Glutamate Inhibits GABA Excitatory Activity in
... mature brain, GABA, assumes an excitatory role. Because of an elevated C l 2 reversal potential found in immature hypothalamic neurons, activation of the GABAA receptor leads to an inward current caused by C l 2 efflux, membrane depolarization, Ca 21 influx associated with the activation of voltage- ...
... mature brain, GABA, assumes an excitatory role. Because of an elevated C l 2 reversal potential found in immature hypothalamic neurons, activation of the GABAA receptor leads to an inward current caused by C l 2 efflux, membrane depolarization, Ca 21 influx associated with the activation of voltage- ...
New Roles for the External Globus Pallidus in Basal Ganglia Circuits
... School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, and 8BrainLinks-BrainTools, Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79085, Germany ...
... School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, and 8BrainLinks-BrainTools, Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79085, Germany ...
Multiple hypothalamic circuits sense and regulate glucose levels
... to involve glucose-sensing neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), since it was reduced by blockade of VMH glucokinase, a critical molecular component of some glucosesensing neurons (31). Although brain glucose levels are generally lower than those in the blood, it is commonly assumed that g ...
... to involve glucose-sensing neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), since it was reduced by blockade of VMH glucokinase, a critical molecular component of some glucosesensing neurons (31). Although brain glucose levels are generally lower than those in the blood, it is commonly assumed that g ...
descending projections from the trigeminal ganglion and
... The overview is an updated survey of our current knowledge about the trigeminal primary afferent neurons involved in the somatosensory processing from the orofacial region. The types of neurons, located in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN), are reviewed. Critica ...
... The overview is an updated survey of our current knowledge about the trigeminal primary afferent neurons involved in the somatosensory processing from the orofacial region. The types of neurons, located in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN), are reviewed. Critica ...
ANS: c, p. 46, F, LO=2.1, (1) - test bank and solution manual for your
... a) acting as insulation and providing structure to surrounding neurons Correct. This answer defines two roles of glial cells. b) shaping cells and moving new neurons into place Incorrect. Glial cells provide structure and insulation to neurons. c) regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain de ...
... a) acting as insulation and providing structure to surrounding neurons Correct. This answer defines two roles of glial cells. b) shaping cells and moving new neurons into place Incorrect. Glial cells provide structure and insulation to neurons. c) regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain de ...
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs): The three musketeers of
... peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as in non-neuronal cells. VGLUTs are localized in the dorsal root ganglia, where they are involved in nociception (Oliviera et al. 2003), in the trigeminal ganglion (Li et al. 2003) and in enteric neurons being the primary afferent neurotransmitter that transf ...
... peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as in non-neuronal cells. VGLUTs are localized in the dorsal root ganglia, where they are involved in nociception (Oliviera et al. 2003), in the trigeminal ganglion (Li et al. 2003) and in enteric neurons being the primary afferent neurotransmitter that transf ...
local connectivity between neurons of the rat globus pallidus
... the spatial distribution of boutons. However, we know that the proximal axonal arborisations of GP neurons are located within the volume of GP occupied by the dendritic arborisations. Because of the characteristic shape of the dendritic arborisations of GP neurons we can estimate the volume of GP th ...
... the spatial distribution of boutons. However, we know that the proximal axonal arborisations of GP neurons are located within the volume of GP occupied by the dendritic arborisations. Because of the characteristic shape of the dendritic arborisations of GP neurons we can estimate the volume of GP th ...
CHAPTER TWO - Test Bank 1
... a) acting as insulation and providing structure to surrounding neurons Correct. This answer defines two roles of glial cells. b) shaping cells and moving new neurons into place Incorrect. Glial cells provide structure and insulation to neurons. c) regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain de ...
... a) acting as insulation and providing structure to surrounding neurons Correct. This answer defines two roles of glial cells. b) shaping cells and moving new neurons into place Incorrect. Glial cells provide structure and insulation to neurons. c) regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain de ...
BMC Neuroscience Serial pathways from primate prefrontal cortex to autonomic areas
... in emotions as well, specializing in the expression of emotions through pathways to autonomic structures in primates [5,6] as well as in rats (e.g., [7–12]). Both prefrontal regions are connected with the amygdala, a structure with a key role in emotions (reviewed in [13–15]). The existence of diver ...
... in emotions as well, specializing in the expression of emotions through pathways to autonomic structures in primates [5,6] as well as in rats (e.g., [7–12]). Both prefrontal regions are connected with the amygdala, a structure with a key role in emotions (reviewed in [13–15]). The existence of diver ...
