers et al., '62; Kuypers, '64; Lawrence and Kuypers, 'бЗа, b) into two functional systems, which he termed the medial and the lateral system. The medial system comprises the reticulospinal, vestibulospinal and ...
... The descending fibre paths to the spinal cord in mammals have been grouped by Kuypers (Kuypers et al., '62; Kuypers, '64; Lawrence and Kuypers, 'бЗа, b) into two functional systems, which he termed the medial and the lateral system. The medial system comprises the reticulospinal, vestibulospinal and ...
INDUCTION AND RECOVERY TIME COURSE OF RAT BRAIN
... aliquots at ⫺80°C until used. Microsomes from rat liver were prepared as described previously (Howard et al., 2001). The protein content of each sample was assayed using a Bio-Rad protein assay kit. Western Blotting. Membrane proteins were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (4% stac ...
... aliquots at ⫺80°C until used. Microsomes from rat liver were prepared as described previously (Howard et al., 2001). The protein content of each sample was assayed using a Bio-Rad protein assay kit. Western Blotting. Membrane proteins were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (4% stac ...
Article - Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
... subtypes of CFu neurons is specifically affected by loss of SOX5. Nissl staining shows absence of a morphological SP in Sox5!/! cortex (Figures S1A and S1B). Using the SP-specific marker Ctgf (Heuer et al., 2003), we observed a lack of Ctgf-expressing neurons in the SP and abnormal Ctgf-expressing n ...
... subtypes of CFu neurons is specifically affected by loss of SOX5. Nissl staining shows absence of a morphological SP in Sox5!/! cortex (Figures S1A and S1B). Using the SP-specific marker Ctgf (Heuer et al., 2003), we observed a lack of Ctgf-expressing neurons in the SP and abnormal Ctgf-expressing n ...
Document
... BIN1 antibodies (pAb BSH3, mAb 2F11, and mAb 99D) and markers of AD pathology. Figures A and B show the distribution and density of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the entorhinal cortex of a patient with AD [immunostained using antibodies against Aβ (mAb 4G8) and Tau (Tau-2)], in relat ...
... BIN1 antibodies (pAb BSH3, mAb 2F11, and mAb 99D) and markers of AD pathology. Figures A and B show the distribution and density of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the entorhinal cortex of a patient with AD [immunostained using antibodies against Aβ (mAb 4G8) and Tau (Tau-2)], in relat ...
Different levels of Ih determine distinct temporal integration in
... from the CA1 area and the entorhinal cortex as well as from other subcortical and cortical areas. Functionally, the subiculum plays a role in certain forms of spatial memory and in mnemonic processing (O’Mara et al. 2001). The identification of the electrophysiological properties of subicular neuron ...
... from the CA1 area and the entorhinal cortex as well as from other subcortical and cortical areas. Functionally, the subiculum plays a role in certain forms of spatial memory and in mnemonic processing (O’Mara et al. 2001). The identification of the electrophysiological properties of subicular neuron ...
Simulating Populations of Neurons - Leeds VLE
... Understanding the brain is a recent fascination in modern computing. We have come to realise that the brain is the most advanced computational tool that we know of, to be able to replicate neuronal processes could vastly improve current computational techniques. However, the more we understand the m ...
... Understanding the brain is a recent fascination in modern computing. We have come to realise that the brain is the most advanced computational tool that we know of, to be able to replicate neuronal processes could vastly improve current computational techniques. However, the more we understand the m ...
Segregated cholinergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area
... axons (albeit not significant; Supplementary Fig. 4) and with an area of higher density in the dorsal part of the parabrachial pigmented area (Fig. 1c and 2c). Consecutive sections were processed to reveal the YFP by a permanent peroxidase reaction product and processed for electron microscopy to ch ...
... axons (albeit not significant; Supplementary Fig. 4) and with an area of higher density in the dorsal part of the parabrachial pigmented area (Fig. 1c and 2c). Consecutive sections were processed to reveal the YFP by a permanent peroxidase reaction product and processed for electron microscopy to ch ...
Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways, analogous to the central processing unit (CPU) in a computer.This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, covered in the human brain article because the most common diseases of the human brain either do not show up in other species, or else manifest themselves in different ways.