The basal forebrain cholinergic projection system in mice. In
... primates (Koelliker, 1896). The clusters of large neurons in the basal forebrain, first illustrated by Theodor Meynert in 1872 (Meynert, 1872), have long been a focus of attention, as these neurons degenerate in AD (Brockhaus, 1942; Kodama, 1927; Pilleri, 1966; Perry et al., 1984; Price et al., 1986 ...
... primates (Koelliker, 1896). The clusters of large neurons in the basal forebrain, first illustrated by Theodor Meynert in 1872 (Meynert, 1872), have long been a focus of attention, as these neurons degenerate in AD (Brockhaus, 1942; Kodama, 1927; Pilleri, 1966; Perry et al., 1984; Price et al., 1986 ...
The Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Projection
... primates (Koelliker, 1896). The clusters of large neurons in the basal forebrain, first illustrated by Theodor Meynert in 1872 (Meynert, 1872), have long been a focus of attention, as these neurons degenerate in AD (Brockhaus, 1942; Kodama, 1927; Pilleri, 1966; Perry et al., 1984; Price et al., 1986 ...
... primates (Koelliker, 1896). The clusters of large neurons in the basal forebrain, first illustrated by Theodor Meynert in 1872 (Meynert, 1872), have long been a focus of attention, as these neurons degenerate in AD (Brockhaus, 1942; Kodama, 1927; Pilleri, 1966; Perry et al., 1984; Price et al., 1986 ...
ATLAS OF FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY
... Neurological Institute (MNI) where Dr. Wilder Penfield and colleagues were forging a new frontier in the understanding of the brain. Dr. Hendelman then completed an internship and a year of pediatric medicine, again in Montreal. Dr. Hendelman’s next decision was between clinical (pediatiric) neurolo ...
... Neurological Institute (MNI) where Dr. Wilder Penfield and colleagues were forging a new frontier in the understanding of the brain. Dr. Hendelman then completed an internship and a year of pediatric medicine, again in Montreal. Dr. Hendelman’s next decision was between clinical (pediatiric) neurolo ...
The physiological role of orexin/hypocretin neurons in the regulation
... neurons are located in the LHA. Prepro-orexin mRNA was shown to be upregulated under fasting conditions, indicating that these neurons somehow sense the animal’s energy balance (Sakurai et al., 1998). Recently, the forkhead box transcription factor Foxa2, a downstream target of insulin signaling, wa ...
... neurons are located in the LHA. Prepro-orexin mRNA was shown to be upregulated under fasting conditions, indicating that these neurons somehow sense the animal’s energy balance (Sakurai et al., 1998). Recently, the forkhead box transcription factor Foxa2, a downstream target of insulin signaling, wa ...
Graziano's CV
... Graziano MSA (2014) How Ventriloquism Works. Frontiers for young minds, DOI:10.3389/frym.2014.00004. Graziano MSA and Kastner S (2011) Human consciousness and its relationship to social neuroscience: A novel hypothesis. Cognitive Neuroscience, 2: 98-113. Graziano MSA and Kastner S (2011) Awareness a ...
... Graziano MSA (2014) How Ventriloquism Works. Frontiers for young minds, DOI:10.3389/frym.2014.00004. Graziano MSA and Kastner S (2011) Human consciousness and its relationship to social neuroscience: A novel hypothesis. Cognitive Neuroscience, 2: 98-113. Graziano MSA and Kastner S (2011) Awareness a ...
Document
... Peripheral (nervous receptors, fibers, nerves, ganglions, plexus). To study general principle of the nervous system structure. To remember that basic structural components of nervous tissue are nervous cells (neurons) and neuroglia. Neurons accomplish the main properties of nervous tissue – excitabi ...
... Peripheral (nervous receptors, fibers, nerves, ganglions, plexus). To study general principle of the nervous system structure. To remember that basic structural components of nervous tissue are nervous cells (neurons) and neuroglia. Neurons accomplish the main properties of nervous tissue – excitabi ...
Discharge Patterns of Neurons in the Ventral Nucleus of the Lateral
... For each electrode penetration, the position of the electrode was set relative to a reference mark on the skull. The depth at which each neuron was studied was recorded. In three animals, locations of recording sites were reconstructed chiefly from reference marks that were made at selected sites du ...
... For each electrode penetration, the position of the electrode was set relative to a reference mark on the skull. The depth at which each neuron was studied was recorded. In three animals, locations of recording sites were reconstructed chiefly from reference marks that were made at selected sites du ...
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation
... seconds) and the total percentage of time spent in such a state is less as compared to mammalian REM sleep (about 5% of the total sleep time as compared to 15-30 % in mammals)19. Further, unlike mammalian REM sleep, there is no rebound increase in the REM sleep-like state in birds following its depr ...