Subcortical loops through the basal ganglia
... Descending outputs from the deep layers make direct contact with hindbrain premotor nuclei responsible for directing the animal towards or away from salient cues [32–35]. Deep-layer neurons are responsive to unisensory and multisensory stimuli [35] and exhibit bursts of activity tightly coupled to s ...
... Descending outputs from the deep layers make direct contact with hindbrain premotor nuclei responsible for directing the animal towards or away from salient cues [32–35]. Deep-layer neurons are responsive to unisensory and multisensory stimuli [35] and exhibit bursts of activity tightly coupled to s ...
Clonal analysis of the mushroom bodies
... derived from this GMC will be labeled in the whole lineage (lower). In addition, mitotic recombination in a dividing GMC can generate a single cell clone independently (lower). (E) Composite confocal images of an adult MB Nb clone demonstrate five axonal bundles, three projecting medially and two pr ...
... derived from this GMC will be labeled in the whole lineage (lower). In addition, mitotic recombination in a dividing GMC can generate a single cell clone independently (lower). (E) Composite confocal images of an adult MB Nb clone demonstrate five axonal bundles, three projecting medially and two pr ...
Enhanced Modulation of Neuronal Activity during
... The present study used 3 saccade tasks (Fig. 1). In both the antisaccade task and the prosaccade task, a gray fixation point (10.7 cd/m2) initially appeared at the center of the screen. After 800 ms, color of the fixation point was changed either to green or red in order to instruct monkeys of the tri ...
... The present study used 3 saccade tasks (Fig. 1). In both the antisaccade task and the prosaccade task, a gray fixation point (10.7 cd/m2) initially appeared at the center of the screen. After 800 ms, color of the fixation point was changed either to green or red in order to instruct monkeys of the tri ...
Chapter 02: Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature
... b. transport messages between sensory neurons and motor neurons. c. are the same as sensory neurons that are sensitive to external stimuli. d. communicate directly with motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system. e. continuously monitor the routine operation of the body's internal functions. Dif ...
... b. transport messages between sensory neurons and motor neurons. c. are the same as sensory neurons that are sensitive to external stimuli. d. communicate directly with motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system. e. continuously monitor the routine operation of the body's internal functions. Dif ...
MECHANISMS OF CENTRAL TRANSMISSION OF RESPIRATORY
... (1889) "Paradoxical reflex". That means that under certain conditions expiratory, as well as inspiratory activity is depressed by pulmonary inflation. At these higher ranges of lung inflation we could observe also inhibition of unspecific reticular activity (Koepchen 1969, Fig. 8). These findings su ...
... (1889) "Paradoxical reflex". That means that under certain conditions expiratory, as well as inspiratory activity is depressed by pulmonary inflation. At these higher ranges of lung inflation we could observe also inhibition of unspecific reticular activity (Koepchen 1969, Fig. 8). These findings su ...
Afferents of dopamine neurons
... cortical information Plasticity of the corticostriatal synapse is often dependent on dopamine Brought about by a variety of mechanisms including LTP, LTD, changes in excitability, receptor ...
... cortical information Plasticity of the corticostriatal synapse is often dependent on dopamine Brought about by a variety of mechanisms including LTP, LTD, changes in excitability, receptor ...
A Review of Cell Assemblies by Huyck and
... Since the Cell Assembly (CA) was hypothesised, it has gained substantial support and it is increasingly believed to be the neural basis of psychological concepts. A CA is a relatively small set of connected neurons, that through neural firing can sustain activation without stimulus from outside the ...
... Since the Cell Assembly (CA) was hypothesised, it has gained substantial support and it is increasingly believed to be the neural basis of psychological concepts. A CA is a relatively small set of connected neurons, that through neural firing can sustain activation without stimulus from outside the ...
Sample
... b. transport messages between sensory neurons and motor neurons. c. are the same as sensory neurons that are sensitive to external stimuli. d. communicate directly with motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system. e. continuously monitor the routine operation of the body's internal functions. Dif ...
... b. transport messages between sensory neurons and motor neurons. c. are the same as sensory neurons that are sensitive to external stimuli. d. communicate directly with motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system. e. continuously monitor the routine operation of the body's internal functions. Dif ...
Dopamine Deficiency in a Genetic Mouse Model of Lesch
... of male mice of differing ages were measured by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Because of the difficulty in generating large numbers of mice simultaneously for a longitudinal study, animals were culled at random from different litters. Each symbol represents the monoamine concentration in the ...
