Andrea Kádár
... A dense network of both AGRP- and α-MSH-IR axons was observed in the PVN surrounding the TRH neurons. The density of the α-MSH-containing axons was slightly higher in the most anterior part of PVN, while the network of the AGRP-IR axons seemed to be denser in the posterior level of the PVN. In the s ...
... A dense network of both AGRP- and α-MSH-IR axons was observed in the PVN surrounding the TRH neurons. The density of the α-MSH-containing axons was slightly higher in the most anterior part of PVN, while the network of the AGRP-IR axons seemed to be denser in the posterior level of the PVN. In the s ...
microcircuits in the striatum striatal cell types and their
... of the neostriatum and how they interact to generate the neostriatal microcircuitry. INTRODUCTION The mammalian neostriatum is the largest nucleus of the basal ganglia and comprises its major input structure. Although anatomical and physiological studies of the basal ganglia and its afferent and eff ...
... of the neostriatum and how they interact to generate the neostriatal microcircuitry. INTRODUCTION The mammalian neostriatum is the largest nucleus of the basal ganglia and comprises its major input structure. Although anatomical and physiological studies of the basal ganglia and its afferent and eff ...
Hikosaka O - lsr
... The habenula is a phylogenetically old brain structure that is present in virtually all vertebrate species. In many of the vertebrates — fishes, amphibian, and reptiles — the habenula is larger on one side than the other, unlike most other brain structures1. The asymmetry of the habenula is often as ...
... The habenula is a phylogenetically old brain structure that is present in virtually all vertebrate species. In many of the vertebrates — fishes, amphibian, and reptiles — the habenula is larger on one side than the other, unlike most other brain structures1. The asymmetry of the habenula is often as ...
THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
... TMN are important for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Noradrenergic neurons of the LC28), serotonergic neurons of the DR29,30), and histaminergic neurons of the TMN31,32) are activated by orexins, and OX1R and/or OX2R are expressed in these regions. These findings suggest that the activity ...
... TMN are important for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Noradrenergic neurons of the LC28), serotonergic neurons of the DR29,30), and histaminergic neurons of the TMN31,32) are activated by orexins, and OX1R and/or OX2R are expressed in these regions. These findings suggest that the activity ...
2 m – 18. Pathways of CNS
... providing start-up and control of motor activity, the implementation of behavioral acts. Extrapyramidal paths provide the regulation of tonus and coordination of movements of muscles-flexor and muscles-extensor upper and lower extremities, coordination of movements of the respiratory muscles, liaise ...
... providing start-up and control of motor activity, the implementation of behavioral acts. Extrapyramidal paths provide the regulation of tonus and coordination of movements of muscles-flexor and muscles-extensor upper and lower extremities, coordination of movements of the respiratory muscles, liaise ...
What is the function of the claustrum? - Christof Koch
... projections—most bi-directional—which often overlap. No region projects everywhere, yet there are a number of more local maps which overlap somewhat. To give an example, orbital frontal cortex projects to the entire claustrum except the visual part. All these complicated interactions show that the c ...
... projections—most bi-directional—which often overlap. No region projects everywhere, yet there are a number of more local maps which overlap somewhat. To give an example, orbital frontal cortex projects to the entire claustrum except the visual part. All these complicated interactions show that the c ...
Chapter 02: Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature
... b. transport messages between sensory neurons and motor neurons. c. are the same as sensory neurons that are sensitive to external stimuli. d. communicate directly with motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system. e. continuously monitor the routine operation of the body's internal functions. Dif ...
... b. transport messages between sensory neurons and motor neurons. c. are the same as sensory neurons that are sensitive to external stimuli. d. communicate directly with motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system. e. continuously monitor the routine operation of the body's internal functions. Dif ...
Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Autism Spectrum
... disorder. Early neuroimaging studies employed positron emission topography (PET) to examine metabolic changes (8), electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography to observe functional fluctuations in brain activity (9–11), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate structural alterations ...
... disorder. Early neuroimaging studies employed positron emission topography (PET) to examine metabolic changes (8), electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography to observe functional fluctuations in brain activity (9–11), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate structural alterations ...
CNS 424 Block Educational Framework (Week 1)
... Describe the pharmacological actions of hallucinogens Describe the tolerance and dependence to hallucinogens Outline the toxicity of hallucinogens Steroids abuse and dependence Describe the main features of steroid abuse and dependence. Psychostimulants abuse and dependence Describe the pharmacology ...