... seconds) and the total percentage of time spent in such a state is less as compared to mammalian REM sleep (about 5% of the total sleep time as compared to 15-30 % in mammals)19. Further, unlike mammalian REM sleep, there is no rebound increase in the REM sleep-like state in birds following its depr ...
Homologous Neurons and their Locomotor Functions in Nudibranch
... Robertson, 2001), provides a means of investigating key neural components associated with the evolution of species-specific behaviors. ...
... Robertson, 2001), provides a means of investigating key neural components associated with the evolution of species-specific behaviors. ...
Muscle tone regulation during REM sleep
... Murali et al., 2003; Hirshkowitz and Schmidt, 2005). However, in this review article, we will mainly focus on the neuronal mechanisms of REM sleep generation and muscle atonia, and briefly describe the other cardinal signs of REM sleep at the end. ...
... Murali et al., 2003; Hirshkowitz and Schmidt, 2005). However, in this review article, we will mainly focus on the neuronal mechanisms of REM sleep generation and muscle atonia, and briefly describe the other cardinal signs of REM sleep at the end. ...
Electroencephalography - Department of Computational and
... potentials that the EEG records from the scalp, much the same way that economics can be studied from the level of a single individual's personal finances to the macro-economics of nations. Neurons, or nerve cells, are electrically active cells that are primarily responsible for carrying out the brai ...
... potentials that the EEG records from the scalp, much the same way that economics can be studied from the level of a single individual's personal finances to the macro-economics of nations. Neurons, or nerve cells, are electrically active cells that are primarily responsible for carrying out the brai ...
A Systematic Nomenclature for the Insect Brain
... There has been no clear term to refer to the subdivision that corresponds to the central brain without GNG (or CRG without the optic lobe). We suggest the term cerebrum to refer to this subdivision (Fig. S1G). The cerebrum includes the protocerebrum without the optic lobes as well as the entire deut ...
... There has been no clear term to refer to the subdivision that corresponds to the central brain without GNG (or CRG without the optic lobe). We suggest the term cerebrum to refer to this subdivision (Fig. S1G). The cerebrum includes the protocerebrum without the optic lobes as well as the entire deut ...
Test Bank 1
... Correct: When one part of the brain adapts and adjusts to the deficits caused by problems with another part of the brain, this is known as plasticity. c. level of complexity Incorrect: Plasticity refers to the ability of the brain to adapt and adjust, not to its different levels of complexity. d. br ...
... Correct: When one part of the brain adapts and adjusts to the deficits caused by problems with another part of the brain, this is known as plasticity. c. level of complexity Incorrect: Plasticity refers to the ability of the brain to adapt and adjust, not to its different levels of complexity. d. br ...
Glial cell biology in Drosophila and vertebrates
... function in the mature central nervous system (e.g. support of neurons, blood–brain barrier formation, and modulation of neuronal activity) are probably very similar at the molecular level. Key aspects of neuronal development – from axon pathfinding to the sculpting of synaptic connections – are als ...
... function in the mature central nervous system (e.g. support of neurons, blood–brain barrier formation, and modulation of neuronal activity) are probably very similar at the molecular level. Key aspects of neuronal development – from axon pathfinding to the sculpting of synaptic connections – are als ...
Circadian clocks in crustaceans: identified neuronal and cellular systems
... identification of molecules, neuronal and glial cells and their interactions that underlie circadian rhythmicity. A biological clock in insects that is located in ~150 identified neurons has been studied in great detail in the fruit fly Drosophila (57-59). It consists of distinct neuron populations ...
... identification of molecules, neuronal and glial cells and their interactions that underlie circadian rhythmicity. A biological clock in insects that is located in ~150 identified neurons has been studied in great detail in the fruit fly Drosophila (57-59). It consists of distinct neuron populations ...
The subthalamic nucleus in the context of movement disorders
... associative and limbic cortical regions innervate, respectively, motor, associative and limbic regions of the striatum, pallidum and SNr. The motor circuit comprises: (i) motor cortical areas (primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, pre-motor cortex, and portions of the somatosensory dorsa ...
... associative and limbic cortical regions innervate, respectively, motor, associative and limbic regions of the striatum, pallidum and SNr. The motor circuit comprises: (i) motor cortical areas (primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, pre-motor cortex, and portions of the somatosensory dorsa ...
Hypothalamus - Meridian Kinesiology
... The Hypothalamus is located near the junction of the Midbrain and the Thalamus, near the base of the skull and just above the Pituitary Gland. Connection: The Hypothalamus has physical connections to the Hippocampus, Cerebral Cortex, Limbic System and the Pituitary Gland. Biological Functions of the ...
