Differential effects of nicotine on the activity of substantia nigra and
... Grenhoff et al. 1986, Mereu et al. 1987) and in vitro (Calabresi et al. 1989, Grillner and Svensson 2000, Pidoplichko et al. 1997, Sorenson et al. 1998, Yin and French 2000), and enhances dopamine release from striatal nerve terminals (Blaha and Winn 1993, Blaha et al. 1996, Nisell et al. 1994a,b). ...
... Grenhoff et al. 1986, Mereu et al. 1987) and in vitro (Calabresi et al. 1989, Grillner and Svensson 2000, Pidoplichko et al. 1997, Sorenson et al. 1998, Yin and French 2000), and enhances dopamine release from striatal nerve terminals (Blaha and Winn 1993, Blaha et al. 1996, Nisell et al. 1994a,b). ...
Sleep/Neurology-The Orexin System
... Two papers were published within 3 weeks of one another in early 1998 ...
... Two papers were published within 3 weeks of one another in early 1998 ...
Full PDF
... system. J Appl Physiol 115: 954 –971, 2013. First published May 2, 2013; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00700.2012.—This article advances the theory that the hypocretinergic (orexinergic) system initiates, coordinates, and maintains survival behaviors and survival-related processes (i.e., the Unified Surv ...
... system. J Appl Physiol 115: 954 –971, 2013. First published May 2, 2013; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00700.2012.—This article advances the theory that the hypocretinergic (orexinergic) system initiates, coordinates, and maintains survival behaviors and survival-related processes (i.e., the Unified Surv ...
4 Aromatic Amino Acids in the Brain - Wurtman Lab
... hydroxylation of phenylalanine by phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). The proportions of dietary tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine that enter the systemic circulation are limited by three hepatic enzymes— tryptophan dioxygenase, tyrosine aminotransferase, and phenylalanine hydroxylase—that destro ...
... hydroxylation of phenylalanine by phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). The proportions of dietary tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine that enter the systemic circulation are limited by three hepatic enzymes— tryptophan dioxygenase, tyrosine aminotransferase, and phenylalanine hydroxylase—that destro ...
NEOCORTEX
... and paleocortex (olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex) is the neocort¿x, which is the most recent arrival in evolutionary history and arguably the most impressive example of the genre. It has certainly impressed paleontologists, whose research on the fossil record of hominids has demonstrated that th ...
... and paleocortex (olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex) is the neocort¿x, which is the most recent arrival in evolutionary history and arguably the most impressive example of the genre. It has certainly impressed paleontologists, whose research on the fossil record of hominids has demonstrated that th ...
location and function of serotonin in the central and peripheral
... the Colorado potato beetle. Guided by the odour of the plant and the taste of the leaves, the beetle recognizes the host plant and feeds until satiation. The complex molecular composition of odour eliciting a locomotory response has been studied by Visser (1976), whereas the mechanisms of host odour ...
... the Colorado potato beetle. Guided by the odour of the plant and the taste of the leaves, the beetle recognizes the host plant and feeds until satiation. The complex molecular composition of odour eliciting a locomotory response has been studied by Visser (1976), whereas the mechanisms of host odour ...
Cell-Type Specific Channelopathies in the Prefrontal Cortex of the
... Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by transcriptional silencing of the fmr1 gene resulting in the loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression. FXS patients display several behavioral phenotypes associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction. Voltage-gated ion channels, some o ...
... Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by transcriptional silencing of the fmr1 gene resulting in the loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression. FXS patients display several behavioral phenotypes associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction. Voltage-gated ion channels, some o ...
angol tézisfüzet0531
... enzymes, which are essential for adrenaline synthesis, while the noradrenergic neurons contain only DBH, which produces noradrenaline, without the presence of PNMT, therefore the presence or lack ofthese enzymes can be used to to identify NPY axons originating from the noradrenergic or adrenergic ce ...
... enzymes, which are essential for adrenaline synthesis, while the noradrenergic neurons contain only DBH, which produces noradrenaline, without the presence of PNMT, therefore the presence or lack ofthese enzymes can be used to to identify NPY axons originating from the noradrenergic or adrenergic ce ...
Glucose-sensing neurons: Are they physiologically relevant?
... dissociation between brain and plasma glucose levels in specific regions of the brain [29,31]. Regardless of the variability in exact measurement of extracellular glucose levels in the brain, it is clear that extracellular glucose levels of either 0 or 10 –20 mM are nonphysiologic. That is, brain ex ...