... Describe the pharmacological actions of hallucinogens Describe the tolerance and dependence to hallucinogens Outline the toxicity of hallucinogens Steroids abuse and dependence Describe the main features of steroid abuse and dependence. Psychostimulants abuse and dependence Describe the pharmacology ...
EEG & Sleep
... of the brain cerebral cortex, deep parts of cerebrum, and brain stem. • Discharges transmitted into the spinal cord sometimes cause generalized tonic seizures of the entire body, followed by alternating tonic and spasmodic muscle ...
... of the brain cerebral cortex, deep parts of cerebrum, and brain stem. • Discharges transmitted into the spinal cord sometimes cause generalized tonic seizures of the entire body, followed by alternating tonic and spasmodic muscle ...
Read Here
... collected. Three triple-transgenic animals and double-transgenic control animals from independent litters, aged postnatal day 60 (P60), were used. Two equivalent anatomical regions were selected for each target area from each animal imaged. Efforts were made to select equivalent areas across samples ...
... collected. Three triple-transgenic animals and double-transgenic control animals from independent litters, aged postnatal day 60 (P60), were used. Two equivalent anatomical regions were selected for each target area from each animal imaged. Efforts were made to select equivalent areas across samples ...
Production and Survival of Projection Neurons in a Forebrain Vocal
... HVC neurons. In some animals, fluorogold injections missed RA on one side of the brain. When this occurred, values from the remaining hemisphere were used. In cases where fluorogold injections were on target in both hemispheres, values for left and right HVC were averaged together. We found no evide ...
... HVC neurons. In some animals, fluorogold injections missed RA on one side of the brain. When this occurred, values from the remaining hemisphere were used. In cases where fluorogold injections were on target in both hemispheres, values for left and right HVC were averaged together. We found no evide ...
Comparison of the Distributions of lpsilaterally and Contralaterally
... hemifield is interconnected with many other cortical areas in both hemispheres. Two strongly interconnected regions which have been the subject of intensive anatomical, physiological, and behavioral studies are the area 17/18 border region and the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area (area PMLS) ...
... hemifield is interconnected with many other cortical areas in both hemispheres. Two strongly interconnected regions which have been the subject of intensive anatomical, physiological, and behavioral studies are the area 17/18 border region and the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area (area PMLS) ...
Specificity in Inhibitory Systems Associated with Prefrontal Pathways to
... Axons from area 10 targeted CB and PV inhibitory neurons, whereas axons from area 32 targeted PV inhibitory neurons. The preferential association of the 2 prefrontal pathways with distinct classes of inhibitory neurons at their origin and termination may reflect the specialization of area 10 in work ...
... Axons from area 10 targeted CB and PV inhibitory neurons, whereas axons from area 32 targeted PV inhibitory neurons. The preferential association of the 2 prefrontal pathways with distinct classes of inhibitory neurons at their origin and termination may reflect the specialization of area 10 in work ...
Document
... stalk, and gray matter Acts as the major center for controlling the ANS; therefore, it helps control the functioning of most internal organs Controls hormone secretion by anterior and posterior pituitary glands; therefore, it indirectly helps control hormone secretion by most other endocrine glands ...
... stalk, and gray matter Acts as the major center for controlling the ANS; therefore, it helps control the functioning of most internal organs Controls hormone secretion by anterior and posterior pituitary glands; therefore, it indirectly helps control hormone secretion by most other endocrine glands ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... small differences between pre- and postsynaptic spike times, and no plasticity is induced if this difference grows too large. In some cases, the sign of the time difference (that is, whether the presynaptic spike precedes or follows the postsynaptic spike) determines whether the protocol induces LTP ...
... small differences between pre- and postsynaptic spike times, and no plasticity is induced if this difference grows too large. In some cases, the sign of the time difference (that is, whether the presynaptic spike precedes or follows the postsynaptic spike) determines whether the protocol induces LTP ...
File
... • It is separated from the dura by a potential space, the subdural space, and from the pia by the subarachnoid space, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. • In certain areas the arachnoid projects into the venous sinuses to form arachnoid villi. The arachnoid villi are most numerous along the s ...
... • It is separated from the dura by a potential space, the subdural space, and from the pia by the subarachnoid space, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. • In certain areas the arachnoid projects into the venous sinuses to form arachnoid villi. The arachnoid villi are most numerous along the s ...
Topic - We can offer most test bank and solution manual you need.
... Incorrect. The nervous system includes networks of neurons that are in the brain and spinal cord. d) a gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone Topic: Neurons and Nerves: Building the Network ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 1 - Easy, LO=2.1 - Identify the parts of a neuron and descr ...