... The Hypothalamus is located near the junction of the Midbrain and the Thalamus, near the base of the skull and just above the Pituitary Gland. Connection: The Hypothalamus has physical connections to the Hippocampus, Cerebral Cortex, Limbic System and the Pituitary Gland. Biological Functions of the ...
introduction normal anatomy types of
... displacement and herniation result. Cerebral herniation is the displacement of brain tissue from one compartment to the other. Of course, there are numerous variables that influence the degree of herniation and its untoward neurologic effects, such as the location of the mass, the volume of the mass ...
... displacement and herniation result. Cerebral herniation is the displacement of brain tissue from one compartment to the other. Of course, there are numerous variables that influence the degree of herniation and its untoward neurologic effects, such as the location of the mass, the volume of the mass ...
- Journal of Vestibular Research
... "intrinsic mechanism hypothesis," a new hypothesis of vestibular compensation, the behavioral recovery that follows unilateral deafferentation of the vestibular labyrinth (UVD). The most salient characteristic of vestibular compensation is the decrease in the severity of the static ocular motor and ...
... "intrinsic mechanism hypothesis," a new hypothesis of vestibular compensation, the behavioral recovery that follows unilateral deafferentation of the vestibular labyrinth (UVD). The most salient characteristic of vestibular compensation is the decrease in the severity of the static ocular motor and ...
Dokument_1 - KLUEDO - Technische Universität Kaiserslautern
... The SOC is the first station where the information from both ears converges (review: Illing et al., 2000). It consists of several nuclei, and the main ones are the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), the medial superior olive (MSO), the lateral superior olive (LSO), and the superior paraoli ...
... The SOC is the first station where the information from both ears converges (review: Illing et al., 2000). It consists of several nuclei, and the main ones are the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), the medial superior olive (MSO), the lateral superior olive (LSO), and the superior paraoli ...
INFUSION OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) INTO KITTEN
... monocularity in kitten visual cortex, a monocularity index (MI) was employed (Stryker and Harris, 1986). Again, seven ocular dominance categories were used, but in this case, category number 1 contained units which responded only to visual stimulation of the eye contralateral to the hemisphere being ...
... monocularity in kitten visual cortex, a monocularity index (MI) was employed (Stryker and Harris, 1986). Again, seven ocular dominance categories were used, but in this case, category number 1 contained units which responded only to visual stimulation of the eye contralateral to the hemisphere being ...
Anatomy of Neuropsychiatry : The New Anatomy of the
... limbic system and some deficiencies attributed to it as a basis for understanding behavior and human neuropsychiatric disorders. Chapter 3 describes the “new” anatomy—an alternative way to conceptualize brain systems subsumed in the more conventional thinking by the limbic system. First, Lennart rev ...
... limbic system and some deficiencies attributed to it as a basis for understanding behavior and human neuropsychiatric disorders. Chapter 3 describes the “new” anatomy—an alternative way to conceptualize brain systems subsumed in the more conventional thinking by the limbic system. First, Lennart rev ...
Martin, Neuroscientist 2005
... The corticospinal system connects the frontal and anterior parietal lobes with the spinal gray matter. Early in development, corticospinal neurons are distributed throughout much of the frontal and parietal lobes, and parts of the occipital and temporal lobes, but their distribution is later restric ...
... The corticospinal system connects the frontal and anterior parietal lobes with the spinal gray matter. Early in development, corticospinal neurons are distributed throughout much of the frontal and parietal lobes, and parts of the occipital and temporal lobes, but their distribution is later restric ...
Substance P and Cholecystokinin-like lmmunoreactive Varicosities
... Immunohistochemical studies have provided anatomical evidence in support of this hypothesis. SP-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI) has been reported in mammalian primary afferent neuron perikarya (Hiikfelt et al., 1975a, b, 1976; Chan-Palay and Palay, 1977a, b; Cue110 and Kanazawa, 1978; Panula et al., 1 ...
... Immunohistochemical studies have provided anatomical evidence in support of this hypothesis. SP-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI) has been reported in mammalian primary afferent neuron perikarya (Hiikfelt et al., 1975a, b, 1976; Chan-Palay and Palay, 1977a, b; Cue110 and Kanazawa, 1978; Panula et al., 1 ...
Vestibular Signals in the Parasolitary Nucleus
... primary afferents project to secondary vestibular neurons located in the vestibular complex. Vestibular primary afferents also project to the uvula-nodulus of the cerebellum where they terminate on granule cells. In this report we describe the physiological properties of neurons in a “new” vestibula ...
... primary afferents project to secondary vestibular neurons located in the vestibular complex. Vestibular primary afferents also project to the uvula-nodulus of the cerebellum where they terminate on granule cells. In this report we describe the physiological properties of neurons in a “new” vestibula ...
Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways, analogous to the central processing unit (CPU) in a computer.This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, covered in the human brain article because the most common diseases of the human brain either do not show up in other species, or else manifest themselves in different ways.