... of male mice of differing ages were measured by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Because of the difficulty in generating large numbers of mice simultaneously for a longitudinal study, animals were culled at random from different litters. Each symbol represents the monoamine concentration in the ...
The dorsal raphe nucleus—From silver stainings to a role in
... for visualizing serotonergic neurons in the DRN and elsewhere. A major drawback of the FIF-technique was that βcarboline is highly UV-sensitive, which led to rapid fading of the fluorescence. In addition, freeze-drying of the tissue compromised the level of obtainable morphological detail. The latte ...
... for visualizing serotonergic neurons in the DRN and elsewhere. A major drawback of the FIF-technique was that βcarboline is highly UV-sensitive, which led to rapid fading of the fluorescence. In addition, freeze-drying of the tissue compromised the level of obtainable morphological detail. The latte ...
Chapter 02: Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature
... b. transport messages between sensory neurons and motor neurons. c. are the same as sensory neurons that are sensitive to external stimuli. d. communicate directly with motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system. e. continuously monitor the routine operation of the body's internal functions. Dif ...
... b. transport messages between sensory neurons and motor neurons. c. are the same as sensory neurons that are sensitive to external stimuli. d. communicate directly with motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system. e. continuously monitor the routine operation of the body's internal functions. Dif ...
Cerebellar fastigial nucleus: from anatomic construction to
... and interneurons, with long axons projecting out of the cerebellar nuclei and short axons connecting only with neurons within the FN, respectively [1, 14]. Based on the transmitter phenotypes, glutamatergic, GABAergic as well as glycinergic neurons have been identified in the FN [1, 14, 15]. In addi ...
... and interneurons, with long axons projecting out of the cerebellar nuclei and short axons connecting only with neurons within the FN, respectively [1, 14]. Based on the transmitter phenotypes, glutamatergic, GABAergic as well as glycinergic neurons have been identified in the FN [1, 14, 15]. In addi ...
ANS: c, p. 46, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... APA=1.1 14. Your teacher asks you to describe the sequence of parts of a neuron that the impulse travels during neural conduction. Which of the following sequences will you offer? a) dendrites, axon, soma, synaptic knob b) terminal buttons, axon, soma, dendrites c) axon, soma, dendrites, synaptic kn ...
... APA=1.1 14. Your teacher asks you to describe the sequence of parts of a neuron that the impulse travels during neural conduction. Which of the following sequences will you offer? a) dendrites, axon, soma, synaptic knob b) terminal buttons, axon, soma, dendrites c) axon, soma, dendrites, synaptic kn ...
An Animal Model of Early-treated PKU
... children are not usually placed on a restricted diet. Since Phe and tyrosine compete for the same transporter proteins to cross the blood-brain barrier, increases in the ratio of Phe to tyrosine in plasma result in less tyrosine crossing into the brain (Chirigos et al., 1960; Pardridge and Olendorf, ...
... children are not usually placed on a restricted diet. Since Phe and tyrosine compete for the same transporter proteins to cross the blood-brain barrier, increases in the ratio of Phe to tyrosine in plasma result in less tyrosine crossing into the brain (Chirigos et al., 1960; Pardridge and Olendorf, ...
The prefrontal cortex encompasses a large and heterogeneous set of
... architectonic criteria that form the basis of classic architectonic studies, namely, density of neurons and glia, as well as some neurochemical markers for calcium binding proteins, which label distinct classes of cortical neurons and have proved valuable in architectonic studies [e.g. (Jones et al. ...
... architectonic criteria that form the basis of classic architectonic studies, namely, density of neurons and glia, as well as some neurochemical markers for calcium binding proteins, which label distinct classes of cortical neurons and have proved valuable in architectonic studies [e.g. (Jones et al. ...
Relationship of Activity in the Subthalamic Nucleus–Globus Pallidus
... collected on tape (60ES DAT system, Sony, UK) and displayed simultaneously on a digital oscilloscope (DSO 610, Gould Instruments, I lford, Essex, UK). This protocol was used to perform single or double recordings of neurons. Spikes were often several millivolts in amplitude and always exhibited a bi ...
... collected on tape (60ES DAT system, Sony, UK) and displayed simultaneously on a digital oscilloscope (DSO 610, Gould Instruments, I lford, Essex, UK). This protocol was used to perform single or double recordings of neurons. Spikes were often several millivolts in amplitude and always exhibited a bi ...
Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways, analogous to the central processing unit (CPU) in a computer.This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, covered in the human brain article because the most common diseases of the human brain either do not show up in other species, or else manifest themselves in different ways.