... dissociation between brain and plasma glucose levels in specific regions of the brain [29,31]. Regardless of the variability in exact measurement of extracellular glucose levels in the brain, it is clear that extracellular glucose levels of either 0 or 10 –20 mM are nonphysiologic. That is, brain ex ...
Selective Loss of Catecholaminergic Wake–Active Neurons in a
... 2004) and thus may highlight injured wake-active neurons. The second and fifth 1:6 sets of sections from the above nonsleep-deprived mice (LTIH, n ⫽ 5; sham LTIH, n ⫽ 5) were used for double labeling of wake neuron identifier and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) using polyclonal rabbit anti-cleaved caspase-3 ...
... 2004) and thus may highlight injured wake-active neurons. The second and fifth 1:6 sets of sections from the above nonsleep-deprived mice (LTIH, n ⫽ 5; sham LTIH, n ⫽ 5) were used for double labeling of wake neuron identifier and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) using polyclonal rabbit anti-cleaved caspase-3 ...
mechanisms and biological role of thalamocortical oscillations
... various oscillatory activities and/or mediated some of them. The electrophysiological identification of a TC neuron is shown in Fig. 2. Usually, a small depolarization of TC neurons with intracellular DC current pulses produces passive response (not shown). Progressive increase in the intensity of t ...
... various oscillatory activities and/or mediated some of them. The electrophysiological identification of a TC neuron is shown in Fig. 2. Usually, a small depolarization of TC neurons with intracellular DC current pulses produces passive response (not shown). Progressive increase in the intensity of t ...
Update on models of basal ganglia function and dysfunction
... importance of dopamine release at regulating the transmission at specific synapses in the striatum are accepted. However, some of the details of the earlier pathophysiology models of basal ganglia diseases have fallen by the wayside, most likely because the anatomical models were too rigidly transfor ...
... importance of dopamine release at regulating the transmission at specific synapses in the striatum are accepted. However, some of the details of the earlier pathophysiology models of basal ganglia diseases have fallen by the wayside, most likely because the anatomical models were too rigidly transfor ...
ORGANIZATION OF NEUROPIL
... collaterals, dendrites, and axon terminations in peripheral ganglia. Neuropil has also been considered synonymous with synaptic field, however, and thus has acquired functional connotations as the primary site of integrative neuron activity (Herrick, 1948). The structural limits of neuropil are appa ...
... collaterals, dendrites, and axon terminations in peripheral ganglia. Neuropil has also been considered synonymous with synaptic field, however, and thus has acquired functional connotations as the primary site of integrative neuron activity (Herrick, 1948). The structural limits of neuropil are appa ...
Saccades and multisaccadic gaze shifts are gated by different
... We used glass microelectrodes filled with 3.8 M NaCl and bevelled to tip diameters of 1.5–2.0 µm and resistances of 1.5–2.0 M. Only perisomatic extracellular recordings were retained for the study. We identified them by triphasic spikes with a negative main component that could be monitored over a d ...
... We used glass microelectrodes filled with 3.8 M NaCl and bevelled to tip diameters of 1.5–2.0 µm and resistances of 1.5–2.0 M. Only perisomatic extracellular recordings were retained for the study. We identified them by triphasic spikes with a negative main component that could be monitored over a d ...
Autometallographic Tracing of Bismuth in Human Brain Autopsies
... been shown to cause selective degeneration of CA1 neurons in hippocampal brain slices (11). Although some of the patients analyzed in the present study had ingested high doses of bismuth for many years, they did not show significant AMG accumulations in the hippocampal region and we found no signs o ...
... been shown to cause selective degeneration of CA1 neurons in hippocampal brain slices (11). Although some of the patients analyzed in the present study had ingested high doses of bismuth for many years, they did not show significant AMG accumulations in the hippocampal region and we found no signs o ...
DOES ISCHEMIA CAUSE ACUTE NEURONAL DAMAGE BY CONVERTING THE NA /K
... Danielle Kim was responsible for brain slice preparation, obtaining all light transmittance imaging data and field recordings, and analyses of these data. Robin Britton assisted with the initial static bath PTX experiments and Kaitlyn Tresidder assisted with the collection and analysis of the light ...
... Danielle Kim was responsible for brain slice preparation, obtaining all light transmittance imaging data and field recordings, and analyses of these data. Robin Britton assisted with the initial static bath PTX experiments and Kaitlyn Tresidder assisted with the collection and analysis of the light ...
hypothalamus, pit..
... of cell groups. The borders of these cell groups often are not quite as distinct as those shown in the drawings, but the different cell groups are also distinguished based upon their neurotransmitters, functions, and connections. In general, the hypothalamus can be divided into three tiers of nuclei ...