... Incorrect. The nervous system includes networks of neurons that are in the brain and spinal cord. d) a gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone Topic: Neurons and Nerves: Building the Network ANS: a, Remember the Facts, 1 - Easy, LO=2.1 - Identify the parts of a neuron and descr ...
Axo-axonic synapses formed by somatostatin
... In cerebral cortex of rat and monkey, the neuropeptide somatostatin (SOM) marks a population of nonpyramidal cells (McDonald et al. [1982] J. Neurocytol. 11:809 – 824; Hendry et al. [1984] J. Neurosci. 4:2497:2517; Laemle and Feldman [1985] J. Comp. Neurol. 233:452– 462; Meineke and Peters [1986] J. ...
... In cerebral cortex of rat and monkey, the neuropeptide somatostatin (SOM) marks a population of nonpyramidal cells (McDonald et al. [1982] J. Neurocytol. 11:809 – 824; Hendry et al. [1984] J. Neurosci. 4:2497:2517; Laemle and Feldman [1985] J. Comp. Neurol. 233:452– 462; Meineke and Peters [1986] J. ...
Chapter 3
... 1. __________ are the cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information. a. Synapse cells b. Neurons c. Glial cells d. Terminal cells 2. What entity in the brain serves the same function as water on a water slide? a. Glial cells b. Cerebrospinal fluid c. Myelin sheath d. ...
... 1. __________ are the cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information. a. Synapse cells b. Neurons c. Glial cells d. Terminal cells 2. What entity in the brain serves the same function as water on a water slide? a. Glial cells b. Cerebrospinal fluid c. Myelin sheath d. ...
Gao JCN 2000 - Georgia State University
... GABA-ir neurons at postnatal day (P) 60. This occurred long after the cortical layers were in place, and near the close of the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity (Chapman et al., 1996; Ruthazer et al., 1999). One aim of this study was to characterize further the neurons involved in the ...
... GABA-ir neurons at postnatal day (P) 60. This occurred long after the cortical layers were in place, and near the close of the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity (Chapman et al., 1996; Ruthazer et al., 1999). One aim of this study was to characterize further the neurons involved in the ...
Biophysical Properties and Responses to Neurotransmitters of
... from ⫺40 to ⫺78 mV, with a mean of ⫺59 ⫾ 8 mV. Input resistance ranged from 300 to 951 M⍀, with a mean of 542 ⫾ 147 M⍀. Membrane time constants, measured after a ⫺50 pA current was injected, averaged 34.5 ⫾ 10.2 ms. All the neurons recorded exhibited varying degrees of membrane rectification evident ...
... from ⫺40 to ⫺78 mV, with a mean of ⫺59 ⫾ 8 mV. Input resistance ranged from 300 to 951 M⍀, with a mean of 542 ⫾ 147 M⍀. Membrane time constants, measured after a ⫺50 pA current was injected, averaged 34.5 ⫾ 10.2 ms. All the neurons recorded exhibited varying degrees of membrane rectification evident ...
Okamoto Devel Neurbiol Review
... result, this system inhibits the ongoing behaviors and switches the behaviors of the individual animals into the stop-and-explore mode. The animals fall into the state of anxiety while the conflicts are not solved. The physical adjunction of these two habenular nuclei gives an anatomically favorable ...
... result, this system inhibits the ongoing behaviors and switches the behaviors of the individual animals into the stop-and-explore mode. The animals fall into the state of anxiety while the conflicts are not solved. The physical adjunction of these two habenular nuclei gives an anatomically favorable ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates Activity
... extent of the dendritic tree and saved for off-line tracing and analysis. Images were taken with the lowest practical laser intensity and the shortest practical illumination time to limit photodynamic damage, and slices were kept outside the incubator for ⬍1 hr per session. This imaging protocol was ...
... extent of the dendritic tree and saved for off-line tracing and analysis. Images were taken with the lowest practical laser intensity and the shortest practical illumination time to limit photodynamic damage, and slices were kept outside the incubator for ⬍1 hr per session. This imaging protocol was ...
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
... the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) has been considered to be primarily involved in the behavioural expression of conditioned fear responses. CEA output neurons, most of which are located in its medial subdivision (CEm), project to downstream targets in the brainstem and in the hypothalamus wh ...
... the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) has been considered to be primarily involved in the behavioural expression of conditioned fear responses. CEA output neurons, most of which are located in its medial subdivision (CEm), project to downstream targets in the brainstem and in the hypothalamus wh ...
Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways, analogous to the central processing unit (CPU) in a computer.This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, covered in the human brain article because the most common diseases of the human brain either do not show up in other species, or else manifest themselves in different ways.