... of cell groups. The borders of these cell groups often are not quite as distinct as those shown in the drawings, but the different cell groups are also distinguished based upon their neurotransmitters, functions, and connections. In general, the hypothalamus can be divided into three tiers of nuclei ...
Document
... TB_02_20 Neurons: The Messengers_Understand_LO 2.2 If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________. a. resting potential b. action pot ...
... TB_02_20 Neurons: The Messengers_Understand_LO 2.2 If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________. a. resting potential b. action pot ...
Neurofilament and Calcium-Binding Proteins in the
... 1995a). In particular, gradients of in the density of calbindin-immunoreactive neurons has been reported in the visual cortex of the macaque monkey, where the primary visual areas show much lower densities compared to visual association areas located in the parietal and temporal cortex (Kondo et al. ...
... 1995a). In particular, gradients of in the density of calbindin-immunoreactive neurons has been reported in the visual cortex of the macaque monkey, where the primary visual areas show much lower densities compared to visual association areas located in the parietal and temporal cortex (Kondo et al. ...
Genesis and Control of the Respiratory Rhythm in Adult
... been established (1, 17) that the respiratory cycle can be divided into three successive stages: 1) stage I (inspiration), during which the diaphragm and the other inspiratory muscles of the rib cage contract; 2) stage I-E (corresponding to the transition between inspiration and expiration), during ...
... been established (1, 17) that the respiratory cycle can be divided into three successive stages: 1) stage I (inspiration), during which the diaphragm and the other inspiratory muscles of the rib cage contract; 2) stage I-E (corresponding to the transition between inspiration and expiration), during ...
Mechanisms Underlying the Cardioinhibitory and Pressor
... as a relay for baroreflex-mediated sympathoinhibition (28). We have previously shown that activation of FTG neurons increases systemic arterial blood pressure (SAP) and decreases heart rate (HR) (28). However, the neural mechanisms mediating these cardiovascular responses were not known. Various nuc ...
... as a relay for baroreflex-mediated sympathoinhibition (28). We have previously shown that activation of FTG neurons increases systemic arterial blood pressure (SAP) and decreases heart rate (HR) (28). However, the neural mechanisms mediating these cardiovascular responses were not known. Various nuc ...
Essentials in the neuronal organization of the CNS
... deriving from the ectoderm. Neurons are interconnected through synapses and form chains or networks. Perikaryon - Enlarged portion of a neuron containing the nucleus surrounded by the cytoplasm. The perikarya are of various sizes; the neurons can be subdivided based on the diameter of their perikary ...
... deriving from the ectoderm. Neurons are interconnected through synapses and form chains or networks. Perikaryon - Enlarged portion of a neuron containing the nucleus surrounded by the cytoplasm. The perikarya are of various sizes; the neurons can be subdivided based on the diameter of their perikary ...
SLEEP
... and theta activity), heart rate and breathing variable, intermittent rapid movement of eyes, Higher frequency of dreaming than in NREM sleep (usually involves imagery) ...
... and theta activity), heart rate and breathing variable, intermittent rapid movement of eyes, Higher frequency of dreaming than in NREM sleep (usually involves imagery) ...
Contribution of Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Neurons to
... Isa, and Hiroshi Aizawa. Contribution of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus neurons to performance of visually guided saccade tasks in monkeys. J Neurophysiol 88: 715–731, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00484.2001. The cholinergic pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTN) is one of the major ascending arousal sys ...
... Isa, and Hiroshi Aizawa. Contribution of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus neurons to performance of visually guided saccade tasks in monkeys. J Neurophysiol 88: 715–731, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00484.2001. The cholinergic pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTN) is one of the major ascending arousal sys ...
Andrea Kádár
... A dense network of both AGRP- and α-MSH-IR axons was observed in the PVN surrounding the TRH neurons. The density of the α-MSH-containing axons was slightly higher in the most anterior part of PVN, while the network of the AGRP-IR axons seemed to be denser in the posterior level of the PVN. In the s ...
... A dense network of both AGRP- and α-MSH-IR axons was observed in the PVN surrounding the TRH neurons. The density of the α-MSH-containing axons was slightly higher in the most anterior part of PVN, while the network of the AGRP-IR axons seemed to be denser in the posterior level of the PVN. In the s ...
Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways, analogous to the central processing unit (CPU) in a computer.This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, covered in the human brain article because the most common diseases of the human brain either do not show up in other species, or else manifest themselves in different ways.